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Stewart CA, Stewart MD, Wang Y, Mullen RD, Kircher BK, Liang R, Liu Y, Behringer RR. Chronic Estrus Disrupts Uterine Gland Development and Homeostasis. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6520865. [PMID: 35134138 PMCID: PMC8852258 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Female mice homozygous for an engineered Gnrhr E90K mutation have reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling, leading to infertility. Their ovaries have numerous antral follicles but no corpora lutea, indicating a block to ovulation. These mutants have high levels of circulating estradiol and low progesterone, indicating a state of persistent estrus. This mouse model provided a unique opportunity to examine the lack of cyclic levels of ovarian hormones on uterine gland biology. Although uterine gland development appeared similar to controls during prepubertal development, it was compromised during adolescence in the mutants. By age 20 weeks, uterine gland development was comparable to controls, but pathologies, including cribriform glandular structures, were observed. Induction of ovulations by periodic human chorionic gonadotropin treatment did not rescue postpubertal uterine gland development. Interestingly, progesterone receptor knockout mice, which lack progesterone signaling, also have defects in postpubertal uterine gland development. However, progesterone treatment did not rescue postpubertal uterine gland development. These studies indicate that chronically elevated levels of estradiol with low progesterone and therefore an absence of cyclic ovarian hormone secretion disrupts postpubertal uterine gland development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Allison Stewart
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - M David Stewart
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Rachel D Mullen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Bonnie K Kircher
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Correspondence: Richard R. Behringer, Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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McDonough-Goldstein CE, Whittington E, McCullough EL, Buel SM, Erdman S, Pitnick S, Dorus S. Pronounced Postmating Response in the Drosophila Female Reproductive Tract Fluid Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100156. [PMID: 34597791 PMCID: PMC9357439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility depends on the progression of complex and coordinated postmating processes within the extracellular environment of the female reproductive tract (FRT). Molecular interactions between ejaculate and FRT proteins regulate many of these processes, including sperm motility, migration, storage, and modification, along with concurrent changes in the female. Although extensive progress has been made in the proteomic characterization of the male-derived components of sperm and seminal fluid, investigations into the FRT have remained more limited. To achieve a comparable level of knowledge regarding female-derived proteins that comprise the reproductive environment, we utilized semiquantitative MS-based proteomics to study the composition of the FRT tissue and, separately, the luminal fluid, before and after mating in Drosophila melanogaster. Our approach leveraged whole-fly isotopic labeling to delineate female proteins from transferred male ejaculate proteins. Our results revealed several characteristics that distinguish the FRT fluid proteome from the FRT tissue proteome: (1) the fluid proteome is encoded by genes with higher overall levels of FRT gene expression and tissue specificity, including many genes with enriched expression in the fat body, (2) fluid-biased proteins are enriched for metabolic functions, and (3) the fluid exhibits pronounced postmating compositional changes. The dynamic mating-induced proteomic changes in the FRT fluid inform our understanding of secretory mechanisms of the FRT, serve as a foundation for establishing female contributions to the ejaculate-female interactions that regulate fertility, and highlight the importance of applying proteomic approaches to characterize the composition and dynamics of the FRT environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Whittington
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Erin L McCullough
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Sharleen M Buel
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Scott Erdman
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Scott Pitnick
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Steve Dorus
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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3
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Matrix metalloproteinases improves trophoblast invasion and pregnancy potential in mice. Theriogenology 2020; 151:144-150. [PMID: 32344273 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Successful implantation is closely linked to the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which greatly influence the ability of an embryo to degrade the basement membrane of the uterine epithelium, mainly composed of type IV collagen, and invade the uterine stroma. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of MMP-2 and MMP-9 co-transfer with embryos on reproductive performance in mice. Using invasion assay, we tested the effect of MMP-2 and MMP-9 for their ability to support trophoblastic invasion in vitro. We performed co-transfer of MMP-2 and MMP-9 with mouse embryos to 2.5 days post-coitum (dpc) pseudo-pregnant uteri using nonsurgical embryo transfer (NSET) technique and evaluated the pregnancy outcomes. Uterine tissue samples were collected to determine collagen content by Masson's trichrome staining. Our results showed that in vitro treatment of MMP-2 and MMP-9 significantly promoted both spreading and invasion of mouse trophoblastic cells compared to the non-treated blastocysts. Moreover, embryo transfer results showed that MMP-9 co-transfer enhanced pregnancy outcome inform of live pup rate by degrading the extracellular matrix, collagen, and facilitate embryo implantation. Taken together our findings imply that MMP-9 can regulate trophoblastic cell invasion during preimplantation, which may have important consequences on embryo implantation, and shed the light on new strategies to avoid miscarriage and provides a platform for successful human embryo transfer technologies.
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Gadkar S, Nair S, Patil S, Kalamani S, Bandivdekar A, Patel V, Chaudhari U, Sachdeva G. Membrane-initiated estrogen signaling in prostate cancer: A route to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:2077-2090. [PMID: 31411358 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is considered as a major druggable site. More than 50% of the existing drugs target PM proteins. In the wake of emerging data indicating a key role of estrogens in prostate cancer (PCa) pathogenesis, the study was undertaken to explore whether the estrogen binding sites exist on the PM and if such sites are functionally relevant in PCa. Estradiol (E2) binding to the PM was detected in androgen-dependent (LNCaP), androgen-independent (PC3, DU145) PCa cell lines, nontumorigenic (RWPE1) prostate epithelial cell line, and rat prostate cells. Conventional estrogen receptors (nuclear estrogen receptors), known for their nuclear localization, were detected in the PM enriched extracts. This was indirectly confirmed by reduced localization of ERs on the PM of cells, silenced for the expression of their cognate genes. Further, unlike cell-permeable E2, stimulation with cell-impermeable estradiol (E2-BSA) did not induce proliferation in LNCaP cells. However, stimulation with E2-BSA led to alterations in the phosphorylation status of several kinases including GSK3 and AKT, along with the hyperphosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins such as β-actin and cytokeratin 8 in LNCaP. This was accompanied by epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) features such as increased migration and invasion; higher vimentin expression, and a concomitant decrease in the E-cadherin expression. These effects were not observed in RWPE1 cells. Interestingly, cell-permeable E2 failed to induce EMT in PCa cells. This in vitro study is the first to suggest that the PM-initiated estrogen signaling contributes to higher invasiveness in PCa cells. Plasma membrane ERs may act as novel targets for PCa therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushama Gadkar
- Primate Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Shardool Nair
- Primate Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Smita Patil
- Primate Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpa Kalamani
- Primate Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Atmaram Bandivdekar
- Biochemistry Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Biochemistry Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Uddhav Chaudhari
- Primate Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Geetanjali Sachdeva
- Primate Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR-NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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Sadigh AR, Mihanfar A, Fattahi A, Latifi Z, Akbarzadeh M, Hajipour H, Bahrami‐asl Z, Ghasemzadeh A, Hamdi K, Nejabati HR, Nouri M. S100 protein family and embryo implantation. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19229-19244. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Raei Sadigh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Aynaz Mihanfar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Zeinab Latifi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Maryam Akbarzadeh
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Biochemistry Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hamed Hajipour
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Zahra Bahrami‐asl
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Aliyeh Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Kobra Hamdi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Student Research Committee Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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Martin FC, Ang CS, Gardner DK, Renfree MB, Shaw G. Uterine flushing proteome of the tammar wallaby after reactivation from diapause. Reproduction 2016; 152:491-505. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The marsupial tammar wallaby has the longest period of embryonic diapause of any mammal, up to 11 months, during which there is no cell division or blastocyst growth. Since the blastocyst in diapause is surrounded by acellular coats, the signals that maintain or terminate diapause involve factors that reside in uterine secretions. The nature of such factors remains to be resolved. In this study, uterine flushings (UFs) were used to assess changes in uterine secretions of tammars using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) during diapause (day 0 and 3) and reactivation days (d) 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 24 after removal of pouch young (RPY), which initiates embryonic development. This study supports earlier suggestions that the presence of specific factors stimulate reactivation, early embryonic growth and cell proliferation. A mitogen, hepatoma-derived growth factor and soluble epidermal growth factor receptors were observed from d3 until at least d11 RPY when these secreted proteins constituted 21% of the UF proteome. Binding of these factors to specific cellular receptors or growth factors may directly stimulate DNA synthesis and division in endometrial gland cells. Proteins involved in the p53/CDKN1A (p21) cell cycle inhibition pathway were also observed in the diapause samples. Progesterone and most of the oestrogen-regulated proteins were present in the UF after d3, which is concomitant with the start of blastocyst mitoses at d4. We propose that once the p21 inhibition of the cell cycle is lost, growth factors including HDGF and EGFR are responsible for reactivation of the diapausing blastocyst via the uterine secretions.
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Seshagiri PB, Vani V, Madhulika P. Cytokines and Blastocyst Hatching. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:208-17. [PMID: 26706391 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocyst implantation into the uterine endometrium establishes early pregnancy. This event is regulated by blastocyst- and/or endometrium-derived molecular factors which include hormones, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, cytokines and proteases. Their coordinated expression and function are critical for a viable pregnancy. A rate-limiting event that immediately precedes implantation is the hatching of blastocyst. Ironically, blastocyst hatching is tacitly linked to peri-implantation events, although it is a distinct developmental phenomenon. The exact molecular network regulating hatching is still unclear. A number of implantation-associated molecular factors are expressed in the pre-implanting blastocyst. Among others, cytokines, expressed by peri-implantation blastocysts, are thought to be important for hatching, making blastocysts implantation competent. Pro-inflammatory (IL-6, LIF, GM-CSF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-11, CSF-1) cytokines improve hatching rates; they modulate proteases (MMPs, tPAs, cathepsins and ISP1). However, functional involvement of cytokines and their specific mediation of hatching-associated proteases are unclear. There is a need to understand mechanistic roles of cytokines and proteases in blastocyst hatching. This review will assess the available knowledge on blastocyst-derived pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their role in potentially regulating blastocyst hatching. They have implications in our understanding of early embryonic loss and infertility in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polani B Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatappa Vani
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pathak Madhulika
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Antonson P, Nalvarte I, Varshney M, Xu L, Windahl SH, Humire P, Ohlsson C, Gustafsson JÅ, Dahlman-Wright K. Identification of proteins highly expressed in uterine fluid from mice with hydrometra. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:650-5. [PMID: 26393907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is an important regulator of the estrous cycle and mice with global ERα deletion, as well as some conditional knockout mouse lines, have an interruption in the estrous cycle. In this study we observed that conditional ERα knockout mice where the Cre gene is regulated by the rat insulin promoter (RIP), RIP-Cre/ERα(KO) mice, have a 3.7-fold increase in serum 17β-estradiol levels, blocked estrous cycle, and develop a fluid-filled uterus (hydrometra). Using a proteomics approach, we identified three proteins, lactoferrin, complement C3 and chitinase 3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), as highly expressed proteins in hydrometra fluid. The mRNA levels of the corresponding genes were more than 50-fold higher in RIP-Cre/ERα(KO) uterus compared to controls. High expression of CHI3L1 in the uterine fluid was not reflected as elevated levels in the serum. The high expression of lactoferrin, complement C3 and CHI3L1 in the uterine fluid, in association with elevated estrogen levels, prompted us to address if the expression of these genes is related to reproduction. However, gonadotropin treatment of mice reduced the uterine expression of these genes in a model of in vitro fertilization. Our findings identify lactoferrin, complement C3 and CHI3L1 as highly expressed proteins in hydrometra fluid in association with chronically elevated serum estradiol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Antonson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sara H Windahl
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patricia Humire
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden; Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Karin Dahlman-Wright
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden; SciLifeLab, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21, Solna, Sweden
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Biochemical composition and protein profile of alpaca (Vicugna pacos) oviductal fluid. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 154:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Bhagwat SR, Redij T, Phalnikar K, Nayak S, Iyer S, Gadkar S, Chaudhari U, Kholkute SD, Sachdeva G. Cell surfactomes of two endometrial epithelial cell lines that differ in their adhesiveness to embryonic cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:326-40. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali R. Bhagwat
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Tejashree Redij
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Kruttika Phalnikar
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sumeet Nayak
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Swati Iyer
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sushama Gadkar
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Uddhav Chaudhari
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Sanjeeva D. Kholkute
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
| | - Geetanjali Sachdeva
- Primate Biology Laboratory; National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research; Mumbai India
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Bhutada S, Basak T, Savardekar L, Katkam RR, Jadhav G, Metkari SM, Chaudhari UK, Kumari D, Kholkute SD, Sengupta S, Sachdeva G. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in human uterine fluid and its relevance in implantation. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:763-80. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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