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Han L, Hu L, Liu F, Wang X, Huang X, Liu B, Feng F, Liu W, Qu W. Redox-sensitive micelles for targeted intracellular delivery and combination chemotherapy of paclitaxel and all-trans-retinoid acid. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:531-542. [PMID: 32104480 PMCID: PMC7032146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of paclitaxel (PTX) in clinic has been restricted due to its poor solubility. Several traditional nano-medicines have been developed to improve this defect, while they are still lack of tumor targeting ability and rapid drug release. In this work, an amphiphilic polymeric micelle of hyaluronic acid (HA) – all-trans-retinoid acid (ATRA) with a disulfide bond, was developed successfully for the co-delivery of PTX and ATRA. The combination chemotherapy of PTX and ATRA can strengthen the anti-tumor activity. Along with self-assembling to micelles in water, the delivery system displayed satisfying drug loading capacities for both PTX (32.62% ± 1.39%) and ATRA, due to directly using ATRA as the hydrophobic group. Rapid drug release properties of the PTX-loaded redox-sensitive micelles (HA-SS-ATRA) in vitro were confirmed under reducing condition containing GSH. Besides, HA-CD44 mediated endocytosis promoted the uptake of HA-SS-ATRA micelles by B16F10 cells. Due to these properties, cytotoxicity assay verified that PTX-loaded HA-SS-ATRA micelles showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and displayed obvious combination therapy of PTX and ATRA. Importantly, HA-SS-ATRA micelles could remarkably prolong plasma circulation time after intravenously administration. Therefore, redox-sensitive HA-SS-ATRA micelles could be utilized and explored as a promising drug delivery system for cancer combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lejian Hu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fulei Liu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoxian Huang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding authors. China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639, Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China. Tel.: +86 13851630593.
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding authors. China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639, Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China. Tel.: +86 13851630593.
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Liposomes assembled from dimeric retinoic acid phospholipid with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 112:186-194. [PMID: 29162478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) exhibits potent cytotoxicities against different cancer cells by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which is regarded as the first example of targeted therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, its extensive clinical applications have been limited because of poor aqueous solubility, short half-life time and side effects. In this report, dimeric ATRA phosphorylcholine prodrug (Di-ATRA-PC) was designed and assembled into nanoliposomes to improve its pharmacokinetic properties. Di-ATRA-PC prodrug was synthesized by a facile esterification and characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The Di-ATRA-PC assembled liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration method with ATRA loading efficiency up to 73wt%. The liposomes have a uniform particle size (73.1±3.6nm) with negatively charged surface (-20.5±2.5mV) and typical lipid bilayer structure as measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and cryogenic transmission electron microscope (cryo-TEM). In vitro drug release study confirmed that Di-ATRA-PC liposomes could sustainedly release free ATRA in a weakly acidic condition. Furthermore, cellular uptake, MTT and cell apoptosis analysis demonstrated that the liposomes could be successfully internalized into tumor cells to induce apoptosis of MCF-7 and HL-60 cells. More importantly, in vivo pharmacokinetic assay indicated that Di-ATRA-PC liposomes had much longer retention time in comparison with ATRA. In conclusion, Di-ATRA-PC liposomal formulation could be a potential drug delivery system of ATRA with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties.
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Fan XK, Yan RH, Geng XQ, Li JS, Chen XM, Li JZ. Biological significance of PinX1 telomerase inhibitor in esophageal carcinoma treatment. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2196-2200. [PMID: 27698711 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, to investigate the expression of PinX1 gene and its functional effects in human esophageal carcinoma (Eca)-109 cell line, expression vectors of human PinX1 (pEGFP-C3-PinX1) and its small interfering RNA (PinX1-FAM-siRNA) were constructed and transfected into Eca-109 cells using Lipofectamine 2000. Firstly, the mRNA expression level of PinX1 was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Once successful transfection was achieved, the effects on the mRNA level of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), telomerase activity, cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, stretch PCR, MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Analysis of restriction and sequencing demonstrated that the recombining plasmids were successfully constructed. The results also indicated that transfection with pEGFP-C3-PinX1 and PinX1-FAM-siRNA into Eca-109 cells significantly increased PinX1 mRNA, decreased hTERT mRNA by 29.9% (P<0.05), and significantly reduced telomerase activity (P<0.05), inhibited cell growth, and increased the cell apoptotic index from 19.27±0.76 to 49.73±2%. The transfected PinX1-FAM-SiRNA exhibited PinX1 mRNA expression levels that were significantly decreased by 70% (P<0.05), whereas the remaining characteristics of Eca-109 cells, including cell growth, mRNA level of hTERT, telomerase activity and cell apoptotic index were not altered. Exogenous PinX1 has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in human Eca. PinX1 can inhibit human telomerase activity and the expression of hTERT mRNA, reduce tumor cell growth and induce apoptosis. Notably, these inhibitory functions were inhibited by silencing PinX1 in Eca with PinX1-FAM-siRNA. PinX1 was successfully increased and decreased in the present study, demonstrating that it may be a potential telomerase activity inhibitor. As PinX1 is an endogenous telomerase inhibitor, it may be used as a novel tumor-targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Kui Fan
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Yan
- Coal Workers' Sanatorium of Taishan, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Qun Geng
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Shan Li
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming Chen
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhe Li
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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Zuo J, Wang DH, Zhang YJ, Liu L, Liu FL, Liu W. Expression and mechanism of PinX1 and telomerase activity in the carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1823-31. [PMID: 23912465 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal tissues were collected from an esophageal carcinoma high-risk area of China and were used to detect the telomere length and the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by immuhistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization; esophageal carcinoma tissues, paired-adjacent mucosa and paired normal mucosa were obtained from resected surgical specimens of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in order to determine telomerase activity and expression of hTERT and Pin2/TRF1 interacting protein X1 (PinX1) by telomeric repeat amplification protocol-silver staining, RT-PCR and flow cytometry (FCM). The cell proliferation and apoptosis of Eca109 cells were analyzed by FCM and MTT assay. We found that the length of telomere DNA decreased and hTERT protein expression increased in the carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells; telomerase activity was significantly upregulated followed by a decrease of PinX1 expression in esophageal carcinoma compared with dysplasia and normal patients, which notably correlated with grade and lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of PinX1 inhibited cell growth, arrested cells at the G0/G1 stage and induced cell apoptosis in Eca109 cells. In addition, PinX1 overexpression significantly inhibited telomerase activity. In conclusion, the length shortening of telomere was an important characteristic in the carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells, followed by increase of telomerase activity and downregulation of PinX1. Overexpression of PinX1 blocked Eca109 cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis by downregulating telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zuo
- Department of Oncology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050012, P.R. China
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Yao J, Zhang L, Zhou J, Liu H, Zhang Q. Efficient simultaneous tumor targeting delivery of all-trans retinoid acid and Paclitaxel based on hyaluronic acid-based multifunctional nanocarrier. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1080-91. [PMID: 23320642 DOI: 10.1021/mp3005808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An amphiphilic hyaluronic acid (HA)-g-all-trans retinoid acid (HRA) conjugate was successfully developed as a tumor-targeting nanocarrier for potentially synergistic combination chemotherapy of all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) and paclitaxel (PTX). The HRA conjugate was synthesized by an imine reaction between HA-COOH and ATRA-NH2. PTX-loaded HRA nanoparticles possessed a high loading capacity, nanoscale particle sizes, and good biocompatible characteristics. Cell viability assays indicated that PTX-loaded HRA nanoparticles exhibited concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, they displayed obvious superiority in inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells. Cellular uptake analysis suggested that HRA nanoparticles could be efficiently taken up by cells via endocytic pathway and transport into the nucleus, contributing to HA receptor-mediated endocytosis and ATRA-induced nuclear translocation, respectively. Moreover, in vivo imaging analysis indicated that the accumulation of DiR-loaded HRA nanoparticles in tumor was increased obviously after intravenous administration as compared to free DiR solution, which confirmed that the HRA nanoparticles could assist the drugs targeting to the tumor. Furthermore, PTX-loaded HRA nanoparticles exhibited greater tumor growth inhibition effect in vivo with reducing the toxicity. Therefore, HRA nanoparticles can be considered as a promising targeted codelivery system for combination cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University , 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Lai XF, Shen CX, Wen Z, Qian YH, Yu CS, Wang JQ, Zhong PN, Wang HL. PinX1 regulation of telomerase activity and apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2012; 31:12. [PMID: 22316341 PMCID: PMC3296635 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human interacting protein X1 (PinX1) has been identified as a critical telomerase inhibitor and proposed to be a putative tumor suppressor gene. Loss of PinX1 has been found in a large variety of malignancies, however, its function in inhibiting telomerase activity of tumor cells is not well documented. Here we show that PinX1 is essential for down-regulation telomerase activity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS Expression vectors of human PinX1 (pEGFP-C3-PinX1) and its small interfering RNA (PinX1-FAM-siRNA) were constructed and transfected into NPC. Their effects on mRNA of telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT), telomerase activity, cell proliferation, cell migration, wound healing, cell cycles and apoptosis were examined using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, stretch PCR, MTT assay, Transwell, scratch assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Transfection of pEGFP-C3-PinX1 and PinX1-FAM-siRNA increased and reduced PinX1 mRNA by 1.6-fold and 70%, respectively. Over-expression of PinX1 decreased hTERT mRNA by 21%, reduced telomerase activity, inhibited cell growth, migration and wound healing ability, arrested cells in G0/G1 phase, and increased apoptotic index. In contrast, down-regulation of PinX1 did not alter the above characteristics. CONCLUSIONS PinX1 may play important roles in NPC proliferation, migration and apoptosis and has application potential in tumor-targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fen Lai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Cong-Xiang Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zhong Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# GongYe Road, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yu-Hong Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Chao-Sheng Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Jun-Qi Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Ping-Neng Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Hai-Li Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Low molecular weight heparin-all-trans-retinoid acid conjugate as a drug carrier for combination cancer chemotherapy of paclitaxel and all-trans-retinoid acid. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hou L, Yao J, Zhou J. Simultaneous LC–MS Analysis of Paclitaxel and Retinoic Acid in Plasma and Tissues from Tumor-Bearing Mice. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Capraro V, Zane L, Poncet D, Perol D, Galia P, Preudhomme C, Bonnefoy-Berard N, Gilson E, Thomas X, El-Hamri M, Chelghoun Y, Michallet M, Wattel E, Mortreux F, Sibon D. Telomere deregulations possess cytogenetic, phenotype, and prognostic specificities in acute leukemias. Exp Hematol 2010; 39:195-202.e2. [PMID: 21056083 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Telomeres are protected by tightly regulated factors and elongated by telomerase. Short and/or deprotected chromosomes are recombinogenic and thereby cancer prone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Together with the quantification of telomerase activity (TA), measuring telomere length (TL) and expression of the genes that govern telomere protection and elongation are useful for assessing telomere homeostasis. RESULTS By these means we demonstrate that TL, hTERT, and TA are in the order acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) > T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) > B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) > T-ALL > AML, and B-ALL > AML > T-ALL. AML0 and AML3 display the lowest amounts of hTERT transcripts, and ALL and AML cells with cytogenetic abnormalities possess the shortest telomeres. hTERT expression includes phenotype-specific RNA maturation and correlates with TA but not with TL. A wide ratio of TA to hTERT expression between leukemia subtypes suggests phenotype-specific hTERT post-transcriptional deregulations. B- and T-ALL overexpress Ku70 and Pinx1, T-ALL PTOP and RAP1, and B-ALL TRF2, the expression of which is significantly higher in cases with abnormal karyotype. hTERT transcription and TL correlate with response to intensive chemotherapy, and hTERT and RAD50 are independent prognostic factors for survival. CONCLUSIONS Each leukemia subtype possesses specific telomere dysregulations that rely on phenotype, karyotype, response to treatment, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capraro
- Université Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, FRE CNRS 3011, Lyon, France
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Liu JP, Chen SM, Cong YS, Nicholls C, Zhou SF, Tao ZZ, Li H. Regulation of telomerase activity by apparently opposing elements. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:245-56. [PMID: 20362078 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, the ends of chromosomes, undergo frequent remodeling events that are important in cell development, proliferation and differentiation, and neoplastic immortalization. It is not known how the cellular environment influences telomere remodeling, stability, and lengthening or shortening. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that maintains and lengthens telomeres in the majority of cancers. Recent studies indicate that a number of factors, including hormones, cytokines, ligands of nuclear receptor, vitamins and herbal extracts have significantly influence telomerase activity and, in some instances, the remodeling of telomeres. This review summarizes the advances in understanding of the positive and negative regulation by extracellular factors of telomerase activity in cancer, stem cells and other systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ping Liu
- Molecular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Zhao YM, Li JY, Lan JP, Lai XY, Luo Y, Sun J, Yu J, Zhu YY, Zeng FF, Zhou Q, Huang H. Cell cycle dependent telomere regulation by telomerase in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:1114-9. [PMID: 18339310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a promising source for clinical stem cell transplantation. However, telomere regulation mechanisms, as one of the possible major mechanisms by which hMSCs sustain their stem cell characteristics, remain unknown. We isolated hMSCs by plastic adhesion and characterized these cells by morphology, immune phenotype and differentiation capacity. Telomerase was found negative in hMSCs, but slightly up-regulated in hMSC-derived adipocytes by the Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) assay. Moreover, hMSCs lack the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism, because the hallmarks of ALT, such as very long and heterogeneous telomeres, extra-chromosome telomere repeat DNA (ECTR), and ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia bodies (APBs), were not evident. However, when hMSCs were arrested in S phase with a combination of serum deprivation and aphidicolin, previously undetectable telomerase activity became predominantly positive. Meanwhile, the expression level of hTERT protein and mRNA increased, paralleled with the appearance of a large cohort of synchronized hMSCs at S phase. These findings provide a profile of telomere regulation by cell cycle dependent expression of telomerase in hMSCs and may lead to a better understanding of the stem cell nature of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Min Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Karmakar S, Banik NL, Patel SJ, Ray SK. Combination of all-trans retinoic acid and taxol regressed glioblastoma T98G xenografts in nude mice. Apoptosis 2007; 12:2077-87. [PMID: 17701358 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and highly malignant brain tumor that continues to defy current treatment strategies. This investigation used all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and taxol (TXL) as a combination therapy for controlling the growth of human glioblastoma T98G xenografted in athymic nude mice. Histopathological examination revealed that ATRA induced differentiation and combination of ATRA and TXL caused more apoptosis than either treatment alone. Combination therapy decreased expression of telomerase, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappacapital VE, Cyrillic), and inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs) indicating suppression of survival factors while upregulated Smac/Diablo. Combination therapy also changed expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins leading to increased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and activation of caspase-9. Increased activities of calpain and caspase-3 degraded 270 kD alpha-spectrin at the specific sites to generate 145 kD spectrin breakdown product (SBDP) and 120 kD SBDP, respectively. Further, increased activity of caspase-3 cleaved inhibitor-of-caspase-activated DNase (ICAD). In situ double immunofluorescent labelings showed overexpression of calpain, caspase-12, caspase-3, and AIF during apoptosis, suggesting involvement of both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways for apoptosis. Our investigation revealed that treatment of glioblastoma T98G xenografts with the combination of ATRA and TXL induced differentiation and multiple molecular mechanisms for apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Karmakar
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 325E, P.O. Box 250606, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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