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Kakinoki Y, Matsuoka S, Hashiguchi J, Chiba K, Miyake T. Successful treatment of immediate allogeneic myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a HLA-mismatched sibling donor for active systemic epstein-barr virus-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disease of childhood following primary acute epstein-barr virus infection. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3:231-6. [PMID: 25914814 PMCID: PMC4405307 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 22-year-old female was admitted for sustained high fever and diagnosed with systemic Epstein–Barr virus-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disease. As her clinical course was so aggressive, she immediately underwent allogeneic myeloablative bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-mismatched sibling donor on hospital day 46. The patient has remained in complete remission for 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satomi Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Koji Chiba
- Department of Hematology, Asahikawa City Hospital Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Miyake
- Department of Hematology, Asahikawa City Hospital Asahikawa, Japan
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Malinowska I, Machaczka M, Popko K, Siwicka A, Salamonowicz M, Nasiłowska-Adamska B. Hemophagocytic syndrome in children and adults. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:385-94. [PMID: 24509696 PMCID: PMC4164855 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic syndrome, also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), is a heterogenic syndrome, which leads to an acute, life-threatening inflammatory reaction. HLH occurs both in children and adults, and can be triggered by various inherited as well as acquired factors. Depending on the etiology, HLH can be divided into genetic (i.e., primary) and acquired (i.e., secondary) forms. Among genetic HLH forms, one can distinguish between familial HLH and other genetically conditioned forms of HLH. Acquired HLH can be typically triggered by infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies. The most common symptoms of HLH are unremitting fever, splenomegaly, and peripheral blood cytopenia. Some severely ill patients present with central nervous system involvement. Laboratory tests reveal hyperferritinemia (often >10,000 μg/L), increased serum concentration of soluble receptor α for interleukin-2 (>2,400 U/L), hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, coagulopathy, hyponatremia, hypoproteinemia, and elevated liver transaminases and bilirubin. Prognosis in HLH is very serious. Genetic HLH is always lethal if adequate therapy is not administered. Similarly, severe acquired cases often lead to death without appropriate treatment. Since HLH can be encountered by various specialists in the medical field, basic knowledge of this entity such as diagnostic criteria and treatment should be familiar to all physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Malinowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Machaczka
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, M54, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Popko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatric Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Siwicka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Salamonowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland
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Shiraishi A, Ohga S, Doi T, Ishimura M, Takimoto T, Takada H, Miyamoto T, Abe Y, Hara T. Treatment choice of immunotherapy or further chemotherapy for Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:265-70. [PMID: 22183955 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) leads to an aggressive and often fatal course without appropriate treatment. Etoposide therapy is crucial for the better prognosis, although it remains unknown what patients need cytotoxic agents. Since we have complied with step-up strategy in a tertiary center, treatment outcomes were studied to search predictors for disease course. METHODS The study enrolled 22 EBV-HLH patients treated between 1999 and 2010 in Kyushu University. Immunotherapy, chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation (SCT) proceeded in stages unless patients attained a consecutive >21 days-afebrile remission. Clinical and laboratory data and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Median age of 9 males and 13 females was 5 years (range: 9 months-41 years). Sixteen patients (73%) presented at age <15 years. Two patients remitted spontaneously, 12 attained remissions after immunotherapy, 5 after chemotherapy, and 1 after successful SCT. The remaining two patients died after chemotherapy and SCT, respectively. Median EBV load was 1 × 10(5) copies/ml of peripheral blood (range: 200-5 × 10(7)). T-cells were exclusively targeted (94%; 15/16 examined) often with EBV/T-cell receptor clonality. EBV status indicated 19 primary infections and 3 reactivations. Either death occurred in EBV-reactivated patients who underwent chemotherapy ± SCT. Age at primary infection in pediatric patients increased in the last 5 years. Patients having prolonged fever (P = 0.017) or high soluble CD25 levels (P = 0.017) at diagnosis were at higher risk for requiring chemotherapy assessed by multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS No cytotoxic agents were needed for >60% of EBV-HLH patients. Early immunotherapy may modulate T-cell activation and reduce the chance of unnecessary chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Machaczka M, Nahi H, Karbach H, Klimkowska M, Hägglund H. Successful treatment of recurrent malignancy-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with a modified HLH-94 immunochemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1231-6. [PMID: 21533602 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) triggered by a known or still to be recognized malignancy is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome due to massive cytokine release from activated lymphocytes and macrophages. Malignancy-associated HLH (M-HLH) often impedes adequate treatment of malignancy and has the worst outcome compared with any other form of HLH. The incidence of M-HLH is unknown, and there are no published treatment recommendations addressed to this HLH form. Here, we report the case of a young woman with recurrent ALK1-positive anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma and M-HLH successfully treated with a modified HLH-94 protocol, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). More than 3 years after DLI, the patient is alive, in complete remission from her malignancy and HLH-free, although suffering from extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease. AlloSCT and, if needed, DLI performed to consolidate remission of malignancy and HLH may have a curative impact on both entities. We propose that when discussing possible treatment options for patients with M-HLH, alloSCT should be considered in eligible individuals.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytarabine/administration & dosage
- Dexamethasone/administration & dosage
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Etoposide/administration & dosage
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/immunology
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/therapy
- Mitoxantrone/administration & dosage
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy
- Prognosis
- Remission Induction
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Machaczka
- Hematology Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Severe epstein-barr virus encephalitis with hemophagocytic syndrome: rapid clearance of virus following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a seropositive donor. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:553-6. [PMID: 20508480 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181d1de1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with encephalitis is a life-threatening condition that requires treatment with immunochemotherapy; refractory patients are eligible for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We report on an adolescent female who failed to respond to induction immunochemotherapy and was salvaged by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from her human leukocyte antigen-identical, Epstein-Barr virus-seropositive brother leading to rapid clearance of Epstein-Barr virus from blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Ohga S, Kudo K, Ishii E, Honjo S, Morimoto A, Osugi Y, Sawada A, Inoue M, Tabuchi K, Suzuki N, Ishida Y, Imashuku S, Kato S, Hara T. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Japan. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:299-306. [PMID: 19827139 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-transplant outcomes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) patients were analyzed in Japan where Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated severe forms are problematic. METHODS Fifty-seven patients (43 familial HLH [12 FHL2, 11 FHL3, 20 undefined], 14 EBV-HLH) who underwent stem cell transplantation (SCT) between 1995 and 2005 were enrolled based on the nationwide registration. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients underwent 61 SCTs, including 4 consecutive SCTs. SCTs were employed using allogeneic donors in 93% of cases (allo 53, twin 1, auto 3). Unrelated donor cord blood transplantation (UCBT) was employed in half of cases (21 FHL, 7 EBV-HLH). Reduced intensity conditioning was used in 26% of cases. The 10-year overall survival rates (median +/- SE%) were 65.0 +/- 7.9% in FHL and 85.7 +/- 9.4% in EBV-HLH patients, respectively. The survival of UCBT recipients was >65% in both FHL and EBV-HLH patients. Three out of four patients were alive with successful engraftment after second UCBT. FHL patients showed a poorer outcome due to early treatment-related deaths (<100 days, seven patients) and a higher incidence of sequelae than EBV-HLH patients (P = 0.02). The risk of death for FHL patients having received an unrelated donor bone marrow transplant was marginally higher than that for a related donor SCT (P = 0.05) and that for UCBT (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS EBV-HLH patients had a better prognosis after SCT than FHL patients. FHL patients showed either an equal or better outcome even after UCBT compared with the recent reports. UCB might therefore be acceptable as an alternate SCT source for HLH patients, although the optimal conditioning remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Umbilical cord haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiencies is examined with other developments in treatment. Cord blood biology is reviewed, and advantages and disadvantages of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiencies discussed. Clinical outcome data and future developments are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Cord blood T lymphocytes become tolerant to host human leukocyte antigen antigens, but retain alloreactivity to other antigens, in part due to immaturity of cord blood T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Although naïve T lymphocytes can generate herpes virus specificity after transplantation, the risk of viral death is increased within the first 100 days. The clinical success of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiencies is reviewed and new methods for expanding the stem cell number or encouraging engraftment with the use of third-party haematopoietic or mesenchymal stem cells examined. SUMMARY Many advantages make umbilical cord blood an attractive source of stem cells; over 100 umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantations have been performed for primary immunodeficiencies, with low rates of significant graft vs. host disease, despite significant human leukocyte antigen mismatch. Immune reconstitution is as good as for other stem cell sources: use of nascent stem cells in young recipients may have long-term advantages. Stem cell engineering to improve engraftment will expand potential beneficiaries of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation to older patients.
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Gurkan A, Yakupoglu U, Yavuz A, Dikici H, Yakupoglu YK, Tuncer M, Demirbas A, Ersoy F. Hemophagocytic syndrome in kidney transplant recipients: report of four cases from a single center. Acta Haematol 2006; 116:108-13. [PMID: 16914905 DOI: 10.1159/000093640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) in kidney transplant recipients is reported to be poor, however the optimal therapeutic approach is still unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS The clinical and follow-up data of the 4 patients with HPS (3 male, 1 female; age 39.7 +/- 11.3 years) among 368 kidney transplant recipients during a 5-year period were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS HPS developed 35-61 days in the post-transplant period. All 4 patients presented with fever. Hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy were observed only in the first patient. Laboratory tests revealed pancytopenia and hyperferritinemia in all patients, but elevated liver enzymes were observed in 3. Two patients had cytomegalovirus infection, and 1 had Epstein-Barr virus infection. Three patients died despite aggressive supportive therapy, however the fourth case survived after graft nephrectomy. CONCLUSION HPS pathogenesis in kidney transplants appears to be related with the graft itself. Graft nephrectomy may be the preferable therapeutic approach for kidney transplant recipients with HPS resistant to standard supportive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alihan Gurkan
- Akdeniz University Organ Transplantation Center, Antalya, Turkey
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Slatter MA, Gennery AR. Umbilical cord stem cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiencies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:555-65. [PMID: 16706603 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.6.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a rare but important cause of mortality and morbidity in childhood: the most severe--known as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)--are fatal within the first year of life; other PIDs are less immediately life-threatening, but have a poor long-term outlook. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the best treatment for SCID and is increasingly offered for other PIDs. The best results are achieved with an HLA-matched family donor. Umbilical cord stem cells (UCSCs) are an alternative stem cell source. Results using UCSCs in the treatment of haematological disorders and malignancy are as good as those for which marrow is the stem cell source. Although PIDs make up a small proportion of disorders amenable to treatment by HSCT, UCSCs are an ideal source of haematopoietic stem cells for many of these patients. Of the 52 patients with SCID or other PIDs for whom detailed information on outcome is available, results of engraftment, immune reconstitution, incidence of graft-versus-host disease and survival are comparable with other stem cell sources. Small stem cell dose and prolonged time to viral immunity limit the patients for whom UCSCs can be used. Newer methods of achieving better engraftment, ex vivo expansion of stem cells and generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells are being developed at present, and will widen the application of UCSCs as a viable source for more patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Slatter
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 6BE, UK
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