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Newcombe JR, Cuervo-Arango J, Wilsher S. The Timing of the Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy Is Specific to Individual Mares. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101718. [PMID: 37238148 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present experiment aimed at determining whether the timing of the maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) was specific to individual mares by determining when luteostasis, a failure to return to oestrus, reliably occurred in individuals following embryo reduction. Singleton (n = 150) and synchronous twin pregnancies (n = 9) were reduced in 10 individuals (5-29 reductions/mare) at pre-determined time points within days 10 (n = 20), 11 (n = 65), 12 (n = 47), 13 (n = 12) or 14 (n = 15) of pregnancy. Prior to embryo reduction, the vesicle diameter was measured in 71% (106/150) of the singleton pregnancies. The interovulatory interval (IOI) was recorded on 78 occasions in seven of the mares in either non-pregnant cycles (n = 37) or those in which luteolysis followed embryo reduction (n = 41). The earliest time post-ovulation at which the embryo reduction resulted in luteostasis in an individual was 252 h (mid-Day 10). Consistency in luteostasis following embryo reduction showed individual variation between mares (272-344 h). Binary logistic regression analysis showed an individual mare effect (p < 0.001) and an effect of the interval post-ovulation at which embryo reduction was undertaken (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant effect of vesicle diameter at the time of embryo reduction (p = 0.099), nor a singleton or twin pregnancy (p = 0.993), on the dependent of luteolysis or luteostasis. The median IOI between individual mares varied significantly (p < 0.05) but was not correlated to the timing of MRP. The timing of MRP varied between the mares but was repeatable in each individual. The factors and mechanisms underlying the individuality in the timing of MRP were not determined and warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Newcombe
- Warren House Farm, Equine Fertility Clinic, Brownhills WS8 6LU, West Midlands, UK
| | - Juan Cuervo-Arango
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | - Sandra Wilsher
- Sharjah Equine Hospital, Sharjah 61313, United Arab Emirates
- The Paul Mellon Laboratory of Equine Reproduction, "Brunswick", Newmarket CB8 9BJ, Suffolk, UK
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2
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Vegas AR, Podico G, Canisso IF, Bollwein H, Fröhlich T, Bauersachs S, Almiñana C. Dynamic regulation of the transcriptome and proteome of the equine embryo during maternal recognition of pregnancy. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:775-797. [PMID: 36479207 PMCID: PMC9721094 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
During initial maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP), the equine embryo displays a series of unique events characterized by rapid blastocyst expansion, secretion of a diverse array of molecules, and transuterine migration to interact with the uterine surface. Up to date, the intricate transcriptome and proteome changes of the embryo underlying these events have not been critically studied in horses. Thus, the objective of this study was to perform an integrative transcriptomic (including mRNA, miRNAs, and other small non-coding RNAs) and proteomic analysis of embryos collected from days 10 to 13 of gestation. The results revealed dynamic transcriptome profiles with a total of 1311 differentially expressed genes, including 18 microRNAs (miRNAs). Two main profiles for mRNAs and miRNAs were identified, one with higher expression in embryos ≤5 mm and the second with higher expression in embryos ≥7 mm. At the protein level, similar results were obtained, with 259 differentially abundant proteins between small and large embryos. Overall, the findings demonstrated fine-tuned transcriptomic and proteomic regulations in the developing embryo associated with embryo growth. The identification of specific regulation of mRNAs, proteins, and miRNAs on days 12 and 13 of gestation suggested these molecules as pivotal for embryo development and as involved in MRP, and in establishment of pregnancy in general. In addition, the results revealed new insights into prostaglandin synthesis by the equine embryo, miRNAs and genes potentially involved in modulation of the maternal immune response, regulation of endometrial receptivity and of late implantation in the mare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Rudolf Vegas
- Functional Genomics GroupInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse‐Faculty, University of ZurichLindau(ZH)Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois Urbana ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois Urbana ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse‐FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome AnalysisMunichGermany
| | - Stefan Bauersachs
- Functional Genomics GroupInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse‐Faculty, University of ZurichLindau(ZH)Switzerland
| | - Carmen Almiñana
- Functional Genomics GroupInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse‐Faculty, University of ZurichLindau(ZH)Switzerland
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Low Plasma Progesterone Concentration During the Early Luteal Phase Delays Endometrial Development and the Beginning of Placentation in Mares. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 247:107149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Gibson C, de Ruijter-Villani M, Stout TAE. Insulin-like growth factor system components expressed at the conceptus-maternal interface during the establishment of equine pregnancy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:912721. [PMID: 36176700 PMCID: PMC9513317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.912721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many species, the insulin-like growth factors (IGF1 and IGF2), their receptors and IGF binding proteins play important roles in preparing the endometrium for implantation, and regulating conceptus growth and development. To determine whether the IGF system may contribute to conceptus-maternal interaction during equine pre-implantation development, we evaluated mRNA expression for IGF system components in conceptuses, and endometrium recovered from pregnant and cycling mares, on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after ovulation. We also investigated expression of IGF1, IGF2 and their receptors 6 and 11 days after transfer of day 8 embryos to synchronous (day 8) or asynchronous (day 3) recipient mares. Expression of IGF1 and IGF2, IGF1R, IGF2R, INSR and IGFBPs 1, 2, 4 and 5 was evident in endometrium and conceptus membranes during days 7–28. Endometrial IGF2, INSR, IGFBP1 and IGFBP2 expression increased between days 7 and 28 of pregnancy. In conceptus membranes, expression of all IGF system components increased with developmental stage. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong expression of IGF1, IGF2 and IGF1R in both endometrium and conceptus membranes, whereas INSR was highly expressed in endometrium but barely detectable in the conceptus. Finally, a negatively asynchronous uterine environment retarded IGF1, IGF2 and INSR expression in the conceptus, whereas in the endometrium only INSR expression was altered by asynchrony. The presence of IGFs, their receptors and IGFBPs in the endometrium and conceptus during early equine pregnancy, and down-regulation in the conceptus following asynchronous embryo transfer, suggest a role in conceptus-maternal communication during the preparation for implantation.
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Wilsher S, Newcombe JR, Ismer A, Duarte L, Kovacsy S, (Twink) Allen W. The effect of embryo reduction and transfer on luteostasis in the mare. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 242:107002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Wilsher S, De Rijck M, Allen WR(T. Post fetal death development of endometrial cups in a Jenny donkey (
Equus asinus
). EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wilsher
- Sharjah Equine Hospital Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - M. De Rijck
- Sharjah Equine Hospital Sharjah United Arab Emirates
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Gibson C, de Ruijter-Villani M, Bauersachs S, Stout TA. Asynchronous Embryo Transfer Followed by Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Conceptus Membranes and Endometrium Identifies Processes Important to the Establishment of Equine Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072562. [PMID: 32272720 PMCID: PMC7177982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation horse conceptuses require nutrients and signals from histotroph, the composition of which is regulated by luteal progesterone and conceptus-secreted factors. To distinguish progesterone and conceptus effects we shortened the period of endometrial progesterone-priming by asynchronous embryo transfer. Day 8 embryos were transferred to synchronous (day 8) or asynchronous (day 3) recipients, and RNA sequencing was performed on endometrium and conceptuses recovered 6 and 11 days later (embryo days 14 and 19). Asynchrony resulted in many more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in conceptus membranes (3473) than endometrium (715). Gene ontology analysis identified upregulation in biological processes related to organogenesis and preventing apoptosis in synchronous conceptuses on day 14, and in cell adhesion and migration on day 19. Asynchrony also resulted in large numbers of DEGs related to 'extracellular exosome'. In endometrium, genes involved in immunity, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis regulation were upregulated during synchronous pregnancy and, again, many genes related to extracellular exosome were differentially expressed. Interestingly, only 14 genes were differentially expressed in endometrium recovered 6 days after synchronous versus 11 days after asynchronous transfer (day 14 recipient in both). Among these, KNG1 and IGFBP3 were consistently upregulated in synchronous endometrium. Furthermore bradykinin, an active peptide cleaved from KNG1, stimulated prostaglandin release by cultured trophectoderm cells. The horse conceptus thus responds to a negatively asynchronous uterus by extensively adjusting its transcriptome, whereas the endometrial transcriptome is modified only subtly by a more advanced conceptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gibson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.d.R.-V.)
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.d.R.-V.)
| | - Stefan Bauersachs
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8315 Lindau (ZH), Switzerland;
| | - Tom A.E. Stout
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.d.R.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0031-30-2533080; Fax: +0031-30-2537970
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Fowden AL, Giussani DA, Forhead AJ. Physiological development of the equine fetus during late gestation. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:165-173. [PMID: 31721295 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In many species, the pattern of growth and physiological development in utero has an important role in determining not only neonatal viability but also adult phenotype and disease susceptibility. Changes in fetal development induced by a range of environmental factors including maternal nutrition, disease, placental insufficiency and social stresses have all been shown to induce adult cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction that often lead to ill health in later life. Compared to other precocious animals, much less is known about the physiological development of the fetal horse or the longer-term impacts on its phenotype of altered development in early life because of its inaccessibility in utero, large size and long lifespan. This review summaries the available data on the normal metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine development of the fetal horse during the second half of gestation. It also examines the responsiveness of these physiological systems to stresses such as hypoglycaemia and hypotension during late gestation. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the equine placenta and fetal endocrine glands in mediating the changes in fetal development seen towards term and in response to nutritional and other environmental cues. The final part of the review presents the evidence that the early life environment of the horse can alter its subsequent metabolic, cardiovascular and endocrine phenotype as well as its postnatal growth and bone development. It also highlights the immediate neonatal environment as a key window of susceptibility for programming of equine phenotype. Although further studies are needed to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, developmental programming of physiological phenotype is likely to have important implications for the health and potential athletic performance of horses, particularly if born with abnormal bodyweight, premature or dysmature characteristics or produced by assisted reproductive technologies, indicative of an altered early life environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A J Forhead
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Gibson C, de Ruijter-Villani M, Rietveld J, Stout TAE. Amino acid transporter expression in the endometrium and conceptus membranes during early equine pregnancy. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:1675-1688. [PMID: 29903343 DOI: 10.1071/rd17352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternally derived amino acids (AA) are essential for early conceptus development, and specific transporters enhance histotrophic AA content during early ruminant pregnancy. In the present study we investigated AA transporter expression in early equine conceptuses and endometrium, during normal pregnancy and after induction of embryo-uterus asynchrony. 'Normal' conceptuses and endometrium were recovered on Days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after ovulation. To investigate asynchrony, Day 8 embryos were transferred to recipient mares on Day 8 or Day 3, and conceptuses were recovered 6 or 11 days later. Endometrial expression of AA transporters solute carrier family 38 member 2 (SLC38A2), solute carrier family 1 members 4 and 5 (SLC1A4 and SLC1A5) increased during early pregnancy, whereas solute carrier family 7 member 8 (SLC7A8), solute carrier family 43 member 2 (SLC43A2) and solute carrier family 7 member 1 (SLC7A1) SLC7A8, SLC43A2 and SLC7A1 expression decreased and the expression of solute carrier family 1 member 1(SLC1A1) and solute carrier family 7 member 2 (SLC7A2) was unaffected. In conceptus membranes, most transporters studied were upregulated, either after Day 14 (solute carrier family 7 member 5 - SLC7A5, SLC38A2, SLC1A4, SLC1A5 and SLC7A1) or Day 21 (SLC43A2 and SLC7A2). Asynchronous ET indicated that endometrial SLC1A5, SLC1A1 and SLC7A8 are primarily regulated by conceptus factors and/or longer exposure to progesterone. In conclusion, AA transporters are expressed in early equine conceptus membranes and endometrium in specific spatiotemporal patterns. Because conceptuses express a wider range of transporters than the endometrium, we speculate that the equine yolk sac has recruited AA transporters to ensure adequate nutrient provision during an unusually long preimplantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gibson
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584CM Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584CM Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Rietveld
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584CM Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tom A E Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584CM Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Wilsher S. The uterus and early pregnancy failure in the mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Wilsher
- The Paul Mellon Laboratory of Equine Reproduction “Brunswick” Newmarket UK
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11
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Gibson C, de Ruijter-Villani M, Stout TAE. Negative uterine asynchrony retards early equine conceptus development and upregulation of placental imprinted genes. Placenta 2017; 57:175-182. [PMID: 28864009 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental imprinted genes appear to be sensitive indicators of an inappropriate pre-implantation environment. This study examined the effects of negative uterine asynchrony after embryo transfer (ET) on early horse embryo development, and yolk-sac membrane expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and equine specific placental imprinted genes. METHODS Day 8 embryos were transferred to recipient mares on day 8 (synchronous) or day 3 (asynchronous) after ovulation, and conceptuses were recovered 6 or 11 days later (day 14 or 19 of development). RESULTS Day 14 conceptuses recovered from an asynchronous uterus had a smaller embryonic disc, in which primitive streak development was visibly retarded compared to conceptuses from a synchronous uterus. Similarly, length, somite number and organogenesis were retarded in day 19 embryos after asynchronous ET. Maternal (GRB10, H19, IGF2R, PHLDA2) and paternal (IGF2, INSR, PEG3, PEG10, DIO3, NDN, SNRPN) imprinted genes and DNMTs (DNMT1, 3A and 3B) were all up-regulated between day 14 and 19 of pregnancy and, for most, mRNA expression was higher in synchronous than asynchronous day 19 yolk-sac membrane. Expression of the paternally imprinted gene HAT1 increased between day 14 and 19 of pregnancy, but was not affected by the asynchrony. DISCUSSION Conceptus development and upregulation of DNMTs and imprinted genes were delayed rather than dysregulated after transfer into a negatively asynchronous uterus. We propose that this ability to 'reset' conceptus development to uterine stage is an adaptation that explains why horse embryos are unusually tolerant of asynchrony after ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gibson
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta de Ruijter-Villani
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom A E Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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de Ruijter-Villani M, Stout TAE. The Role of Conceptus-maternal Signalling in the Acquisition of Uterine Receptivity to Implantation in Mammals. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50 Suppl 3:7-14. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M de Ruijter-Villani
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - TAE Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
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Kino S, Osawa T, Mizuno S, Watanabe G, Taya K, Izaike Y. Effect of Postbreeding Intramuscular Administration of Deslorelin Acetate on Plasma LH and Progesterone Concentrations and Conception Rate in Mares. J Equine Sci 2014; 25:23-7. [PMID: 24834010 PMCID: PMC4019200 DOI: 10.1294/jes.25.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify effect of postbreeding intramuscular administration of deslorelin on mares, plasma LH and progesterone concentrations and conception rate were evaluated. In Experiment 1, deslorelin, buserelin, or a placebo was administered on day 9 (day 0=day of last breeding or AI). Plasma samples were collected daily from days 6 to 15, and additional samples were taken after treatment. There was a significant increase in hormonal concentrations after deslorelin treatment. In Experiment 2, deslorelin or placebo was injected on day 9. There was no difference in conception rates at days 15 and 30 between the two groups. While a single postbreeding treatment of deslorelin increased peripheral LH and progesterone concentrations, it may not affect the conception rate in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kino
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan ; Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Osawa
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan ; NOSAI Iwate Tonanbu, Iwate 028-0542, Japan
| | | | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Izaike
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Jacob J, Haag K, Santos G, Oliveira J, Gastal M, Gastal E. Effect of embryo age and recipient asynchrony on pregnancy rates in a commercial equine embryo transfer program. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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WILSHER S, LEFRANC AC, ALLEN WR. The effects of an advanced uterine environment on embryonic survival in the mare. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:432-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Abnormal umbilical cord attachment sites in the mare: A review illustrated by three case reports. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:930-9. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x471728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Wilsher S, Clutton-Brock A, Allen WR. Successful transfer of day 10 horse embryos: influence of donor-recipient asynchrony on embryo development. Reproduction 2009; 139:575-85. [PMID: 19948839 DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A total of 78 day 10 horse embryos were transferred non-surgically to recipient mares that had ovulated 9, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 day after (negative asynchrony), on the same day (synchronous), or 2 or 4 days before (positive asynchrony) the donor (n=6 or 8 mares per group). Pregnancy rates between 100% (6/6) and 63% (5/8) were seen in recipient mares that were between +2 and -6 days asynchronous. Embryo survival to the heartbeat stage declined in recipients that were -7 days asynchronous and no embryos survived in recipients that were -9 days asynchronous. Irrespective of uterine asynchrony, cessation of embryo mobility and fixation at the base of a uterine horn occurred when the conceptus was approximately 17 days old. Conceptus growth and development was slowed when embryos were placed in negatively asynchronous uteri. At the greatest degree of negative asynchrony at which embryos survived to the heartbeat stage, i.e. -7 and -6 days, development of the embryo proper and allantois was retarded. Luteostasis was achieved in recipient mares when day 10 embryos were transferred to recipient mares at any stage of asynchrony between -9 and +2 days with respect to the donor. These results indicate that in the horse, there is a wide window for establishment of pregnancy following embryo transfer to asynchronous recipients. Although progesterone priming of the uterus to a stage equivalent to that of the transferred embryo does not appear to be a prerequisite for embryo survival, it does nonetheless influence embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wilsher
- The Paul Mellon Laboratory of Equine Reproduction, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 9DE, UK (formerly The Equine Fertility Unit, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK).
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