1
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Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Microvascular Skeletal-Muscle Crosstalk in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10425. [PMID: 37445602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As an organ system, skeletal muscle is essential for the generation of energy that underpins muscle contraction, plays a critical role in controlling energy balance and insulin-dependent glucose homeostasis, as well as vascular well-being, and regenerates following injury. To achieve homeostasis, there is requirement for "cross-talk" between the myogenic and vascular components and their regulatory factors that comprise skeletal muscle. Accordingly, this review will describe the following: [a] the embryonic cell-signaling events important in establishing vascular and myogenic cell-lineage, the cross-talk between endothelial cells (EC) and myogenic precursors underpinning the development of muscle, its vasculature and the satellite-stem-cell (SC) pool, and the EC-SC cross-talk that maintains SC quiescence and localizes ECs to SCs and angio-myogenesis postnatally; [b] the vascular-myocyte cross-talk and the actions of insulin on vasodilation and capillary surface area important for the uptake of glucose/insulin by myofibers and vascular homeostasis, the microvascular-myocyte dysfunction that characterizes the development of insulin resistance, diabetes and hypertension, and the actions of estrogen on muscle vasodilation and growth in adults; [c] the role of estrogen in utero on the development of fetal skeletal-muscle microvascularization and myofiber hypertrophy required for metabolic/vascular homeostasis after birth; [d] the EC-SC interactions that underpin myofiber vascular regeneration post-injury; and [e] the role of the skeletal-muscle vasculature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Pepe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
| | - Eugene D Albrecht
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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2
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Kim SO, Albrecht ED, Pepe GJ. Estrogen promotes fetal skeletal muscle myofiber development important for insulin sensitivity in offspring. Endocrine 2022; 78:32-41. [PMID: 35715687 PMCID: PMC9474690 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Using our nonhuman primate baboon model, we showed that offspring born to mothers deprived of estrogen during the second half of gestation exhibited insulin resistance and a deficit in first phase insulin release. Although insulin resistance was not due to an impairment of fetal or offspring growth, nor to an alteration in adipose or hepatic sensitivity to insulin, skeletal muscle microvacularization critical for delivery of nutrients/insulin was significantly reduced in fetuses and offspring deprived of estrogen in utero. Skeletal muscle myofiber maturation occurs in utero and estrogen modulates myofiber growth in adults. Therefore, the current study determined whether fetal skeletal muscle development was altered in baboons in which estradiol levels were suppressed/restored during the second half of gestation by maternal treatment with letrozole ± estradiol benzoate. In estrogen-suppressed animals, fetal skeletal muscle fascicles were structurally less organized, smaller, and comprised of slow type I and fast type II fibers, the size, but not the number of which were smaller than in untreated baboons. Moreover, the proportion of non-muscle fiber tissue was greater and that of muscle fibers lower in estrogen-deprived fetuses. Thus, the maintenance of fetal body weight in estrogen-deprived animals was maintained at the expense of muscle fibers and likely reflected increased deposition of non-muscle proteins. Importantly, fetal skeletal muscle development, including fascicle organization, myofiber size and composition was normal in baboons treated with letrozole and estradiol benzoate. Collectively, these and our previous findings support our proposal that exposure of the fetus to estrogen is important for fetal skeletal muscle development and glucose homeostasis in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ok Kim
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Eugene D Albrecht
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology/Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald J Pepe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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3
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Albrecht ED, Aberdeen GW, Babischkin JS, Prior SJ, Lynch TJ, Baranyk IA, Pepe GJ. Estrogen Promotes Microvascularization in the Fetus and Thus Vascular Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Offspring. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6553898. [PMID: 35325097 PMCID: PMC9272192 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that normal weight offspring born to estrogen-deprived baboons exhibited insulin resistance, although liver and adipose function and insulin receptor and glucose transporter expression were unaltered. The blood microvessels have an important role in insulin action by delivering insulin and glucose to target cells. Although little is known about the regulation of microvessel development during fetal life, estrogen promotes capillary proliferation and vascular function in the adult. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that estrogen promotes fetal microvessel development and thus vascular function and insulin sensitivity in offspring. Capillary/myofiber ratio was decreased 75% (P < 0.05) in skeletal muscle, a major insulin target tissue, of fetal baboons in which estradiol levels were depleted by administration of aromatase inhibitor letrozole. This was sustained after birth, resulting in a 50% reduction (P < 0.01) in microvessel expansion; 65% decrease (P < 0.01) in arterial flow-mediated dilation, indicative of vascular endothelial dysfunction; and 35% increase (P < 0.01) in blood pressure in offspring from estrogen-deprived baboons, changes prevented by letrozole and estradiol administration. Along with vascular dysfunction, peak insulin and glucose levels during a glucose tolerance test were greater (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance 2-fold higher (P < 0.01) in offspring of letrozole-treated than untreated animals, indicative of insulin resistance. This study makes the novel discovery that estrogen promotes microvascularization in the fetus and thus normal vascular development and function required for eliciting insulin sensitivity in offspring and that placental hormonal secretions, independent from improper fetal growth, are an important determinant of risk of developing insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Albrecht
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Eugene Albrecht, PhD, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Laboratories 11-045A, 655 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Graham W Aberdeen
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery S Babischkin
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Terrie J Lynch
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Irene A Baranyk
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald J Pepe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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4
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Han Y, Zhang M, Duan J, Li L, Du J, Cheng H, Zhang S, Zhai Y, An X, Li Q, Zhang X, Li Z, Tang B. Maternal Prepregnancy 5-Hydroxytryptamine Exposure Affects the Early Development of the Fetus. Front Physiol 2022; 13:761357. [PMID: 35370795 PMCID: PMC8969228 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.761357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the increasing incidence of depression has contributed to an increase in the use of serotonergic drugs, such as antidepressants, which predisposes humans to serotonin syndrome. Serotonin syndrome is caused by elevated serotonin levels in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been well documented that the development of offspring can be affected by maternal exposure to environmental challenges, such as stress, diseases, or an unhealthy diet during pregnancy. Serotonin, also called 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is widely expressed in the female reproductive system and plays an important role in the development of follicles and embryos. However, whether the suffering of the mother from serotonin syndrome before pregnancy affects fetal development is still uncertain. In the present study, to explore the effect of maternal prepregnancy 5-HT exposure on the fetus, intraperitoneal injection of 5-HT was used to change maternal prepregnancy 5-HT levels. It was found that maternal prepregnancy 5-HT exposure significantly reduced the body weight and liver weight and the levels of estrogen and progesterone in female mice. Although there was no significant difference in the cleavage rate and blastocyst rate between the 5-HT and control groups, maternal prepregnancy 5-HT exposure increased the percentage of embryo resorption, decreased placental weight, and led to placental inflammation at E13.5. Notably, 5-HT exposure caused weight loss in the offspring at 2 weeks. These results suggested that maternal prepregnancy 5-HT exposure could affect the development of the offspring, which was partly caused by reduced hormonal secretion and placental inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahui Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Leyi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinge Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhui Zhai
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinglan An
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Li
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Academy of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Tang,
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Clarkson-Townsend DA, Bales KL, Marsit CJ, Pardue MT. Light Environment Influences Developmental Programming of the Metabolic and Visual Systems in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:22. [PMID: 33861321 PMCID: PMC8083116 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Light is a salient cue that can influence neurodevelopment and the immune system. Light exposure out of sync with the endogenous clock causes circadian disruption and chronic disease. Environmental light exposure may contribute to developmental programming of metabolic and neurological systems but has been largely overlooked in Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) research. Here, we investigated whether developmental light exposure altered programming of visual and metabolic systems. Methods Pregnant mice and pups were exposed to control light (12:12 light:dark) or weekly light cycle inversions (circadian disruption [CD]) until weaning, after which male and female offspring were housed in control light and longitudinally measured to evaluate differences in growth (weight), glucose tolerance, visual function (optomotor response), and retinal function (electroretinogram), with and without high fat diet (HFD) challenge. Retinal microglia and macrophages were quantified by positive Iba1 and CD11b immunofluorescence. Results CD exposure caused impaired visual function and increased retinal immune cell expression in adult offspring. When challenged with HFD, CD offspring also exhibited altered retinal function and sex-specific impairments in glucose tolerance. Conclusions Overall, these findings suggest that the light environment contributes to developmental programming of the metabolic and visual systems, potentially promoting a pro-inflammatory milieu in the retina and increasing the risk of visual disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Clarkson-Townsend
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Katie L. Bales
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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6
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Ruiz D, Padmanabhan V, Sargis RM. Stress, Sex, and Sugar: Glucocorticoids and Sex-Steroid Crosstalk in the Sex-Specific Misprogramming of Metabolism. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa087. [PMID: 32734132 PMCID: PMC7382384 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life exposures to environmental insults can misprogram development and increase metabolic disease risk in a sex-dependent manner by mechanisms that remain poorly characterized. Modifiable factors of increasing public health relevance, such as diet, psychological stress, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, can affect glucocorticoid receptor signaling during gestation and lead to sex-specific postnatal metabolic derangements. Evidence from humans and animal studies indicate that glucocorticoids crosstalk with sex steroids by several mechanisms in multiple tissues and can affect sex-steroid-dependent developmental processes. Nonetheless, glucocorticoid sex-steroid crosstalk has not been considered in the glucocorticoid-induced misprogramming of metabolism. Herein we review what is known about the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids crosstalk with estrogen, androgen, and progestogen action. We propose that glucocorticoid sex-steroid crosstalk is an understudied mechanism of action that requires consideration when examining the developmental misprogramming of metabolism, especially when assessing sex-specific outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ruiz
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Robert M Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism; Department of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Chicago Center for Health and Environment, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Zhu Z, Cao F, Li X. Epigenetic Programming and Fetal Metabolic Programming. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:764. [PMID: 31849831 PMCID: PMC6901800 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal metabolic programming caused by the adverse intrauterine environment can induce metabolic syndrome in adult offspring. Adverse intrauterine environment introduces fetal long-term relatively irreversible changes in organs and metabolism, and thus causes fetal metabolic programming leading metabolic syndrome in adult offspring. Fetal metabolic programming of obesity and insulin resistance plays a key role in this process. The mechanism of fetal metabolic programming is still not very clear. It is suggested that epigenetic programming, also induced by the adverse intrauterine environment, is a critical underlying mechanism of fetal metabolic programming. Fetal epigenetic programming affects gene expression changes and cellular function through epigenetic modifications without DNA nucleotide sequence changes. Epigenetic modifications can be relatively stably retained and transmitted through mitosis and generations, and thereby induce the development of metabolic syndrome in adult offspring. This manuscript provides an overview of the critical role of epigenetic programming in fetal metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Zhu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhong Li
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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8
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Fan P, Jordan VC. New insights into acquired endocrine resistance of breast cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:198-209. [PMID: 31815253 PMCID: PMC6897388 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The translational research strategy of targeting estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive breast cancer and then using long term anti-hormone adjuvant therapy (5-10 years) has reduced recurrences and mortality. However, resistance continues to occur and improvements are required to build on the success of tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) established over the past 40 years. Further translational research has described the evolution of acquired resistance of breast cancer cell lines to long term estrogen deprivation that parallels clinical experience over years. Additionally, recent reports have identified mutations in the ERα obtained from the recurrences of AI treated patients. These mutations allow the ERα to activate without ligands and auto stimulate metastatic tumor growth. Furthermore, the new biology of estrogen-induced apoptosis in acquired resistant models in vitro and in vivo has been interrogated and applied to clinical trials. Inflammation and stress are emerging concepts occurring in the process of acquired resistance and estrogen-induced apoptosis with different mechanisms. In this review, we will present progress in the understanding of acquired resistance, focus on stress and inflammatory responses in the development of acquired resistance, and consider approaches to create new treatments to improve the treatment of breast cancer with endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Cohn BA, Cirillo PM. In utero and postnatal programing of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in young adult women. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 92:148-154. [PMID: 31173873 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fetal adrenal-derived OH-DHEAS is the primary precursor for maternal estriol, an abundant, human, placental estrogen. We measured maternal pregnancy estriol as a marker of fetal adrenal function + placenta capacity to synthesize estriol. We hypothesized that maternal estriol is directly correlated with the adrenal hormone, DHEAS, in young adult women. We tested this hypothesis in a subset of women in the Child Health and Development Studies (351 of 470 eligible). 176 of these had serum samples collected at ages 27-30 for DHEAS assays, archived maternal pregnancy serum for estriol assays, and childhood growth data. In regression analyses, both maternal estriol and accelerated growth in middle childhood were independently, directly associated with DHEAS (+19% for quartile 4 versus quartile 1 of estriol, 95%CI=+ 2%, +36% and +12% for quartile 4 versus quartile 1 for middle childhood growth, 95%CI= +3%, +21%). Adrenal function may be programmed in utero and middle childhood with long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley CA 94708, United States.
| | - Piera M Cirillo
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, Berkeley CA 94708, United States
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10
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Tang C, Liu P, Zhou Y, Jiang B, Song Y, Sheng L. Sirt6 deletion in hepatocytes increases insulin sensitivity of female mice by enhancing ERα expression. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18615-18625. [PMID: 30912134 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), a NAD+ -dependent protein deacetylase, is involved in hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, which impact metabolic homeostasis. In this paper, we discover that Sirt6 affects the insulin sensitivity of mice in a gender-dependent manner; few studies have been conducted on this issue. Based on reports revealing the influences of sex hormones on insulin signaling, this investigation explores the mechanism by which Sirt6 regulates the estrogen pathway and disrupts insulin signal transduction. Hepatocyte-specific Sirt6 knockout (Sirt6HKO) mice were generated to investigate the function of Sirt6 in hepatocytes. Mice were castrated or spayed to eliminate sex hormones. Insulin sensitivity was assessed via an insulin tolerance test (ITT) in vivo. The interaction of Sirt6 with the estrogen pathway and their impacts on insulin signal transduction were revealed by immunoblot and immunoprecipitation. Sirt6 deletion in hepatocytes significantly enhanced insulin sensitivity and signal transduction in female mice but not in male or spayed female mice as demonstrated by ITT and the phosphorylation level of Akt in the liver. We also identified upregulation of p300, ERα, and interaction of ERα with p85 in the liver of female Sirt6HKO mice. Additionally, Sirt6 was found to inhibit ERα protein stability in a p300-dependent manner without interacting directly with ERα. Our findings show that hepatic Sirt6 downregulates the ERα protein level in a p300-dependent manner and thus disturbs estrogen-induced improvement in insulin sensitivity in the liver, which may partially explain the gender difference in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bijie Jiang
- Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yu Song
- Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Liang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Rare Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Della Torre S, Rando G, Meda C, Ciana P, Ottobrini L, Maggi A. Transcriptional activity of oestrogen receptors in the course of embryo development. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:165-176. [PMID: 30012715 PMCID: PMC6084787 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogens are well-known proliferation and differentiation factors that play an essential role in the correct development of sex-related organs and behaviour in mammals. With the use of the ERE-Luc reporter mouse model, we show herein that throughout mouse development, oestrogen receptors (ERs) are active starting from day 12 post conception. Most interestingly, we show that prenatal luciferase expression in each organ is proportionally different in relation to the germ layer of the origin. The luciferase content is highest in ectoderm-derived organs (such as brain and skin) and is lowest in endoderm-derived organs (such as liver, lung, thymus and intestine). Consistent with the testosterone surge occurring in male mice at the end of pregnancy, in the first 2 days after birth, we observed a significant increase in the luciferase content in several organs, including the liver, bone, gonads and hindbrain. The results of the present study show a widespread transcriptional activity of ERs in developing embryos, pointing to the potential contribution of these receptors in the development of non-reproductive as well as reproductive organs. Consequently, the findings reported here might be relevant in explaining the significant differences in male and female physiopathology reported by a growing number of studies and may underline the necessity for more systematic analyses aimed at the identification of the prenatal effects of drugs interfering with ER signalling, such as aromatase inhibitors or endocrine disrupter chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Rando
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Meda
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciana
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-OncologyUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Kim SO, Aberdeen G, Lynch TJ, Albrecht ED, Pepe GJ. Adipose and Liver Function in Primate Offspring with Insulin Resistance Induced by Estrogen Deprivation in Utero. ENDOCRINOLOGY, DIABETES AND METABOLISM JOURNAL 2017; 1:http://researchopenworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/EDMJ-2017-109-Gerald-J.-Pepe-USA.pdf. [PMID: 29983904 PMCID: PMC6035008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently demonstrated that offspring delivered to baboons deprived of estrogen during the second half of gestation exhibited insulin resistance. Therefore, because skeletal muscle accounts for >80% of insulin dependent glucose disposal, we suggested that estrogen in utero programs factors in fetal skeletal muscle important for insulin sensitivity in offspring. However, liver and adipose are also sites of insulin action and adipose insulin resistance can increase serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels and thereby reduce skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Therefore, in the current study we determined whether estrogen-deprived offspring exhibit normal adipose and hepatic function. RESULTS The fasting serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, glucose, and analytes of liver function as well as the basal levels of serum FFA were similar in offspring of estrogen replete/suppressed baboons. Moreover, the normal glucose-induced decline in serum FFA levels measured in untreated offspring was also measured in offspring of letrozole-treated baboons. Fetal serum levels of adiponectin and leptin in late gestation also were similar and expression of nitrotyrosine negligible in fetal liver and adipose of untreated and letrozole-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that offspring of letrozole-treated baboons have normal adipose and liver function and do not exhibit adipose insulin resistance. Therefore, we suggest that the insulin resistance observed in estrogen-deprived offspring primarily reflects a decline in insulin-stimulated glucose clearance by skeletal muscle and which supports our original suggestion that estrogen in utero programs factors in fetal skeletal muscle that promote insulin sensitivity in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Ok Kim
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Graham Aberdeen
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology/Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Terrie J. Lynch
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Eugene D. Albrecht
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology/Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald J. Pepe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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13
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Busby ER, Sherwood NM. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (Gnrhr) gene knock out: Normal growth and development of sensory, motor and spatial orientation behavior but altered metabolism in neonatal and prepubertal mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174452. [PMID: 28346489 PMCID: PMC5367835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is important in the control of reproduction, but its actions in non-reproductive processes are less well known. In this study we examined the effect of disrupting the GnRH receptor in mice to determine if growth, metabolism or behaviors that are not associated with reproduction were affected. To minimize the effects of other hormones such as FSH, LH and sex steroids, the neonatal-prepubertal period of 2 to 28 days of age was selected. The study shows that regardless of sex or phenotype in the Gnrhr gene knockout line, there was no significant difference in the daily development of motor control, sensory detection or spatial orientation among the wildtype, heterozygous or null mice. This included a series of behavioral tests for touch, vision, hearing, spatial orientation, locomotory behavior and muscle strength. Neither the daily body weight nor the final weight on day 28 of the kidney, liver and thymus relative to body weight varied significantly in any group. However by day 28, metabolic changes in the GnRH null females compared with wildtype females showed a significant reduction in inguinal fat pad weight normalized to body weight; this was accompanied by an increase in glucose compared with wildtype females shown by Student-Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison test and Student's unpaired t tests. Our studies show that the GnRH-GnRHR system is not essential for growth or motor/sensory/orientation behavior during the first month of life prior to puberty onset. The lack of the GnRH-GnRHR axis, however, did affect females resulting in reduced subcutaneous inguinal fat pad weight and increased glucose with possible insulin resistance; the loss of the normal rise of estradiol at postnatal days 15-28 may account for the altered metabolism in the prepubertal female pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R. Busby
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Pepe GJ, Maniu A, Aberdeen G, Lynch TJ, Kim SO, Nadler J, Albrecht ED. Insulin resistance elicited in postpubertal primate offspring deprived of estrogen in utero. Endocrine 2016; 54:788-797. [PMID: 27770396 PMCID: PMC6038696 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that offspring delivered to baboons deprived of estrogen during the second half of gestation exhibited insulin resistance prior to onset of puberty. Because gonadal hormones have a profound effect on insulin action and secretion in adults, we determined whether insulin resistance is retained after initiation of gonadal secretion of testosterone and estradiol. Glucose tolerance tests were performed in postpubertal baboon offspring of untreated and letrozole-treated animals (serum estradiol reduced >95 %). Basal fasting levels of insulin (P < 0.05) and peak 1 min and 1 + 3 + 5 min levels of glucose after glucose tolerance tests challenge (P < 0.03) were greater in offspring delivered to letrozole-treated, estrogen-deprived baboons than untreated animals. Moreover, the value for the HOMA-IR, an accepted index of insulin resistance, was 2-fold greater (P < 0.05) in offspring delivered to baboons treated with letrozole than in untreated animals. Collectively these results support the proposal that estrogen normally has an important role in programming mechanisms in utero within the developing fetus that lead to insulin sensitivity after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Pepe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
| | - Adina Maniu
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology/Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Graham Aberdeen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology/Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Terrie J Lynch
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Soon Ok Kim
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jerry Nadler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Eugene D Albrecht
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology/Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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