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Wakayama S, Terashita Y, Tanabe Y, Hirose N, Wakayama T. Mouse Cloning Using Outbred Oocyte Donors and Nontoxic Reagents. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:151-168. [PMID: 37041333 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology has become a useful tool for animal cloning, gene manipulation, and genomic reprogramming research. However, the standard mouse SCNT protocol remains expensive, labor-intensive, and requires hard work for many hours. Therefore, we have been trying to reduce the cost and simplify the mouse SCNT protocol. This chapter describes the methods to use low-cost mouse strains and steps from the mouse cloning procedure. Although this modified SCNT protocol will not improve the success rate of mouse cloning, it is a cheaper, simpler, and less tiring method that allows us to perform more experiments and obtain more offspring with the same working time as the standard SCNT protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yukari Terashita
- Integrated Clinical Education Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Hirose
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Technical, Biological and Molecular Aspects of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Since the announcement of the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1997, Dolly the sheep, 24 animal species including laboratory, farm, and wild animals have been cloned. The technique for somatic cloning involves transfer of the donor nucleus of a somatic cell into an enucleated oocyte at the metaphase II (MII) stage for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor. There is increasing interest in animal cloning for different purposes such as rescue of endangered animals, replication of superior farm animals, production of genetically engineered animals, creation of biomedical models, and basic research. However, the efficiency of cloning remains relatively low. High abortion, embryonic, and fetal mortality rates are frequently observed. Moreover, aberrant developmental patterns during or after birth are reported. Researchers attribute these abnormal phenotypes mainly to incomplete nuclear remodeling, resulting in incomplete reprogramming. Nevertheless, multiple factors influence the success of each step of the somatic cloning process. Various strategies have been used to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer and most of the phenotypically normal born clones can survive, grow, and reproduce. This paper will present some technical, biological, and molecular aspects of somatic cloning, along with remarkable achievements and current improvements.
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Kamimura S, Inoue K, Mizutani E, Kim JM, Inoue H, Ogonuki N, Miyamoto K, Ihashi S, Itami N, Wakayama T, Ito A, Nishino N, Yoshida M, Ogura A. Improved development of mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos by chlamydocin analogues, class I and IIa histone deacetylase inhibitors†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:543-553. [PMID: 33982061 PMCID: PMC8335354 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the treatment of reconstructed embryos with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors improves efficiency. So far, most of those used for SCNT are hydroxamic acid derivatives-such as trichostatin A-characterized by their broad inhibitory spectrum. Here, we examined whether mouse SCNT efficiency could be improved using chlamydocin analogues, a family of newly designed agents that specifically inhibit class I and IIa HDACs. Development of SCNT-derived embryos in vitro and in vivo revealed that four out of five chlamydocin analogues tested could promote the development of cloned embryos. The highest pup rates (7.1-7.2%) were obtained with Ky-9, similar to those achieved with trichostatin A (7.2-7.3%). Thus, inhibition of class I and/or IIa HDACs in SCNT-derived embryos is enough for significant improvements in full-term development. In mouse SCNT, the exposure of reconstructed oocytes to HDAC inhibitors is limited to 8-10 h because longer inhibition with class I inhibitors causes a two-cell developmental block. Therefore, we used Ky-29, with higher selectivity for class IIa than class I HDACs for longer treatment of SCNT-derived embryos. As expected, 24-h treatment with Ky-29 up to the two-cell stage did not induce a developmental block, but the pup rate was not improved. This suggests that the one-cell stage is a critical period for improving SCNT cloning using HDAC inhibitors. Thus, chlamydocin analogues appear promising for understanding and improving the epigenetic status of mammalian SCNT-derived embryos through their specific inhibitory effects on HDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kamimura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eiji Mizutani
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin-Moon Kim
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Narumi Ogonuki
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama-ken, Japan
| | - Shunya Ihashi
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama-ken, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Itami
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norikazu Nishino
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Extranuclear Inheritance of Mitochondrial Genome and Epigenetic Reprogrammability of Chromosomal Telomeres in Somatic Cell Cloning of Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063099. [PMID: 33803567 PMCID: PMC8002851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in mammals seems to be still characterized by the disappointingly low rates of cloned embryos, fetuses, and progeny generated. These rates are measured in relation to the numbers of nuclear-transferred oocytes and can vary depending on the technique applied to the reconstruction of enucleated oocytes. The SCNT efficiency is also largely affected by the capability of donor nuclei to be epigenetically reprogrammed in a cytoplasm of reconstructed oocytes. The epigenetic reprogrammability of donor nuclei in SCNT-derived embryos appears to be biased, to a great extent, by the extranuclear (cytoplasmic) inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fractions originating from donor cells. A high frequency of mtDNA heteroplasmy occurrence can lead to disturbances in the intergenomic crosstalk between mitochondrial and nuclear compartments during the early embryogenesis of SCNT-derived embryos. These disturbances can give rise to incorrect and incomplete epigenetic reprogramming of donor nuclei in mammalian cloned embryos. The dwindling reprogrammability of donor nuclei in the blastomeres of SCNT-derived embryos can also be impacted by impaired epigenetic rearrangements within terminal ends of donor cell-descended chromosomes (i.e., telomeres). Therefore, dysfunctions in epigenetic reprogramming of donor nuclei can contribute to the enhanced attrition of telomeres. This accelerates the processes of epigenomic aging and replicative senescence in the cells forming various tissues and organs of cloned fetuses and progeny. For all the above-mentioned reasons, the current paper aims to overview the state of the art in not only molecular mechanisms underlying intergenomic communication between nuclear and mtDNA molecules in cloned embryos but also intrinsic determinants affecting unfaithful epigenetic reprogrammability of telomeres. The latter is related to their abrasion within somatic cell-inherited chromosomes.
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Shiina K, Komatsu M, Yokoi F, Bai H, Takahashi M, Kawahara M. Overgrowth of mice generated from postovulatory-aged oocyte spindles. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:393-403. [PMID: 32123841 PMCID: PMC6996386 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte spindle transfer (OST) is a potent reproductive technology used for mammals that enables the spindle in a deteriorated oocyte at the metaphase of the second meiotic division (MII) to serve as the genetic material for producing descendants. However, whether postnatal growth is achieved via OST using developmentally deteriorated MII oocytes remains unclear. At 16 h after human chorionic gonadotropin administration, denuded MII oocytes immediately after retrieval from oviducts (0 h-oocytes) were used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) as controls. For IVF using postovulatory-aged oocytes, the 0 h-oocytes were further incubated for 12 h and 24 h (12 h- and 24 h-oocytes). These mouse oocytes served as a model for assessing the postnatal growth of individuals produced via OST from developmentally deteriorated oocytes. The embryos from 12 h- and 24 h-oocyte spindles exhibited high rates of development up to the neonatal stage as good as the non-manipulated controls. However, the mice derived from the 24 h-oocyte spindles displayed heavier body weights and greater feed consumption than both controls and mice derived from 12 h-oocyte spindles. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of OST as a potent reproductive technology and its limitation in the use of excessively aged postovulatory oocytes in mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Shiina
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Masaya Komatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Fumi Yokoi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Hanako Bai
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Manabu Kawahara
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Research Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
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Identifying Biomarkers of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Transfected Nuclear Donor Cells and Transgenic Cloned Pig Embryos. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we first investigated the effects of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, and the inducer – rapamycin (RAPA) on the incidence of programmed cell death (PCD) symptoms during in vitro development of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-derived embryos. The expression of autophagy inhibitor mTOR protein was decreased in porcine SCNT blastocysts treated with 3MA. The abundance of the autophagy marker LC3 increased in blastocysts following RAPA treatment. Exposure of porcine SCNT-derived embryos to 3-MA suppressed their developmental abilities to reach the blastocyst stage. No significant difference in the expression pattern of PCD-related proteins was found between non-transfected dermal cell and transfected dermal cell groups. Additionally, the pattern of PCD in SCNT-derived blastocysts generated using SC and TSC was not significantly different, and in terms of porcine SCNT-derived embryo development rates and total blastocyst cell numbers, there was no significant difference between non-transfected cells and transfected cells. In conclusion, regulation of autophagy affected the development of porcine SCNT embryos. Regardless of the type of nuclear donor cells (transfected or non-transfected dermal cells) used for SCNT, there was no difference in the developmental potential and quantitative profiles of autophagy/apoptosis biomarkers between porcine transgenic and non-transgenic cloned embryos. These results led us to conclude that PCD is important for controlling porcine SCNT-derived embryo development, and that transfected dermal cells can be utilized as a source of nuclear donors for the production of transgenic cloned progeny in pigs.
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Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology has become a useful tool for animal cloning, gene manipulation, and genomic reprograming research. The original SCNT was performed using cell fusion between the donor cell and oocyte. This method remains very popular, but we have recently developed an alternative method that relies on nuclear injection rather than cell fusion. The advantages of nuclear injection include a shortened experimental procedure and reduced contamination of donor cytoplasm in the oocyte. In particular, only this method allows us to perform SCNT using dead cells or naked nuclei such as those from cadavers or body wastes. This chapter describes a basic protocol for the production of cloned mice by the nuclear injection method using a piezo-actuated micromanipulator as well as our recent advances in SCNT using noninvasively collected donor cells such as urine-derived somatic cells. This technique will greatly help not only SCNT but also other forms of micromanipulation, including sperm microinjection into oocytes and embryonic stem cell injection into blastocysts.
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