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Posont RJ, Yates DT. Postnatal Nutrient Repartitioning due to Adaptive Developmental Programming. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:277-288. [PMID: 31103181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal stress induces developmental adaptations that result in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low birthweight. These adaptations reappropriate nutrients to the most essential tissues, which benefits fetal survival. The same adaptations are detrimental to growth efficiency and carcass value in livestock, however, because muscle is disproportionally targeted. IUGR adipocytes, liver tissues, and pancreatic β-cells also exhibit functional adaptations. Identifying mechanisms underlying adaptive changes is fundamental to improving outcomes and value in low birthweight livestock. The article outlines studies that have begun to identify stress-induced fetal adaptations affecting growth, metabolism, and differential nutrient utilization in IUGR-born animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Posont
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 830908, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Dustin T Yates
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 830908, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Douart C, Briand L, Betti E, Bencharif D, Tainturier D. Temporal evolution of hepatic anatomy during gestation and growth in the sheep. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:22-36. [PMID: 24597737 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the liver undergoes a series of spectacular anatomical changes during development, particularly in domestic ruminants. In all domestic mammals, the liver retracts cranially until it reaches its definitive diaphragmatic position; however, in the sheep, it also withdraws from the entire left side of the diaphragm and seems to rotate through 180°. An anatomical study reveals that the hepatic conformation evolves very little during this topographical change. The latter occurs in two phases: an initial phase of marked regression of the left lobe, which starts from the beginning of the foetal period (44th day of gestation), followed by marked regression of the entire liver, which starts between the 90th and 117th days and ends between the 2nd and 3rd month of life. The path of hepatic regression is dictated by the particular layout of the liver's attachments in the sheep. The left triangular ligament, which holds the L lobe to the left in other species, is almost completely absent in the sheep, whilst the right lobe is fixed to the top of the diaphragm. As the liver regresses, the right lobe therefore draws the left lobe with it to the right-hand side. A statistical study shows constant regression of the hepatic surface area during the topographical evolution of the liver, with a particularly marked and sudden reduction between the end of the 4th month and the middle of the 5th month of gestation. It also shows that the regression of the left lobe is consistently greater than that of the right lobe and that the topographical regression of the liver cannot be predicted by measuring the weight of the liver, which behaves independently to the surface area of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Douart
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, Oniris - Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Anatomy of Domestic Animals, BP 40 706, Nantes cedex 3, F - 44 307, France
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Ozkan Y, Timurkan ES, Aydin S, Sahin İ, Timurkan M, Citil C, Kalayci M, Yilmaz M, Aksoy A, Catak Z. Acylated and desacylated ghrelin, preptin, leptin, and nesfatin-1 Peptide changes related to the body mass index. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:236085. [PMID: 24371438 PMCID: PMC3858877 DOI: 10.1155/2013/236085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the levels of acylated and desacylated ghrelin, preptin, leptin, and nesfatin-1 peptide changes related to the body mass index (BMI). The subjects were allocated to 5 groups depending on their BMIs as follows: Group I (BMI <18.5 kg/m(2)); Group II (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)); Group III (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)); Group IV (BMI 30-39.9 kg/m(2)); Group V (BMI >40 kg/m(2)). Serum acylated and desacylated ghrelin, preptin, and leptin levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nesfatin-1 was measured by the enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Desacylated ghrelin levels showed a gradual and statistically significant drop from Group I to Group V, while preptin and leptin levels exhibited a gradual and significant increase from Group I to Group IV. Serum nesfatin-1 levels gradually, but not significantly, increased from Group I to Group III and showed a significant decrease in Groups IV and V. In conclusion, leptin, preptin, and acylated ghrelin (AG) levels increased with higher BMI, whereas desacylated ghrelin (DAG) decreased and nesfatin-1 showed no clear relationship to BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ozkan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Esra Suay Timurkan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
- *Suleyman Aydin:
| | - İbrahim Sahin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Erzincan University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Timurkan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cihan Citil
- Atatürk Vocational School of Health Science, Kafkas University, 36040 Kars, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kalayci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Aziz Aksoy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Bitlis Eren University, 13000 Bitlis, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Catak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Firat Hormones Research Group, Firat University Hospital, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
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Hyatt MA, Budge H, Symonds ME. Early developmental influences on hepatic organogenesis. Organogenesis 2012; 4:170-5. [PMID: 19279729 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.3.6849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the largest of the body's organs, with the greatest number of functions, playing a central role in coordinating metabolic homeostasis, nutrient processing and detoxification. The fetal liver forms during early gestation in response to a sequential array of distinct biological events, regulated by intrinsically programmed mechanisms and extracellular signals which instruct hepatic cells to either proliferate, differentiate or undergo apoptosis. A vast number of genes are involved in the initiation and control of liver development, many of which are sensitive to nutritional and hormonal regulation in utero. Moreover, liver mass is influenced by the gestational environment. Therefore, during periods of hepatic cell proliferation and differentiation, the developing fetal liver is sensitive to damage from both internal and external sources including teratogens, infection and nutritional deficiencies. For example, fetuses exposed to decreased materno-fetal nutrition during late gestation have a reduced liver mass, and/or perturbed liver function, which includes increased plasma LDL cholesterol and fibrinogen concentrations. These occur in conjunction with other risk factors present in the early stages of cardiovascular disease i.e. decreased glucose tolerance and insulin insensitivity in later life. Taken together, these findings suggest that liver mass, and later function, are essentially set in utero during fetal development-a process that is ultimately regulated by the intrauterine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Hyatt
- Centre for Reproduction and Early Life; Institute of Clinical Research; University of Nottingham UK
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BERNSTEIN ROBINM, SETCHELL JOANNAM, VERRIER DELPHINE, KNAPP LESLIEA. Maternal Effects and the Endocrine Regulation of Mandrill Growth. Am J Primatol 2012; 74:890-900. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- ROBIN M. BERNSTEIN
- Department of Anthropology; The George Washington University; Washington; DC
| | | | - DELPHINE VERRIER
- Primate Center and Ecology of Health Research Unit; International Center for Medical Research of Franceville (CIRMF); Franceville; Gabon
| | - LESLIE A. KNAPP
- Department of Biological Anthropology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge; United Kingdom
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De Jonghe BC, Hayes MR, Banno R, Skibicka KP, Zimmer DJ, Bowen KA, Leichner TM, Alhadeff AL, Kanoski SE, Cyr NE, Nillni EA, Grill HJ, Bence KK. Deficiency of PTP1B in POMC neurons leads to alterations in energy balance and homeostatic response to cold exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E1002-11. [PMID: 21406615 PMCID: PMC3118594 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00639.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin regulates energy balance through catabolic effects on central circuits, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Leptin activation of POMC neurons increases thermogenesis and locomotor activity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important negative regulator of leptin signaling. POMC neuron-specific deletion of PTP1B in mice results in reduced high-fat diet-induced body weight and adiposity gain due to increased energy expenditure and greater leptin sensitivity. Mice lacking the leptin gene (ob/ob mice) are hypothermic and cold intolerant, whereas leptin delivery to ob/ob mice induces thermogenesis via increased sympathetic activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here, we examined whether POMC PTP1B mediates the thermoregulatory response of CNS leptin signaling by evaluating food intake, body weight, core temperature (T(C)), and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in response to either exogenous leptin or 4-day cold exposure (4°C) in male POMC-Ptp1b-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. POMC-Ptp1b(-/-) mice were hypersensitive to leptin-induced food intake and body weight suppression compared with wild types, yet they displayed similar leptin-induced increases in T(C). Interestingly, POMC-Ptp1b(-/-) mice had increased BAT weight and elevated plasma triiodothyronine (T(3)) levels in response to a 4-day cold challenge, as well as reduced SPA 24 h after cold exposure, relative to controls. These data show that PTP1B in POMC neurons plays a role in short-term cold-induced reduction of SPA and may influence cold-induced thermogenesis via enhanced activation of the thyroid axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Nijland MJ, Mitsuya K, Li C, Ford S, McDonald TJ, Nathanielsz PW, Cox LA. Epigenetic modification of fetal baboon hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase following exposure to moderately reduced nutrient availability. J Physiol 2010; 588:1349-59. [PMID: 20176628 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.184168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased maternal nutrient availability during pregnancy induces compensatory fetal metabolic and endocrine responses. Knowledge of cellular changes involved is critical to understanding normal and abnormal development. Several studies in rodents and sheep report increased fetal plasma cortisol and associated increased gluconeogenesis in response to maternal nutrient reduction (MNR) but observations in primates are lacking. We determined MNR effects on fetal liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (protein, PEPCK1; gene, PCK1 orthologous/homologous human chromosomal region 20q13.31) at 0.9 gestation (G). Female baboon social groups were fed ad libitum (control, CTR) or 70% CTR (MNR) from 0.16 to 0.9G when fetuses were delivered by caesarean section under general anaesthesia. Plasma cortisol was elevated in fetuses of MNR mothers (P < 0.05). Immunoreactive PEPCK1 protein was located around the liver lobule central vein and was low in CTR fetuses but rose to 63% of adult levels in MNR fetuses. PCK1 mRNA measured by QRT-PCR increased in MNR (2.3-fold; P < 0.05) while the 25% rise in protein by Western blot analysis was not significant. PCK1 promoter methylation analysis using bisulfite sequencing was significantly reduced in six out of nine CpG-dinucleotides evaluated in MNR compared with CTR liver samples. In conclusion, these are the first data from a fetal non-human primate indicating hypomethylation of the PCK1 promoter in the liver following moderate maternal nutrient reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Nijland
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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