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Zalieckas J, Mondragon IR, Pobedinskas P, Kristoffersen AS, Mohamed-Ahmed S, Gjerde C, Høl PJ, Hallan G, Furnes ON, Cimpan MR, Haenen K, Holst B, Greve MM. Polycrystalline Diamond Coating on Orthopedic Implants: Realization and Role of Surface Topology and Chemistry in Adsorption of Proteins and Cell Proliferation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44933-44946. [PMID: 36135965 PMCID: PMC9542704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycrystalline diamond has the potential to improve the osseointegration of orthopedic implants compared to conventional materials such as titanium. However, despite the excellent biocompatibility and superior mechanical properties, the major challenge of using diamond for implants, such as those used for hip arthroplasty, is the limitation of microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques to synthesize diamond on complex-shaped objects. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate diamond growth on titanium acetabular shells using the surface wave plasma CVD method. Polycrystalline diamond coatings were synthesized at low temperatures (∼400 °C) on three types of acetabular shells with different surface structures and porosities. We achieved the growth of diamond on highly porous surfaces designed to mimic the structure of the trabecular bone and improve osseointegration. Biocompatibility was investigated on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coatings terminated either with hydrogen or oxygen. To understand the role of diamond surface topology and chemistry in the attachment and proliferation of mammalian cells, we investigated the adsorption of extracellular matrix proteins and monitored the metabolic activity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The interaction of bovine serum albumin and type I collagen with the diamond surfaces was investigated by confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We found that the proliferation of osteogenic cells was better on hydrogen-terminated UNCD than on the oxygen-terminated counterpart. These findings correlated with the behavior of collagen on diamond substrates observed by FLIM. Hydrogen-terminated UNCD provided better adhesion and proliferation of osteogenic cells, compared to titanium, while the growth of fibroblasts was poorest on hydrogen-terminated NCD and MSCs behaved similarly on all tested surfaces. These results open new opportunities for application of diamond coatings on orthopedic implants to further improve bone fixation and osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justas Zalieckas
- Department
of Physics and Technology, University of
Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivan R. Mondragon
- Department
for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC,
Interuniversity MicroElectronics Center (IMEC) vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Arne S. Kristoffersen
- Department
of Physics and Technology, University of
Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Samih Mohamed-Ahmed
- Department
for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie Gjerde
- Department
for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paul J. Høl
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University
Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Hallan
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University
Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ove N. Furnes
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University
Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mihaela Roxana Cimpan
- Department
for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC,
Interuniversity MicroElectronics Center (IMEC) vzw, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bodil Holst
- Department
of Physics and Technology, University of
Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin M. Greve
- Department
of Physics and Technology, University of
Bergen, Allegaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
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2
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Recent Advancements in Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Implants. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050323. [PMID: 35621621 PMCID: PMC9140433 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic materials such as stainless steel (SS), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Mg) alloys, and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys are widely used as biomaterials for implant applications. Metallic implants sometimes fail in surgeries due to inadequate biocompatibility, faster degradation rate (Mg-based alloys), inflammatory response, infections, inertness (SS, Ti, and Co-Cr alloys), lower corrosion resistance, elastic modulus mismatch, excessive wear, and shielding stress. Therefore, to address this problem, it is necessary to develop a method to improve the biofunctionalization of metallic implant surfaces by changing the materials’ surface and morphology without altering the mechanical properties of metallic implants. Among various methods, surface modification on metallic surfaces by applying coatings is an effective way to improve implant material performance. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in ceramics, polymers, and metallic materials used for implant applications. Their biocompatibility is also discussed. The recent trends in coatings for biomedical implants, applications, and their future directions were also discussed in detail.
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Shirani A, Hu Q, Su Y, Joy T, Zhu D, Berman D. Combined Tribological and Bactericidal Effect of Nanodiamonds as a Potential Lubricant for Artificial Joints. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43500-43508. [PMID: 31657539 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The artificial joints, for example, knee and hip implants, are widely used for the treatment of degenerative joint diseases and trauma. The current most common material choice for clinically used implants is the combination of polymer-on-metal structures. Unfortunately, these joints often suffer from high friction and wear, leading to associated inflammation and infection and ultimate failure of the artificial joints. Here, we propose an alternative solution to this tribologically induced failure of the joint materials. We demonstrate that the friction and wear behavior of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and titanium tribopair, used to mimic the artificial joint interface, can be improved by introducing nanodiamond (ND) particles in the sliding contact. Characterization of the wear track using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the tribofilm formed from embedded NDs during sliding significantly suppressed the wear of the UHMWPE surface. In addition to the improved lubrication characteristics, NDs exhibit high biocompatibility with the bone cells and promising antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, the most common strain associated with artificial joint infection. These results indicate that NDs can be used as a promising nontoxic human-body lubricant with antiwear and antibacterial features, thus demonstrating their great potential to treat artificial joint complications through intra-articular injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yingchao Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11749 , United States
| | | | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11749 , United States
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Rifai A, Tran N, Reineck P, Elbourne A, Mayes E, Sarker A, Dekiwadia C, Ivanova EP, Crawford RJ, Ohshima T, Gibson BC, Greentree AD, Pirogova E, Fox K. Engineering the Interface: Nanodiamond Coating on 3D-Printed Titanium Promotes Mammalian Cell Growth and Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Colonization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:24588-24597. [PMID: 31199619 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Additively manufactured selective laser melted titanium (SLM-Ti) opens the possibility of tailored medical implants for patients. Despite orthopedic implant advancements, significant problems remain with regard to suboptimal osseointegration at the interface between the implant and the surrounding tissue. Here, we show that applying a nanodiamond (ND) coating onto SLM-Ti scaffolds provides an improved surface for mammalian cell growth while inhibiting colonization of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Owing to the simplicity of our methodology, the approach is suitable for coating SLM-Ti geometries. The ND coating achieved 32 and 29% increases in cell density of human dermal fibroblasts and osteoblasts, respectively, after 3 days of incubation compared with the uncoated SLM-Ti substratum. This increase in cell density complements an 88% reduction in S. aureus detected on the ND-coated SLM-Ti substrata. This study paves a way to create facile antifouling SLM-Ti structures for biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Takasaki , Gunma 370-1292 , Japan
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Oliveira SMM, Barzotto ILM, Vieira L, Sene A, Radi PA, Fraga S, Bessa MJ, Teixeira JP, Carvalho ICS, da Silva NS. Tribocorrosion studies on diamond-like carbon film deposited by PECVD on 304 stainless steel in simulated body fluid. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab18e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mishra R, Pramanick B, Maiti TK, Bhattacharyya TK. Glassy carbon microneedles-new transdermal drug delivery device derived from a scalable C-MEMS process. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:38. [PMID: 31057926 PMCID: PMC6295442 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-018-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Because carbon is the basic element of all life forms and has been successfully applied as a material for medical applications, it is desirable to investigate carbon for drug delivery applications, as well. In this work, we report the fabrication of a hollow carbon microneedle array with flow channels using a conventional carbon-microelectromechanical system (C-MEMS) process. This process utilizes the scalable and irreversible step of pyrolysis, where prepatterned SU-8 microneedles (precursor) are converted to glassy carbon structures in an inert atmosphere at high temperature (900 °C) while retaining their original shape upon shrinkage. Once converted to glassy carbon, the microneedles inherit the unique properties of hardness, biocompatibility, and thermal and chemical resistance associated with this material. A comparative study of hardness and Young's modulus for carbon microneedles and SU-8 microneedles was performed to evaluate the increased strength of the microneedles induced by the C-MEMS process steps. Structural shrinkage of the carbon microneedles upon pyrolysis was observed and estimated. Material characterizations including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Raman spectroscopy were carried out to estimate the atomic percentage of carbon in the microneedle structure and its crystalline nature, respectively. Our investigations confirm that the microneedles are glassy in nature. Compression and bending tests were also performed to determine the maximum forces that the carbon microneedles can withstand, and it was found that these forces were approximately two orders of magnitude higher than the resistive forces presented by skin. A microneedle array was inserted into mouse skin multiple times and was successfully removed without the breakage of any microneedles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mishra
- Advanced Technology Development Center, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Bidhan Pramanick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
- Present Address: School of Electrical Sciences, IIT Goa, Ponda, Goa 403401 India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Biotechnology Department, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302 India
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7
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Whitlow J, Pacelli S, Paul A. Multifunctional nanodiamonds in regenerative medicine: Recent advances and future directions. J Control Release 2017; 261:62-86. [PMID: 28596105 PMCID: PMC5560434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With recent advances in the field of nanomedicine, many new strategies have emerged for diagnosing and treating diseases. At the forefront of this multidisciplinary research, carbon nanomaterials have demonstrated unprecedented potential for a variety of regenerative medicine applications including novel drug delivery platforms that facilitate the localized and sustained release of therapeutics. Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a unique class of carbon nanoparticles that are gaining increasing attention for their biocompatibility, highly functional surfaces, optical properties, and robust physical properties. Their remarkable features have established NDs as an invaluable regenerative medicine platform, with a broad range of clinically relevant applications ranging from targeted delivery systems for insoluble drugs, bioactive substrates for stem cells, and fluorescent probes for long-term tracking of cells and biomolecules in vitro and in vivo. This review introduces the synthesis techniques and the various routes of surface functionalization that allow for precise control over the properties of NDs. It also provides an in-depth overview of the current progress made toward the use of NDs in the fields of drug delivery, tissue engineering, and bioimaging. Their future outlook in regenerative medicine including the current clinical significance of NDs, as well as the challenges that must be overcome to successfully translate the reviewed technologies from research platforms to clinical therapies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Whitlow
- BioIntel Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Settimio Pacelli
- BioIntel Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Arghya Paul
- BioIntel Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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8
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Nistor PA, May PW. Diamond thin films: giving biomedical applications a new shine. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20170382. [PMID: 28931637 PMCID: PMC5636274 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress made in the last two decades in chemical vapour deposition technology has enabled the production of inexpensive, high-quality coatings made from diamond to become a scientific and commercial reality. Two properties of diamond make it a highly desirable candidate material for biomedical applications: first, it is bioinert, meaning that there is minimal immune response when diamond is implanted into the body, and second, its electrical conductivity can be altered in a controlled manner, from insulating to near-metallic. In vitro, diamond can be used as a substrate upon which a range of biological cells can be cultured. In vivo, diamond thin films have been proposed as coatings for implants and prostheses. Here, we review a large body of data regarding the use of diamond substrates for in vitro cell culture. We also detail more recent work exploring diamond-coated implants with the main targets being bone and neural tissue. We conclude that diamond emerges as one of the major new biomaterials of the twenty-first century that could shape the way medical treatment will be performed, especially when invasive procedures are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nistor
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - P W May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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9
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Filova E, Vandrovcova M, Jelinek M, Zemek J, Houdkova J, Kocourek T, Stankova L, Bacakova L. Adhesion and differentiation of Saos-2 osteoblast-like cells on chromium-doped diamond-like carbon coatings. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:17. [PMID: 28000113 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films are promising for use in coating orthopaedic, dental and cardiovascular implants. The problem of DLC layers lies in their weak layer adhesion to metal implants. Chromium is used as a dopant for improving the adhesion of DLC films. Cr-DLC layers were prepared by a hybrid technology, using a combination of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from a graphite target and magnetron sputtering. Depending on the deposition conditions, the concentration of Cr in the DLC layers moved from zero to 10.0 at.%. The effect of DLC layers with 0.0, 0.9, 1.8, 7.3, 7.7 and 10.0 at.% Cr content on the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells was assessed in vitro. The DLC samples that contained 7.7 and 10.0 at.% of Cr supported cell spreading on day 1 after seeding. On day three after seeding, the most apparent vinculin-containing focal adhesion plaques were also found on samples with higher concentrations of chromium. On the other hand, the expression of type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase at the mRNA and protein level was the highest on Cr-DLC samples with a lower concentration of Cr (0-1.8 at.%). We can conclude that higher concentrations of chromium supported cell adhesion; however DLC and DLC doped with a lower concentration of chromium supported osteogenic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Filova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Vandrovcova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Jelinek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Nam. Sitna 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zemek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Houdkova
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kocourek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Nam. Sitna 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Stankova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Alcaide M, Taylor A, Fjorback M, Zachar V, Pennisi CP. Boron-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Electrodes for Neural Interfaces: In vivo Biocompatibility Evaluation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:87. [PMID: 27013949 PMCID: PMC4781860 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BDD) electrodes have recently attracted attention as materials for neural electrodes due to their superior physical and electrochemical properties, however their biocompatibility remains largely unexplored. In this work, we aim to investigate the in vivo biocompatibility of BDD electrodes in relation to conventional titanium nitride (TiN) electrodes using a rat subcutaneous implantation model. High quality BDD films were synthesized on electrodes intended for use as an implantable neurostimulation device. After implantation for 2 and 4 weeks, tissue sections adjacent to the electrodes were obtained for histological analysis. Both types of implants were contained in a thin fibrous encapsulation layer, the thickness of which decreased with time. Although the level of neovascularization around the implants was similar, BDD electrodes elicited significantly thinner fibrous capsules and a milder inflammatory reaction at both time points. These results suggest that BDD films may constitute an appropriate material to support stable performance of implantable neural electrodes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alcaide
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.iPrague, Czech Republic; Nano6 s.r.o.Kladno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladimir Zachar
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cristian P Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
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Baker PA, Thompson RG, Catledge SA. A wear simulation study of nanostructured CVD diamond-on-diamond articulation involving concave/convex mating surfaces. JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH 2016; 13:385-393. [PMID: 26989457 PMCID: PMC4790821 DOI: 10.1007/s11998-015-9738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using microwave-plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), a 3-micron thick nanostructured-diamond (NSD) layer was deposited onto polished, convex and concave components that were machined from Ti-6Al-4V alloy. These components had the same radius of curvature, 25.4mm. Wear testing of the surfaces was performed by rotating articulation of the diamond-deposited surfaces (diamond-on-diamond) with a load of 225N for a total of 5 million cycles in bovine serum resulting in polishing of the diamond surface and formation of very shallow, linear wear grooves of less than 50nm depth. The two diamond surfaces remained adhered to the components and polished each other to an average surface roughness that was reduced by as much as a factor of 80 for the most polished region located at the center of the condyle. Imaging of the surfaces showed that the initial wearing-in phase of diamond was only beginning at the end of the 5 million cycles. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and surface profilometry were used to characterize the surfaces and verify that the diamond remained intact and uniform over the surface, thereby protecting the underlying metal. These wear simulation results show that diamond deposition on Ti alloy has potential application for joint replacement devices with improved longevity over existing devices made of cobalt chrome and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Baker
- Vista Engineering, 1500 1st. Ave N. Unit 14, Birmingham, AL 35203 USA
| | | | - Shane A Catledge
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave. S, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
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