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Antonouli S, Di Nisio V, Messini C, Daponte A, Rajender S, Anifandis G. A comprehensive review and update on human fertility cryopreservation methods and tools. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1151254. [PMID: 37143497 PMCID: PMC10151698 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1151254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad conceptualization of fertility preservation and restoration has become already a major concern in the modern western world since a large number of individuals often face it in the everyday life. Driven by different health conditions and/or social reasons, a variety of patients currently rely on routinely and non-routinely applied assisted reproductive technologies, and mostly on the possibility to cryopreserve gametes and/or gonadal tissues for expanding their reproductive lifespan. This review embraces the data present in human-focused literature regarding the up-to-date methodologies and tools contemporarily applied in IVF laboratories' clinical setting of the oocyte, sperm, and embryo cryopreservation and explores the latest news and issues related to the optimization of methods used in ovarian and testicular tissue cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevastiani Antonouli
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Valentina Di Nisio
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Messini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece
| | - Alexandros Daponte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - George Anifandis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece
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2
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Manavella DD, Herraiz S, Soares M, Buigues A, Pellicer A, Donnez J, Díaz-García C, Dolmans MM. Disease-inducing potential of two leukemic cell lines in a xenografting model. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1589-1600. [PMID: 33786735 PMCID: PMC8266930 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cryopreserved ovarian tissue transplant restores ovarian function in young cancer patients after gonadotoxic treatment. However, leukemia is associated with increased risk of malignant cell transmission. We aimed to assess the tumor-inducing potential of two different leukemic cell lines when xenografted to immunodeficient mice. METHODS Fifty-four female immunodeficient mice were grafted with either 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 10,000 chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis (BV-173) cells or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (RCH-ACV) cells, embedded inside a fibrin scaffold along with 50,000 human ovarian stromal cells. Two mice per cell line received the fibrin matrix without leukemic cells as negative controls. Clinical signs of disease were monitored for 20 weeks. Grafts, liver tissue, and masses were collected for macroscopic analysis and gene expression of BCR-ABL1 and E2A-PBX fusion transcripts present in BV-173 and RCH-ACV respectively. RESULTS BV-173 cells: Mice grafted with 100, 200, or 500 cells showed no sign of disease after and were negative for BCR-ABL1 expression. Three of the 5 animals grafted with 1000 cells and all mice with 10,000 cells developed disease and showed BCR-ABL1-positive expression. RCH-ACV cells: Two out of 4 mice grafted with 100 cells developed disease and were E2A-PBX1-positive. All the animals grafted with higher cell doses showed signs of disease and all but one were E2A-PBX1-positive. CONCLUSION The present work proves that the disease-inducing potential of BV-173 and RCH-ACV leukemic cells xenografted to SCID mouse peritoneum differs between cell lines, depending on cell number, type, status, and cytogenetic disease profile when ovarian tissue is harvested.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cryopreservation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fertility Preservation/methods
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Heterografts
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Mice
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Ovarian Follicle/transplantation
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Transplants/growth & development
- Transplants/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Manavella
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte. B1.52.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Neolife-Medicina y Cirugía Reproductiva, Brasilia 760, 1434, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Sonia Herraiz
- IVI Foundation-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Soares
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte. B1.52.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Buigues
- IVI Foundation-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - A Pellicer
- IVI Foundation-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - J Donnez
- Society for Research into Infertility, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Díaz-García
- IVI Foundation-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- IVI London, IVIRMA Global, London, W1G 9RQ, UK
- Department of Reproductive Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6AU, UK
| | - M M Dolmans
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 52, bte. B1.52.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Gynecology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Preparation of CD3 Antibody-Conjugated, Graphene Oxide Coated Iron Nitride Magnetic Beads and Its Preliminary Application in T Cell Separation. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry7050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) for cell sorting are universally used in medical and biological fields. At present, the IMBs on the market are ferrite coated with a silicon shell. Based on a new type of magnetic material, the graphene coated iron nitride magnetic particle (G@FeN-MP), which we previously reported, we prepared a novel IMB, a graphene oxide coated iron nitride immune magnetic bead (GO@FeN-IMBs), and explored its feasibility for cell sorting. First, the surface of the G@FeN-MP was oxidized to produce oxygen-containing groups as carboxyl, etc. by the optimized Hummers’ method, followed by a homogenization procedure to make the particles uniform in size and dispersive. The carboxy groups generated were then condensed and coupled with anti-CD3 antibodies by the carbodiimide method to produce an anti-CD3-GO@FeN-IMB after the coupling efficacy was proved by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and labeled antibodies. Finally, the anti-CD3-GO@FeN-IMBs were incubated with a cell mixture containing human T cells. With the aid of a magnetic stand, the T cells were successfully isolated from the cell mixture. The isolated T cells turned out to be intact and could proliferate with the activation of the IMBs. The results show that the G@FeN-MP can be modified for IMB preparation, and the anti-CD3-GO@FeN-IMBs we prepared can potentially separate T cells.
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4
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Strategies for cryopreservation of testicular cells and tissues in cancer and genetic diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:1-19. [PMID: 33791878 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of testicular cells and tissues is useful for the preservation and restoration of fertility in pre-pubertal males expecting gonadotoxic treatment for cancer and genetic diseases causing impaired spermatogenesis. A number of freezing and vitrification protocols have thus been tried and variable results have been reported in terms of cell viability spermatogenesis progression and the production of fertile spermatozoa. A few studies have also reported the production of live offspring from cryopreserved testicular stem cells and tissues in rodents but their replication in large animals and human have been lacking. Advancement in in vitro spermatogenesis system has improved the possibility of producing fertile spermatozoa from the cryopreserved testis and has reduced the dependency on transplantation. This review provides an update on various cryopreservation strategies for fertility preservation in males expecting gonadotoxic treatment. It also discusses various methods of assessing and ameliorating cryoinjuries. Newer developments on in vitro spermatogenesis and testicular tissue engineering for in vitro sperm production from cryopreserved SSCs and testicular tissue are also discussed.
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5
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Goossens E, Jahnukainen K, Mitchell RT, van Pelt A, Pennings G, Rives N, Poels J, Wyns C, Lane S, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rives A, Valli-Pulaski H, Steimer S, Kliesch S, Braye A, Andres MM, Medrano J, Ramos L, Kristensen SG, Andersen CY, Bjarnason R, Orwig KE, Neuhaus N, Stukenborg JB. Fertility preservation in boys: recent developments and new insights †. Hum Reprod Open 2020; 2020:hoaa016. [PMID: 32529047 PMCID: PMC7275639 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infertility is an important side effect of treatments used for cancer and other non-malignant conditions in males. This may be due to the loss of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and/or altered functionality of testicular somatic cells (e.g. Sertoli cells, Leydig cells). Whereas sperm cryopreservation is the first-line procedure to preserve fertility in post-pubertal males, this option does not exist for prepubertal boys. For patients unable to produce sperm and at high risk of losing their fertility, testicular tissue freezing is now proposed as an alternative experimental option to safeguard their fertility. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE With this review, we aim to provide an update on clinical practices and experimental methods, as well as to describe patient management inclusion strategies used to preserve and restore the fertility of prepubertal boys at high risk of fertility loss. SEARCH METHODS Based on the expertise of the participating centres and a literature search of the progress in clinical practices, patient management strategies and experimental methods used to preserve and restore the fertility of prepubertal boys at high risk of fertility loss were identified. In addition, a survey was conducted amongst European and North American centres/networks that have published papers on their testicular tissue banking activity. OUTCOMES Since the first publication on murine SSC transplantation in 1994, remarkable progress has been made towards clinical application: cryopreservation protocols for testicular tissue have been developed in animal models and are now offered to patients in clinics as a still experimental procedure. Transplantation methods have been adapted for human testis, and the efficiency and safety of the technique are being evaluated in mouse and primate models. However, important practical, medical and ethical issues must be resolved before fertility restoration can be applied in the clinic.Since the previous survey conducted in 2012, the implementation of testicular tissue cryopreservation as a means to preserve the fertility of prepubertal boys has increased. Data have been collected from 24 co-ordinating centres worldwide, which are actively offering testis tissue cryobanking to safeguard the future fertility of boys. More than 1033 young patients (age range 3 months to 18 years) have already undergone testicular tissue retrieval and storage for fertility preservation. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION The review does not include the data of all reproductive centres worldwide. Other centres might be offering testicular tissue cryopreservation. Therefore, the numbers might be not representative for the entire field in reproductive medicine and biology worldwide. The key ethical issue regarding fertility preservation in prepubertal boys remains the experimental nature of the intervention. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The revised procedures can be implemented by the multi-disciplinary teams offering and/or developing treatment strategies to preserve the fertility of prepubertal boys who have a high risk of fertility loss. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The work was funded by ESHRE. None of the authors has a conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Goossens
- Biology of the Testis, Research Laboratory for Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Jahnukainen
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.,Division of Haematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh; and the Edinburgh Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amm van Pelt
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Pennings
- Bioethics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Rives
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Biology of Reproduction-CECOS Laboratory, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - J Poels
- Department of Gynecology and Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Wyns
- Department of Gynecology and Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Lane
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Children's Hospital Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - K A Rodriguez-Wallberg
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Section of Reproductive Medicine, Division of Gynecology and Reproduction, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Rives
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", Rouen University Hospital, Biology of Reproduction-CECOS Laboratory, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - H Valli-Pulaski
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - S Steimer
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - S Kliesch
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - A Braye
- Biology of the Testis, Research Laboratory for Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M M Andres
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Medrano
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Ramos
- Departement of Obstetrics and Gynacology, Division Reproductive Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S G Kristensen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Y Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Bjarnason
- Children's Medical Center, Landspítali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - K E Orwig
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - N Neuhaus
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - J B Stukenborg
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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Abdelaal O, Barber H, Atala A, Sadri-Ardekani H. Purging of malignant cell contamination prior to spermatogonia stem cell autotransplantation to preserve fertility: progress & prospects. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2019; 26:166-174. [PMID: 30998603 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This systematic review evaluates the state of the art in terms of strategies used to detect and remove contaminated malignant cells from testicular biopsy prior to spermatogonia stem cells (SSCs) autotransplantation to restore fertility. RECENT FINDINGS Several trials have been done in past two decades to determine the reliable methods of detecting and purging cancer cells prior to SSCs autotransplantation. SUMMARY The success in treating childhood cancer has dramatically increased over the past few decades. This leads to increasing demand for a method of fertility preservation for patients with pediatric cancer, as many cancer therapies can be gonadotoxic. Storing the SSCs prior to chemo- or radiation therapies and transplanting them back has been tested as a method of restoring fertility in rodents and nonhuman primate models. This has promise for restoring fertility in childhood cancer survivors. One of the major concerns is the possibility of malignant cell presence in testicular tissue biopsies that could re-introduce cancer to the patient after SSCs autotransplantation. Non-solid cancers - especially hematologic malignancies - have the risk of being transplanted back into patients after SSCs cryopreservation even if they were only present in small number in the stored testicular tissue biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdelaal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Heather Barber
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Shabani R, Ashjari M, Ashtari K, Izadyar F, Behnam B, Khoei S, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Koruji M. Elimination of mouse tumor cells from neonate spermatogonial cells utilizing cisplatin-entrapped folic acid-conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2943-2954. [PMID: 29849458 PMCID: PMC5965374 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s155052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some male survivors of childhood cancer are suffering from azoospermia. In addition, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are necessary for the improvement of spermatogenesis subsequent to exposure to cytotoxic agents such as cisplatin. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of cisplatin-loaded folic acid-conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) on mouse malignant cell line (EL4) and SSCs in vitro. Methods SSCs were co-cultured with mouse malignant cell line (EL4) cells and divided into four culture groups: 1) control (cells were co-cultured in the culture medium), 2) co-cultured cells were treated with cisplatin (10 μg/mL), 3) co-cultured cells were treated with cisplatin-loaded folic acid-conjugated PLGA NPs, and 4) co-cultures were treated with folic acid-conjugated PLGA for 48 hours. The NPs were prepared, characterized, and targeted with folate. In vitro release characteristics, loading efficiency, and scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images were studied. Cancer cells were assayed after treatment using flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. The co-cultures of SSCs and EL4 cells were injected into seminiferous tubules of the testes after treating with cis-diaminedichloroplatinum/PLGA NPs. Results The mean diameter of PLGA NPs ranged between 150 and 250 nm. The number of TUNEL-positive cells increased, and the expression of Bax and caspase-3 were upregulated in EL4 cells in Group 4 compared with Group 2. There was no pathological tumor in testes after transplantation with treated co-cultured cells. Conclusion The PLGA NPs appeared to act as a promising carrier for cisplatin administration, which was consistent with a higher activation of apoptosis than free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Shabani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ashjari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ashtari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology and Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Babak Behnam
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samideh Khoei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Koruji
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Del Vento F, Vermeulen M, de Michele F, Giudice MG, Poels J, des Rieux A, Wyns C. Tissue Engineering to Improve Immature Testicular Tissue and Cell Transplantation Outcomes: One Step Closer to Fertility Restoration for Prepubertal Boys Exposed to Gonadotoxic Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010286. [PMID: 29346308 PMCID: PMC5796232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their important contribution to the cure of both oncological and benign diseases, gonadotoxic therapies present the risk of a severe impairment of fertility. Sperm cryopreservation is not an option to preserve prepubertal boys’ reproductive potential, as their seminiferous tubules only contain spermatogonial stem cells (as diploid precursors of spermatozoa). Cryobanking of human immature testicular tissue (ITT) prior to gonadotoxic therapies is an accepted practice. Evaluation of cryopreserved ITT using xenotransplantation in nude mice showed the survival of a limited proportion of spermatogonia and their ability to proliferate and initiate differentiation. However, complete spermatogenesis could not be achieved in the mouse model. Loss of germ cells after ITT grafting points to the need to optimize the transplantation technique. Tissue engineering, a new branch of science that aims at improving cellular environment using scaffolds and molecules administration, might be an approach for further progress. In this review, after summarizing the lessons learned from human prepubertal testicular germ cells or tissue xenotransplantation experiments, we will focus on the benefits that might be gathered using bioengineering techniques to enhance transplantation outcomes by optimizing early tissue graft revascularization, protecting cells from toxic insults linked to ischemic injury and exploring strategies to promote cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Del Vento
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maxime Vermeulen
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Francesca de Michele
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Maria Grazia Giudice
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Jonathan Poels
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Unit, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Christine Wyns
- Gynecology-Andrology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.D.V.); (M.V.); (F.d.M.); (M.G.G.)
- Department of Gynecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-764-95-01
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Livne-Segev D, Forbes EC, Lo KC. State-of-the art advances in fertility preservation for the male cancer patient. Future Oncol 2016; 12:1691-4. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Livne-Segev
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 60 Murray Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Ellen C Forbes
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 60 Murray Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Kirk C Lo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 60 Murray Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3L9, Canada
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10
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Soares M, Sahrari K, Amorim CA, Saussoy P, Donnez J, Dolmans MM. Evaluation of a human ovarian follicle isolation technique to obtain disease-free follicle suspensions before safely grafting to cancer patients. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:672-80.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Jahnukainen K, Mitchell RT, Stukenborg JB. Testicular function and fertility preservation after treatment for haematological cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2015; 22:217-23. [PMID: 25871959 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Treatment for high-risk or relapsed haematological malignancy with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is known to cause infertility. Today, there are no established options for fertility preservation in pre-pubertal boys. This review aims to describe how therapy for haematological malignancy in childhood affects male fertility, and to summarize recent developments for fertility preservation in these patients. RECENT FINDINGS Eventual recovery of spermatogenesis is probable after chemotherapy-based conditioning for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, conditioning with total body irradiation is associated with a very high risk of permanent infertility. For high-risk patients, auto-transplantation of cryopreserved testicular tissue or cells might represent an approach for fertility preservation; however, contamination of testis tissue with malignant cells may prevent their subsequent reintroduction into patients. Recent progress using in-vitro differentiation of germ cells combined with assisted reproductive techniques may, in the future, represent a suitable alternative to retransplantation. SUMMARY Particular care must be taken when assessing infertility risk in patients with haematological malignancy as reclassification to high risk may significantly increase the likelihood of treatment-related gonadotoxicity. Importantly, development of fertility preservation strategies in such high-risk patients must also take into account specific risks for haematological cancers including cancer cell contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Jahnukainen
- aPediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden bDivision of Haematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland cMRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh dThe Edinburgh Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK *Kirsi Jahnukainen, Rod T. Mitchell, and Jan-Bernd Stukenborg contributed equally to the writing of this aticle
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Soares M, Saussoy P, Sahrari K, Amorim CA, Donnez J, Dolmans MM. Is transplantation of a few leukemic cells inside an artificial ovary able to induce leukemia in an experimental model? J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:597-606. [PMID: 25649398 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the tumor-inducing ability of a few leukemic cells xenotransplanted inside an artificial ovary. METHODS Ten and 100 BV-173 leukemic cells were embedded in a fibrin matrix along with 50,000 human ovarian stromal cells, and grafted to the peritoneal bursa of 5 and 5 SCID mice respectively. Four mice grafted with 3x10(6) leukemic cells in fibrin served as positive controls. At 20 weeks post-transplantation, the grafts, liver, spleen, blood and bone marrow were analyzed for the presence of leukemia by anti-CD79α IHC, flow cytometry (FC) and PCR. RESULTS All mice grafted with 3x10(6) cells developed peritoneal masses 4 weeks after xenotransplantation, and systemic disease was confirmed by IHC, PCR and FC. Among mice grafted with 10 or 100 leukemic cells, none showed any sign of leukemia after 20 weeks, and IHC, FC and PCR on the different recovered tissues all proved negative. CONCLUSION This study investigates the tumor-inducing potential of a few leukemic cells grafted inside an artificial ovary. Transplantation of 100 leukemic cells appears to be insufficient to induce leukemia after 20 weeks. These results in an immunodeficient xenografting model are quite reassuring. However, for clinical application, follicle suspensions must be purged of leukemic cells before grafting, as even the slightest risk should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Soares
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Optimizing cryopreservation of human spermatogonial stem cells: comparing the effectiveness of testicular tissue and single cell suspension cryopreservation. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:1491-1498.e1. [PMID: 25241367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether optimal human spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) cryopreservation is best achieved with testicular tissue or single cell suspension cryopreservation. This study compares the effectiveness between these two approaches by using testicular SSEA-4+ cells, a known population containing SSCs. DESIGN In vitro human testicular tissues. SETTING Academic research unit. PATIENT(S) Adult testicular tissues (n=4) collected from subjects with normal spermatogenesis and normal fetal testicular tissues (n=3). INTERVENTION(S) Testicular tissue versus single cell suspension cryopreservation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Cell viability, total cell recovery per milligram of tissue, as well as viable and SSEA-4+ cell recovery. RESULT(S) Single cell suspension cryopreservation yielded higher recovery of SSEA-4+ cells enriched in adult SSCs, whereas fetal SSEA-4+ cell recovery was similar between testicular tissue and single cell suspension cryopreservation. CONCLUSION(S) Adult and fetal human SSEA-4+ populations exhibited differential sensitivity to cryopreservation based on whether they were cryopreserved in situ as testicular tissues or as single cells. Thus, optimal preservation of human SSCs depends on the patient's age, type of samples cryopreserved, and end points of therapeutic applications.
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Valli H, Phillips BT, Shetty G, Byrne JA, Clark AT, Meistrich ML, Orwig KE. Germline stem cells: toward the regeneration of spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 2013; 101:3-13. [PMID: 24314923 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Improved therapies for cancer and other conditions have resulted in a growing population of long-term survivors. Infertility is an unfortunate side effect of some cancer therapies that impacts the quality of life of survivors who are in their reproductive or prereproductive years. Some of these patients have the opportunity to preserve their fertility using standard technologies that include sperm, egg, or embryo banking, followed by IVF and/or ET. However, these options are not available to all patients, especially the prepubertal patients who are not yet producing mature gametes. For these patients, there are several stem cell technologies in the research pipeline that may give rise to new fertility options and allow infertile patients to have their own biological children. We will review the role of stem cells in normal spermatogenesis as well as experimental stem cell-based techniques that may have potential to generate or regenerate spermatogenesis and sperm. We will present these technologies in the context of the fertility preservation paradigm, but we anticipate that they will have broad implications for the assisted reproduction field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Valli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bart T Phillips
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gunapala Shetty
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - James A Byrne
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amander T Clark
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marvin L Meistrich
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Dovey SL, Valli H, Hermann BP, Sukhwani M, Donohue J, Castro CA, Chu T, Sanfilippo JS, Orwig KE. Eliminating malignant contamination from therapeutic human spermatogonial stem cells. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1833-43. [PMID: 23549087 DOI: 10.1172/jci65822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation has been shown to restore fertility in several species and may have application for treating some cases of male infertility (e.g., secondary to gonadotoxic therapy for cancer). To ensure safety of this fertility preservation strategy, methods are needed to isolate and enrich SSCs from human testis cell suspensions and also remove malignant contamination. We used flow cytometry to characterize cell surface antigen expression on human testicular cells and leukemic cells (MOLT-4 and TF-1a). We demonstrated via FACS that EpCAM is expressed by human spermatogonia but not MOLT-4 cells. In contrast, HLA-ABC and CD49e marked >95% of MOLT-4 cells but were not expressed on human spermatogonia. A multiparameter sort of MOLT-4-contaminated human testicular cell suspensions was performed to isolate EpCAM+/HLA-ABC-/CD49e- (putative spermatogonia) and EpCAM-/HLA-ABC+/CD49e+ (putative MOLT-4) cell fractions. The EpCAM+/HLA-ABC-/CD49e- fraction was enriched for spermatogonial colonizing activity and did not form tumors following human-to-nude mouse xenotransplantation. The EpCAM-/HLA-ABC+/CD49e+ fraction produced tumors following xenotransplantation. This approach could be generalized with slight modification to also remove contaminating TF-1a leukemia cells. Thus, FACS provides a method to isolate and enrich human spermatogonia and remove malignant contamination by exploiting differences in cell surface antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena L Dovey
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Goossens E, Van Saen D, Tournaye H. Spermatogonial stem cell preservation and transplantation: from research to clinic. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:897-907. [PMID: 23427228 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What issues remain to be solved before fertility preservation and transplantation can be offered to prepubertal boys? SUMMARY ANSWER The main issues that need further investigation are malignant cell decontamination, improvement of in vivo fertility restoration and in vitro maturation. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Prepubertal boys who need gonadotoxic treatment might render sterile for the rest of their life. As these boys do not yet produce sperm cells, they cannot benefit from sperm banking. Spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) banking followed by autologous transplantation has been proposed as a fertility preservation strategy. But before this technique can be applied in the clinic, some important issues have to be resolved. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE DURATION Original articles as well as review articles published in English were included in a search of the literature. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Relevant studies were selected by an extensive Medline search. Search terms were fertility preservation, cryopreservation, prepubertal, SSC, testis tissue, transplantation, grafting and in vitro spermatogenesis. The final number of studies selected for this review was 102. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Cryopreservation protocols for testicular tissue have been developed and are already being used in the clinic. Since the efficiency and safety of SSC transplantation have been reported in mice, transplantation methods are now being adapted to the human testes. Very recently, a few publications reported on in vitro spermatogenesis in mice, but this technique is still far from being applied in a clinical setting. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Using tissue from cancer patients holds a potential risk for contamination of the collected testicular tissue. Therefore, it is of immense importance to separate malignant cells from the cell suspension before transplantation. Because biopsies obtained from young boys are small and contain only few SSCs, propagation of these cells in vitro will be necessary. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The ultimate use of the banked tissue will depend on the patient's disease. If the patient was suffering from a non-malignant disease, tissue grafting might be offered. In cancer patients, decontaminated cell suspensions will be injected in the testis. For patients with Klinefelter syndrome, the only option would be in vitro spermatogenesis. However, at present, restoring fertility in cancer and Klinefelter patients is not yet possible. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Research Foundation, Flanders (G.0385.08 to H.T.), the Institute for the Agency for Innovation, Belgium (IWT/SB/111245 to E.G.), the Flemish League against Cancer (to E.G.), Kom op tegen kanker (G.0547.11 to H.T.) and the Fund Willy Gepts (to HT). E.G. is a Postdoctoral Fellow of the FWO, Research Foundation, Flanders. There are no conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Goossens
- Biology of the testis, Department for Embryology and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium.
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Jahnukainen K, Stukenborg JB. Clinical review: Present and future prospects of male fertility preservation for children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:4341-51. [PMID: 23038680 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rapid progress in fertility preservation strategies has led to the investigation of ways in which fertile gametes could be generated from cryopreserved immature testicular tissue. Childhood cancer patients remain the major group that can benefit from these techniques. Other potential candidates include patients undergoing gonadectomy and patients with Klinefelter's syndrome and cryptorchid testes. This review aims to present an overview of the current state of knowledge in experimental germ cell transplantation, testicular tissue transplantation, and germ cell culture as fertility preservation methods for males. METHODOLOGY We included English articles published in PubMed as well as personal files with the focus on studies including human or nonhuman material. MAIN FINDINGS Germ cell and testicular tissue transplantation demonstrate clinical options to mature germ cells from immature primate testicular tissue. The most promising approach involves autologous grafting of immature testicular tissue, whereas germ cell maturation in vitro provides the best strategies to overcome problems of cancer contamination in cryopreserved testicular tissue. Three-dimensional and organ culture systems offer the possibility to differentiate immature male germ cells up to the stage of elongated spermatids. Further characterization of early germ cell development in humans is needed to modify these systems for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Jahnukainen
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zohni K, Zhang X, Tan SL, Chan P, Nagano M. CD9 Is Expressed on Human Male Germ Cells That Have a Long-Term Repopulation Potential after Transplantation into Mouse Testes1. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:27. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.098913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Ning L, Goossens E, Geens M, Saen DV, Tournaye H. Spermatogonial stem cells as a source for regenerative medicine. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Hou M, Stukenborg JB, Nurmio M, Andersson M, Toppari J, Söder O, Jahnukainen K. Ontogenesis of Ap-2γ expression in rat testes. Sex Dev 2011; 5:188-96. [PMID: 21654158 DOI: 10.1159/000328822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Searching for useful markers of spermatogonial stem cells and their differentiation, we used rat testes from ages representing different stages of testicular maturation to investigate the expression profile of transcription factor activation protein-2γ (Ap-2γ). The immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical evaluation using Ap-2γ and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger in combination with sorting of CD9 and CD90 positive cells (undifferentiated spermatogonia) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting was performed. Our experiments revealed that Ap-2γ is detectable in testes of late fetal age and up to 60 days postnatally and is expressed in gonocytes and spermatogonia from late fetal age throughout all maturational stages. Restricted nuclear expression of Ap-2γ to undifferentiated male germ cells was verified by coexpression of Ap-2γ with promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger in sections of paraffin-embedded testes as well as in cells sorted positive for CD9 and CD90 expression. Our study demonstrated clearly that nuclear expression of Ap-2γ is a useful marker for identifying undifferentiated male germ cells, although its functional role is yet to be fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Q2:08, Stockholm, Sweden. Mi.Hou @ ki.se
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Petrunkina AM, Harrison RAP. Mathematical analysis of mis-estimation of cell subsets in flow cytometry: viability staining revisited. J Immunol Methods 2011; 368:71-9. [PMID: 21362427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many research projects in cell biology now use flow cytometry for analysis or for isolation of specific cell types. In such studies, cell viability is obviously a crucial issue. However, many studies appear to rely upon light-scattering characteristics to identify and gate out non-viable cells, despite the fact that reliable identification of such cells can only be achieved through staining with impermeable fluorescent nuclear dyes such as propidium iodide or 7-amino actinomycin. In this paper we apply mathematical analysis to the theoretical problem of quantifying cell sub-populations labeled with two or more fluorescent markers, comparing situations in which dead cells have been identified with those in which cell viability has not been assessed. We demonstrate that in all cases in which dead cells are present within the population, percentages of live sub-populations in different subsets are mis-estimated. In cases where the pattern of marker expression differs greatly between live and dead cells, or where the proportion of dead cells is high, this mis-estimation will be aggravated; the subsets pattern will therefore be biased in a population selected only on the basis of light-scatter behavior. The importance of accurately detecting and gating out dead cells is illustrated by an experimental example accompanying the mathematical analysis. To conclude, identification of dead cells by means of viability stains should be an absolute routine in practical flow cytometry, so as to avoid mis-estimation in sorting or analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Petrunkina
- Unit of Reproductive Medicine of Clinics, Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Germany.
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Geens M, Goossens E, Tournaye H. Cell selection by selective matrix adhesion is not sufficiently efficient for complete malignant cell depletion from contaminated human testicular cell suspensions. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:787-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fertility preservation for boys with cancer. Reprod Med Biol 2010; 9:179-184. [PMID: 29699341 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-010-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood cancer is a curable disease due to the development of chemo- and radiation therapies, but long-term survivors suffer late side-effects including infertility. Cytotoxic agents and radiation impair spermatogenesis and cause oligospermia or azoospermia as well as genetic damage in sperm. To date, the only established option to preserve fertility is cryopreservation of sperm before treatment and artificial reproduction techniques, if men with cancer can ejaculate, but only a quarter of men have banked sperm. Lack of information is the most common reason for failing to bank sperm. However, prepubertal patients who have only spermatogonia and spermatocytes in their testes do not benefit from cryopreservation of their sperm and assisted reproductive techniques. Thus, the only available option is to harvest testicular tissues before treatment for cryopreservation, from which immature germ cells can somehow be maturated. Autotransplantation of germ cells into the testis holds promise for fertility restoration, but contamination by malignant cells may induce relapse. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with two surface markers could exclude contaminated leukemic cells from murine germ cells, and transplantation of sorted germ cells successfully restored fertility without transmission of leukemia. Human germ cells could be also isolated from human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines by FACS using surface markers. Before autotransplantation can be applied clinically, some issues, including the risk of contamination by malignant cells and in vitro propagation of spermatogonial stem cells, should be resolved.
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Stukenborg JB, Schlatt S, Simoni M, Yeung CH, Elhija MA, Luetjens CM, Huleihel M, Wistuba J. New horizons for in vitro spermatogenesis? An update on novel three-dimensional culture systems as tools for meiotic and post-meiotic differentiation of testicular germ cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:521-9. [PMID: 19561342 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture and differentiation of male germ cells has been performed for various purposes in the past. To date, none of the studies aimed at in vitro spermatogenesis has resulted in a sufficient number of mature gametes. Numerous studies have revealed worthy pieces of information, building up a body of information on conditions that are required to maintain and mature male germ cells in vitro. In this review, we report on previously published and unpublished experiments addressing murine germ cell differentiation in three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture systems. In a systematic set of experiments, we examined the influence of two different matrices (soft agar and methylcellulose) as well as the need for gonadotrophin support. For the first time, we demonstrate that pre-meiotic male germ cells [revealed by the absence of meiotic marker expression (e.g. Boule)] obtained from immature mice pass through meiosis in vitro. After several weeks of culture, we obtained morphologically normal spermatozoa embedded in the matrix substance. Complete maturation relied on support from somatic testicular cells and the presence of gonadotrophins but appeared independent from the matrix in a 3D culture environment. Further research efforts are required to reveal the applicability of this culture technique for human germ cells and the functionality of the spermatozoa for generating offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- Institute of Reproductive and Regenerative Biology of the Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Münster, Domagkstrasse 11 48129, Münster, Germany
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Hou M, Andersson M, Zheng C, Sundblad A, Söder O, Jahnukainen K. Immunomagnetic separation of normal rat testicular cells from Roser’s T-cell leukaemia cells is ineffective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 32:66-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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