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Piazza VG, Cicconi NS, Martinez CS, Dominici FP, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI. Liver impact of growth hormone (GH) intermittent treatment during the growth period in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 566-567:111911. [PMID: 36905979 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Liver impact of prolonged GH-treatment given to non-GH-deficient growing mice between the third and eighth week of life was evaluated in both sexes. Tissues were collected 6 h after last dose or four weeks later. Somatometric, biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, RT-qPCR and immunoblotting determinations were performed. Five-week GH intermittent administration induced body weight gain and body and bone length increase, augmented organ weight, higher hepatocellular size and proliferation, and increased liver IGF1 gene expression. Phosphorylation of signaling mediators and expression of GH-induced proliferation-related genes was decreased in GH-treated mice liver 6h after last injection, reflecting active sensitization/desensitization cycles. In females, GH elicited EGFR expression, associated to higher EGF-induced STAT3/5 phosphorylation. Four weeks after treatment, increased organ weight concomitant to body weight gain was still observed, whereas hepatocyte enlargement reverted. However, basal signaling for critical mediators was lower in GH-treated animals and in male controls compared to female ones, suggesting signaling declination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Piazza
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia S Cicconi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina S Martinez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Dominici
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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2
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Barrios V, López-Villar E, Frago LM, Canelles S, Díaz-González F, Burgos-Ramos E, Frühbeck G, Chowen JA, Argente J. Cerebral Insulin Bolus Revokes the Changes in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Induced by Chronic Central Leptin Infusion. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030581. [PMID: 33800837 PMCID: PMC8000796 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Central actions of leptin and insulin on hepatic lipid metabolism can be opposing and the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Both hormones can modulate the central somatostatinergic system that has an inhibitory effect on growth hormone (GH) expression, which plays an important role in hepatic metabolism. Using a model of chronic central leptin infusion, we evaluated whether an increase in central leptin bioavailability modifies the serum lipid pattern through changes in hepatic lipid metabolism in male rats in response to an increase in central insulin and the possible involvement of the GH axis in these effects. We found a rise in serum GH in leptin plus insulin-treated rats, due to an increase in pituitary GH mRNA levels associated with lower hypothalamic somatostatin and pituitary somatostatin receptor-2 mRNA levels. An augment in hepatic lipolysis and a reduction in serum levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triglycerides were found in leptin-treated rats. These rats experienced a rise in lipogenic-related factors and normalization of serum levels of NEFA and triglycerides after insulin treatment. These results suggest that an increase in insulin in leptin-treated rats can act on the hepatic lipid metabolism through activation of the GH axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (J.A.)
| | - Elena López-Villar
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Laura M. Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisca Díaz-González
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Emma Burgos-Ramos
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071 Toledo, Spain;
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (L.M.F.); (S.C.); (J.A.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (J.A.)
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Piazza VG, Matzkin ME, Cicconi NS, Muia NV, Valquinta S, Mccallum GJ, Micucci GP, Freund T, Zotta E, González L, Frungieri MB, Fang Y, Bartke A, Sotelo AI, Miquet JG. Exposure to growth hormone is associated with hepatic up-regulation of cPLA2α and COX. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 509:110802. [PMID: 32259636 PMCID: PMC7211091 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuously elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) during life in mice are associated with hepatomegaly due to hepatocytes hypertrophy and hyperplasia, chronic liver inflammation, elevated levels of arachidonic acid (AA) at young ages and liver tumors development at old ages. In this work, the hepatic expression of enzymes involved in AA metabolism, cPLA2α, COX1 and COX2 enzymes, was evaluated in young and old GH-transgenic mice. Mice overexpressing GH exhibited higher hepatic expression of cPLA2α, COX1 and COX2 in comparison to controls at young and old ages and in both sexes. In old mice, when tumoral and non-tumoral tissue were compared, elevated expression of COX2 was observed in tumors. In contrast, exposure to continuous lower levels of hormone for a short period affected COX1 expression only in males. Considering the role of inflammation during liver tumorigenesis, these findings support a role of alterations in AA metabolism in GH-driven liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Piazza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia S Cicconi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia V Muia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Valquinta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregorio J Mccallum
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giannina P Micucci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Thomas Freund
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Zotta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO). Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena González
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica B Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciclo Básico Común, Cátedra de Química, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Mota de Sá P, Richard AJ, Stephens JM. Bromodomain and Extraterminal Inhibition by JQ1 Produces Divergent Transcriptional Regulation of Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling Genes in Adipocytes. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5686880. [PMID: 31875887 PMCID: PMC7007879 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway has cell-specific functions. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative-feedback regulators of JAK-STAT signaling. STAT5 plays a significant role in adipocyte development and function, and bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins may be involved in STAT5 transcriptional activity. We treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the BET inhibitor JQ1 and observed that growth hormone (GH)-induced expression of 2 STAT5 target genes from the SOCS family, Socs3 and Cish, were inversely regulated (increased and decreased, respectively) by BET inhibition. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that changes in STAT5 binding did not correlate with gene expression changes. GH promoted the recruitment of the BET protein BRD2 to the Cish, but not Socs3, promoter. JQ1 treatment ablated this effect as well as the GH-induced binding of ribonucleic acid polymerase II (RNA Pol II) to the Cish transcription start site. BRD2 knockdown also suppressed GH induction of Cish, further supporting the role of BRD2 in Cish transcriptional activation. In contrast, JQ1 increased the binding of activated Pol II to the Socs3 coding region, suggesting enhanced messenger RNA (mRNA) elongation. Our finding that JQ1 transiently reduced the interaction between the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) and its inhibitor hexamethylene bis-acetamide inducible 1 (HEXIM1) is consistent with a previously described off-target effect of JQ1, whereby P-TEFb becomes more available to be recruited by genes that do not depend on BET proteins for activating transcription. These results demonstrate substantially different transcriptional regulation of Socs3 and Cish and suggest distinct roles in adipocytes for these 2 closely related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mota de Sá
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Allison J Richard
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Correspondence: Jacqueline Stephens, Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803. E-mail:
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5
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Bacigalupo ML, Piazza VG, Cicconi NS, Carabias P, Bartke A, Fang Y, Sotelo AI, Rabinovich GA, Troncoso MF, Miquet JG. Growth hormone upregulates the pro-tumorigenic galectin 1 in mouse liver. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1108-1117. [PMID: 31272083 PMCID: PMC6652241 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice overexpressing growth hormone (GH) spontaneously develop liver tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), within a year. The preneoplastic liver pathology in these mice recapitulates that observed in humans at high risk of developing hepatic cancer. Although increased expression of galectin 1 (GAL1) in liver tissue is associated with HCC aggressiveness, a link between this glycan-binding protein and hormone-related tumor development has not yet been explored. In this study, we investigated GAL1 expression during liver tumor progression in mice continuously exposed to high levels of GH. GAL1 expression was determined by Western blotting, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry in the liver of transgenic mice overexpressing GH. Animals of representative ages at different stages of liver pathology were studied. GAL1 expression was upregulated in the liver of GH-transgenic mice. This effect was observed at early ages, when animals displayed no signs of liver disease or minimal histopathological alterations and was also detected in young adults with preneoplastic liver pathology. Remarkably, GAL1 upregulation was sustained during aging and its expression was particularly enhanced in liver tumors. GH also induced hepatic GAL1 expression in mice that were treated with this hormone for a short period. Moreover, GH triggered a rapid increment in GAL1 protein expression in human HCC cells, denoting a direct effect of the hormone on hepatocytes. Therefore, our results indicate that GH upregulates GAL1 expression in mouse liver, which may have critical implications in tumorigenesis. These findings suggest that this lectin could be implicated in hormone-driven liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Bacigalupo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica G Piazza
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia S Cicconi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Carabias
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F Troncoso
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence should be addressed to M F Troncoso or J G Miquet: or
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence should be addressed to M F Troncoso or J G Miquet: or
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Moreno-Carranza B, Bravo-Manríquez M, Baez A, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Ruiz-Herrera X, Reyes-Ortega P, de los Ríos EA, Macotela Y, Martínez de la Escalera G, Clapp C. Prolactin regulates liver growth during postnatal development in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R902-R908. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00003.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver grows during the early postnatal period first at slower and then at faster rates than the body to achieve the adult liver-to-body weight ratio (LBW), a constant reflecting liver health. The hormone prolactin (PRL) stimulates adult liver growth and regeneration, and its levels are high in the circulation of newborn infants, but whether PRL plays a role in neonatal liver growth is unknown. Here, we show that the liver produces PRL and upregulates the PRL receptor in mice during the first 2 wk after birth, when liver growth lags behind body growth. At postnatal week 4, the production of PRL by the liver ceases coinciding with the elevation of circulating PRL and the faster liver growth that catches up with body growth. PRL receptor null mice ( Prlr−/−) show a significant decrease in the LBW at 1, 4, 6, and 10 postnatal weeks and reduced liver expression of proliferation [cyclin D1 ( Ccnd1)] and angiogenesis [platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 ( Pecam1)] markers relative to Prlr+/+ mice. However, the LBW increases in Prlr−/− mice at postnatal week 2 concurring with the enhanced liver expression of Igf-1 and the liver upregulation and downregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 ( Socs2) and Socs3, respectively. These findings indicate that PRL acts locally and systemically to restrict and stimulate postnatal liver growth. PRL inhibits liver and body growth by attenuating growth hormone-induced Igf-1 liver expression via Socs2 and Socs3-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Moreno-Carranza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro City, Querétaro, México
| | - Marco Bravo-Manríquez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro City, Querétaro, México
| | - Arelí Baez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro City, Querétaro, México
| | - Maria G. Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro City, Querétaro, México
| | - Xarubet Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro City, Querétaro, México
| | - Pamela Reyes-Ortega
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro City, Querétaro, México
| | - Ericka A. de los Ríos
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro City, Querétaro, México
| | - Yazmín Macotela
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro City, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro City, Querétaro, México
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Piazza VG, Bartke A, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI. Analysis of Different Approaches for the Selection of Reference Genes in RT-qPCR Experiments: A Case Study in Skeletal Muscle of Growing Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051060. [PMID: 28509880 PMCID: PMC5454972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliability of reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results in gene expression studies depends on the approaches used to account for non-biological variations. In order to find a proper normalization strategy for the study of genes related to growth hormone signaling in skeletal muscle of growing mice, nine unrelated genes were evaluated as internal controls. According to the most used algorithms–geNorm, the Comparative ΔCq method, NormFinder and BestKeeper–GSK3B, YWHAZ, RPL13A and RN18S were found as the most stable. However, the relative expression levels of eight of the potential reference genes assessed decreased with age in cDNA samples obtained from the same amount of total RNA. In a different approach to analyze this apparent discrepancy, experiments were performed with cDNA obtained from equal amounts of purified mRNA. Since the decline was still observed, the hypothesis of an age-related change in mRNA to total RNA ratio that could account for the systematic decrease was rejected. Differences among experimental groups could be due to a substantial increase with age in highly expressed mRNAs, which would bias the quantitation of the remaining genes. Consequently, those reference genes reflecting this dilution effect, which would have been discarded considering their variable relative expression levels, arose as suitable internal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Piazza
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Division of Geriatric Research, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA.
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
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Martinez CS, Piazza VG, González L, Fang Y, Bartke A, Turyn D, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI. Mitogenic signaling pathways in the liver of growth hormone (GH)-overexpressing mice during the growth period. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:748-59. [PMID: 27028000 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1148844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a pleiotropic hormone that triggers STATs, ERK1/2 and Akt signaling, related to cell growth and proliferation. Transgenic mice overexpressing GH present increased body size, with a disproportionate liver enlargement due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the hepatocytes. We had described enhanced mitogenic signaling in liver of young adult transgenic mice. We now evaluate the activation of these signaling cascades during the growth period and relate them to the morphological alterations found. Signaling mediators, cell cycle regulators and transcription factors involved in cellular growth in the liver of GH-overexpressing growing mice were assessed by immunoblotting, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Hepatocyte enlargement can be seen as early as 2-weeks of age in GH-overexpressing animals, although it is more pronounced in young adults. Levels of cell cycle mediators PCNA and cyclin D1, and transcription factor c-Jun increase with age in transgenic mice with no changes in normal mice, whereas c-Myc levels are higher in 2-week-old transgenic animals and cyclin E levels decline with age for both genotypes. STAT3, Akt and GSK3 present higher activation in the adult transgenic mice than in the growing animals, while for c-Src and mTOR, phosphorylation in GH-overexpressing mice is higher than in control siblings at 4 and 9 weeks of age. No significant changes are observed for ERK1/2, neither by age or genotype. Thus, the majority of the mitogenic signaling pathways are gradually up-regulated in the liver of GH-transgenic mice, giving rise to the hepatic morphological changes these mice exhibit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Martinez
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Verónica G Piazza
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Lorena González
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Yimin Fang
- b Department of Geriatrics (A.B.) , School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- b Department of Geriatrics (A.B.) , School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Daniel Turyn
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Yakar S, Isaksson O. Regulation of skeletal growth and mineral acquisition by the GH/IGF-1 axis: Lessons from mouse models. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 28:26-42. [PMID: 26432542 PMCID: PMC4809789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) and its downstream mediator, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), construct a pleotropic axis affecting growth, metabolism, and organ function. Serum levels of GH/IGF-1 rise during pubertal growth and associate with peak bone acquisition, while during aging their levels decline and associate with bone loss. The GH/IGF-1 axis was extensively studied in numerous biological systems including rodent models and cell cultures. Both hormones act in an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine fashion and understanding their distinct and overlapping contributions to skeletal acquisition is still a matter of debate. GH and IGF-1 exert their effects on osteogenic cells via binding to their cognate receptor, leading to activation of an array of genes that mediate cellular differentiation and function. Both hormones interact with other skeletal regulators, such as sex-steroids, thyroid hormone, and parathyroid hormone, to facilitate skeletal growth and metabolism. In this review we summarized several rodent models of the GH/IGF-1 axis and described key experiments that shed new light on the regulation of skeletal growth by the GH/IGF-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010-408
| | - Olle Isaksson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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