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Batjargal K, Tajima T, Fujita-Jimbo E, Yamaguchi T, Nakamura A, Yamagata T. Functional analysis of <i>PAX8</i> variants identified in patients with congenital hypothyroidism <i>in situ</i>. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 31:234-241. [DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2021-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshihiro Tajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Watanabe D, Yagasaki H, Narusawa H, Saito T, Mitsui Y, Miyake K, Ohta M, Inukai T. Screening of frequent variants associated with congenital hypothyroidism: a comparison with next generation sequencing. Endocr J 2021; 68:1411-1419. [PMID: 34234053 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is considered the most common congenital endocrine disorder of genetic origin. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is the standard method for identifying genetic mutations, but it is an expensive and complex technique. Therefore, we propose to use Sanger sequencing to identify selected variants of the four most common CH-causative genes: DUOX2, TG, TSHR, and PAX8. To analyze the performance of Sanger sequencing, we compared its variant detection ability with that of a CH NGS panel containing 53 genes. We performed Sanger sequencing of selected variants and panel NGS analysis of 25 Japanese patients with CH. Sanger sequencing identified nine variants in seven patients, while NGS identified 24 variants in 14 patients. Of these, eight, five, eight, two, and one were found to be potentially pathogenic in DUOX2, TSHR, TG, UBR1, and TPO genes, respectively. The percentage of detectable variants using Sanger sequencing compared with NGS was 37.5% (9/24 variants), whereas the percentage of detectable cases carrying variants using Sanger sequencing compared with NGS was 50% (7/14 patients). We proposed a system for screening commonly identified CH-related variants by Sanger sequencing. Sanger sequencing could therefore identify about a third of CH-causative variants, so is considered an effective and efficient form of pre-screening before NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yagasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hiromune Narusawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yumiko Mitsui
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masanori Ohta
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
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Iwahashi-Odano M, Nagasaki K, Fukami M, Nishioka J, Yatsuga S, Asakura Y, Adachi M, Muroya K, Hasegawa T, Narumi S. Congenital Hypothyroidism Due to Truncating PAX8 Mutations: A Case Series and Molecular Function Studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5897054. [PMID: 32841355 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT PAX8 is a transcription factor required for thyroid development, and its mutation causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH). More than 20 experimentally verified loss-of-function PAX8 mutations have been described, and all but one were located in the DNA-binding paired domain. OBJECTIVE We report the identification and functional characterization of 3 novel truncating PAX8 mutations located outside the paired domain. METHODS Three CH probands, diagnosed in the frame of newborn screening, had thyroid hypoplasia and were treated with levothyroxine. Next-generation sequencing-based mutation screening was performed. Functionality of the identified mutations were verified with Western blotting, intracellular localization assays, and transactivation assays with use of HeLa cells. Luciferase complementation assays were used to evaluate the effect of mutations on the interaction between PAX8 and its partner, NKX2-1. RESULTS Each proband had novel truncating PAX8 mutations that were I160Sfs*52, Q213Efs*27, and F342Rfs*85. Western blotting showed destabilization of the I160fs-PAX8 protein. Q213fs-PAX8 and F342fs-PAX8 showed normal protein expression levels and normal nuclear localization, but showed loss of transactivation of the luciferase reporter. By luciferase complementation assays, we showed that PAX8-NKX2-1 interaction was defective in Q213fs-PAX8. We also characterized the recombinant PAX8 proteins, and found that the protein sequence corresponding to exon 10 (363-400 aa residues) was essential for the PAX8-NKX2-1 interaction. CONCLUSIONS Clinical and molecular findings of 3 novel truncating PAX8 mutations located outside the paired domain were reported. Experiments using cultured cells and recombinant proteins showed that the C-terminal portion (ie, 363-400 aa) of PAX8 is required for the PAX8-NKX2-1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Iwahashi-Odano
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagasaki
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Homeostatic Regulation and Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Nishioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yatsuga
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumi Asakura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masanori Adachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Muroya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Iwahashi-Odano M, Fujisawa Y, Ogata T, Nakashima S, Muramatsu M, Narumi S. Identification and functional characterization of a novel PAX8 mutation (p.His39Pro) causing familial thyroid hypoplasia. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 29:173-178. [PMID: 33088016 PMCID: PMC7534521 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.29.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PAX8, the gene for a thyroid-specific transcription factor,
causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH) with autosomal dominant inheritance. All previously
detected PAX8 mutations except one are located in the DNA-binding paired
domain. The proband, a 1-yr-old boy, was diagnosed with CH in the frame
of newborn screening. He had high serum TSH level (180 mU/L) and low serum free
T4 level (0.4 ng/dL). Ultrasonography revealed that the proband had thyroid
hypoplasia. Importantly, he had a family history of CH, i.e., his mother
also had CH and hypoplasia. Next generation sequencing-based mutation screening revealed a
novel heterozygous PAX8 mutation (c.116A>C, p.His39Pro) that was
transmitted to the proband from the mother. Expression experiments with HeLa cells
confirmed that His39Pro-PAX8 exhibited defective transactivation of the
TG promoter–luciferase reporter. In conclusion, we identified and
described a novel loss-of-function PAX8 mutation in a family with thyroid
hypoplasia. Patients with dominantly inherited CH and no extrathyroidal abnormalities
could have PAX8 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Iwahashi-Odano
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mayumi Muramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Zdraveska N, Kocova M, Nicholas AK, Anastasovska V, Schoenmakers N. Genetics of Gland- in-situ or Hypoplastic Congenital Hypothyroidism in Macedonia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:413. [PMID: 32765423 PMCID: PMC7381236 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal screening in Macedonia detects congenital hypothyroidism (CH) with an incidence of 1 in 1,585, and more than 50% of cases exhibit a normally located gland-in-situ (GIS). Monogenic mutations causing dyshormonogenesis may underlie GIS CH; additionally, a small proportion of thyroid hypoplasia has a monogenic cause, such as TSHR and PAX8 defects. The genetic architecture of Macedonian CH cases has not previously been studied. We recruited screening-detected, non-syndromic GIS CH or thyroid hypoplasia cases (n = 40) exhibiting a spectrum of biochemical thyroid dysfunction ranging from severe permanent to mild transient CH and including 11 familial cases. Cases were born at term, with birth weight >3,000 g, and thyroid morphologies included goiter (n = 11), thyroid hypoplasia (n = 6), and apparently normal-sized thyroid. A comprehensive, phenotype-driven, Sanger sequencing approach was used to identify genetic mutations underlying CH, by sequentially screening known dyshormonogenesis-associated genes and TSHR in GIS cases and TSHR and PAX8 in cases with thyroid hypoplasia. Potentially pathogenic variants were identified in 14 cases, of which four were definitively causative; we also detected digenic variants in three cases. Seventeen variants (nine novel) were identified in TPO (n = 4), TG (n = 3), TSHR (n = 4), DUOX2 (n = 4), and PAX8 (n = 2). No mutations were detected in DUOXA2, NIS, IYD, and SLC26A7. The relatively low mutation frequency suggests that factors other than recognized monogenic causes (oligogenic variants, environmental factors, or novel genes) may contribute to GIS CH in this region. Future non-hypothesis-driven, next-generation sequencing studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirjana Kocova
- Medical Faculty, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Adeline K. Nicholas
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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