1
|
Punniyamoorthy D, Souframanien J. Gamma-rays induced genome wide stable mutations in cowpea deciphered through whole genome sequencing. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:1072-1084. [PMID: 38683196 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2345087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gamma rays are the most widely exploited physical mutagen in plant mutation breeding. They are known to be involved in the development of more than 60% of global cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) mutant varieties. Nevertheless, the nature and type of genome-wide mutations induced by gamma rays have not been studied in cowpea and therefore, the present investigation was undertaken. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genomic DNAs from three stable gamma rays-induced mutants (large seed size, small seed size and disease resistant mutant) of cowpea cultivar 'CPD103' in M6 generation along with its progenitor were used for Illumina-based whole-genome resequencing. RESULTS Gamma rays induced a relatively higher frequency (88.9%) of single base substitutions (SBSs) with an average transition to transversion ratio (Ti/Tv) of 3.51 in M6 generation. A > G transitions, including its complementary T > C transitions, predominated the transition mutations, while all four types of transversion mutations were detected with frequencies over 6.5%. Indels (small insertions and deletions) constituted about 11% of the total induced variations, wherein small insertions (6.3%) were relatively more prominent than small deletions (4.8%). Among the indels, single-base indels and, in particular, those involving A/T bases showed a preponderance, albeit indels of up to three bases were detected in low proportions. Distributed across all 11 chromosomes, only a fraction of SBSs (19.45%) and indels (20.2%) potentially altered the encoded amino acids/peptides. The inherent mutation rate induced by gamma rays in cowpea was observed to be in the order of 1.4 × 10-7 per base pair in M6 generation. CONCLUSION Gamma-rays with a greater tendency to induce SBSs and, to a lesser extent, indels could be efficiently and effectively exploited in cowpea mutation breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jegadeesan Souframanien
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Zhao G, Geng J, Geng Z, Dou H, Liu X, An Z, Zhang H, Wang Y. Genome-wide analysis of mutations induced by carbon ion beam irradiation in cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1056662. [PMID: 36875607 PMCID: PMC9978701 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1056662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon ion beam (CIB) irradiation is a powerful way to create mutations in animals, plants, and microbes. Research on the mutagenic effects and molecular mechanisms of radiation is an important and multidisciplinary issue. However, the effect of carbon ion radiation on cotton is uncertain. In this study, five different upland cotton varieties and five CIB doses were used to identify the suitable irradiation dose for cotton. Three mutagenized progeny cotton lines from the wild-type Ji172 were re-sequenced. The effect of half-lethal dose on mutation induction indicated that 200 Gy with LETmax of 226.9 KeV/μm was the most effective heavy-ion dose for upland cotton and a total of 2,959-4,049 single-base substitutions (SBSs) and 610-947 insertion-deletion polymorphisms (InDels) were identified among the three mutants by resequencing. The ratio of transition to transversion in the three mutants ranged from 2.16 to 2.24. Among transversion events, G:C>C:G was significantly less common than three other types of mutations (A:T>C:G, A:T>T:A, and G:C>T:A). The proportions of six types of mutations were very similar in each mutant. The distributions of identified SBSs and InDels were similar with unevenly distributed across the genome and chromosomes. Some chromosomes had significantly more SBSs than others, and there were "hotspot" mutation regions at the ends of chromosomes. Overall, our study revealed a profile of cotton mutations caused by CIB irradiation, and these data could provide valuable information for cotton mutation breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Liu
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guiyuan Zhao
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinpeng Geng
- School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao Geng
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haikuan Dou
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zetong An
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hanshuang Zhang
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Graham N, Patil GB, Bubeck DM, Dobert RC, Glenn KC, Gutsche AT, Kumar S, Lindbo JA, Maas L, May GD, Vega-Sanchez ME, Stupar RM, Morrell PL. Plant Genome Editing and the Relevance of Off-Target Changes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1453-1471. [PMID: 32457089 PMCID: PMC7401131 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Site-directed nucleases (SDNs) used for targeted genome editing are powerful new tools to introduce precise genetic changes into plants. Like traditional approaches, such as conventional crossing and induced mutagenesis, genome editing aims to improve crop yield and nutrition. Next-generation sequencing studies demonstrate that across their genomes, populations of crop species typically carry millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms and many copy number and structural variants. Spontaneous mutations occur at rates of ∼10-8 to 10-9 per site per generation, while variation induced by chemical treatment or ionizing radiation results in higher mutation rates. In the context of SDNs, an off-target change or edit is an unintended, nonspecific mutation occurring at a site with sequence similarity to the targeted edit region. SDN-mediated off-target changes can contribute to a small number of additional genetic variants compared to those that occur naturally in breeding populations or are introduced by induced-mutagenesis methods. Recent studies show that using computational algorithms to design genome editing reagents can mitigate off-target edits in plants. Finally, crops are subject to strong selection to eliminate off-type plants through well-established multigenerational breeding, selection, and commercial variety development practices. Within this context, off-target edits in crops present no new safety concerns compared to other breeding practices. The current generation of genome editing technologies is already proving useful to develop new plant varieties with consumer and farmer benefits. Genome editing will likely undergo improved editing specificity along with new developments in SDN delivery and increasing genomic characterization, further improving reagent design and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Graham
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
- Pairwise, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Gunvant B Patil
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luis Maas
- Enza Zaden Research USA, San Juan Bautista, California 95045
| | | | | | - Robert M Stupar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Peter L Morrell
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mutagenic Effect of Three Ion Beams on Rice and Identification of Heritable Mutations by Whole Genome Sequencing. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050551. [PMID: 32357388 PMCID: PMC7284785 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-energy ion beams are known to be an effective and unique type of physical mutagen in plants. However, no study on the mutagenic effect of argon (Ar) ion beam radiation on rice has been reported. Genome-wide studies on induced mutations are important to comprehend their characteristics for establishing knowledge-based protocols for mutation induction and breeding, which are still very limited in rice. The present study aimed to investigate the mutagenic effect of three ion beams, i.e., Ar, carbon (C) and neon (Ne) on rice and identify and characterize heritable induced mutations by the whole genome sequencing of six M4 plants. Dose-dependent damage effects were observed on M1 plants, which were developed from ion beam irradiated dry seeds of two indica (LH15, T23) and two japonica (DS551, DS48) rice lines. High frequencies of chlorophyll-deficient seedlings and male-sterile plants were observed in all M2 populations (up to ~30% on M1 plant basis); plants from the seeds of different panicles of a common M1 plant appeared to have different mutations; the whole genome-sequencing demonstrated that there were 236–453 mutations in each of the six M4 plants, including single base substitutions (SBSs) and small insertion/deletions (InDels), with the number of SBSs ~ 4–8 times greater than that of InDels; SBS and InDel mutations were distributed across different genomic regions of all 12 chromosomes, however, only a small number of mutations (0–6) were present in exonic regions that might have an impact on gene function. In summary, the present study demonstrates that Ar, C and Ne ion beam radiation are all effective for mutation induction in rice and has revealed at the genome level the characteristics of the mutations induced by the three ion beams. The findings are of importance to the efficient use of ion beam radiation for the generation and utilization of mutants in rice.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Xia C, Wang M, Yin C, Chen X. Whole-genome sequencing of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici mutant isolates identifies avirulence gene candidates. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:247. [PMID: 32197579 PMCID: PMC7085141 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The stripe rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), threats world wheat production. Resistance to Pst is often overcome by pathogen virulence changes, but the mechanisms of variation are not clearly understood. To determine the role of mutation in Pst virulence changes, in previous studies 30 mutant isolates were developed from a least virulent isolate using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and phenotyped for virulence changes. The progenitor isolate was sequenced, assembled and annotated for establishing a high-quality reference genome. In the present study, the 30 mutant isolates were sequenced and compared to the wide-type isolate to determine the genomic variation and identify candidates for avirulence (Avr) genes. Results The sequence reads of the 30 mutant isolates were mapped to the wild-type reference genome to identify genomic changes. After selecting EMS preferred mutations, 264,630 and 118,913 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites and 89,078 and 72,513 Indels (Insertion/deletion) were detected among the 30 mutant isolates compared to the primary scaffolds and haplotigs of the wild-type isolate, respectively. Deleterious variants including SNPs and Indels occurred in 1866 genes. Genome wide association analysis identified 754 genes associated with avirulence phenotypes. A total of 62 genes were found significantly associated to 16 avirulence genes after selection through six criteria for putative effectors and degree of association, including 48 genes encoding secreted proteins (SPs) and 14 non-SP genes but with high levels of association (P ≤ 0.001) to avirulence phenotypes. Eight of the SP genes were identified as avirulence-associated effectors with high-confidence as they met five or six criteria used to determine effectors. Conclusions Genome sequence comparison of the mutant isolates with the progenitor isolate unraveled a large number of mutation sites along the genome and identified high-confidence effector genes as candidates for avirulence genes in Pst. Since the avirulence gene candidates were identified from associated SNPs and Indels caused by artificial mutagenesis, these avirulence gene candidates are valuable resources for elucidating the mechanisms of the pathogen pathogenicity, and will be studied to determine their functions in the interactions between the wheat host and the Pst pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Chongjing Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Chuntao Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA. .,USDA-ARS, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han J, Wang S, Fan D, Guo Y, Liu C, Zhu Y. Time-Dependent Hormetic Response of Soil Alkaline Phosphatase Induced by Cd and the Association with Bacterial Community Composition. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 78:961-973. [PMID: 30953089 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormetic dose-response that involved Cd in soils is increasingly paid attentions for risk assessment of Cd toxicity, but insufficient studies were conducted to define the temporary modification of soil enzyme and the potential microbial responses. The present study chooses soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as endpoint to uncover the time-dependent hormetic responses to low doses of Cd and its association with bacterial community composition. The results showed that addition of 0.01-3.0 mg kg-1 Cd significantly increased ALP's activities with maximum stimulatory magnitude of 11.4-27.2%, indicating a typical hormesis. The response started at 12 h after Cd addition and maintained about 24 h. This demonstrated that the hormetic response is time-dependent and transient. Changes of soil bacterial community composition showed that, at 6 h, relative abundances (RAs) of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at phylum and Pontibacter, Bacillaceae-Bacillus, Bacillaceae1-Bacillus, and Paenisporosarcina at genus significantly correlated with ALP's activities at 12-36 h (P < 0.05). This suggests that soil bacteria likely showed an earlier response to Cd and potentially contributes to the subsequent soil enzyme's hormesis. In addition, it was found that Gram-negative bacteria other than Gram-positive bacteria are prone to exhibiting a hormetic response under Cd stress. Our findings provide much insight into ecotoxicological risk assessment for soil Cd pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Han
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengyan Wang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Diwu Fan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Guo
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglei Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Zhu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maghuly F, Pabinger S, Krainer J, Laimer M. The Pattern and Distribution of Induced Mutations in J. curcas Using Reduced Representation Sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:524. [PMID: 29774036 PMCID: PMC5944264 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenesis in combination with Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) is a powerful tool for introducing variation, studying gene function and identifying causal mutations underlying phenotypes of interest in crop plant genomes. About 400 million paired-end reads were obtained from 82 ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) induced mutants and 14 wild-type accessions of Jatropha curcas for the detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertion/Deletions (InDels) by two different approaches (nGBS and ddGBS) on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. Using bioinformatics analyses, 1,452 induced SNPs and InDels were identified in coding regions, which were distributed across 995 genes. The predominantly observed mutations were G/C to A/T transitions (64%), while transversions were observed at a lower frequency (36%). Regarding the effect of mutations on gene function, 18% of the mutations were located in intergenic regions. In fact, mutants with the highest number of heterozygous SNPs were found in samples treated with 0.8% EMS for 3 h. Reconstruction of the metabolic pathways showed that in total 16 SNPs were located in six KEGG pathways by nGBS and two pathways by ddGBS. The most highly represented pathways were ether-lipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism, followed by starch and sucrose metabolism by nGBS and triterpenoid biosynthesis as well as steroid biosynthesis by ddGBS. Furthermore, high genome methylation was observed in J. curcas, which might help to understand the plasticity of the Jatropha genome in response to environmental factors. At last, the results showed that continuously vegetatively propagated tissue is a fast, efficient and accurate method to dissolve chimeras, especially for long-lived plants like J. curcas. Obtained data showed that allelic variations and in silico analyses of gene functions (gene function prediction), which control important traits, could be identified in mutant populations using nGBS and ddGBS. However, the handling of GBS data is more difficult and more challenging than the traditional TILLING strategy in mutated plants, since the Jatropha genome sequence is incomplete, which makes alignment and variant analysis of target sequence reads challenging to perform and interpret. Therefore, providing a complete Jatropha reference genome sequence with high quality should be a priority for any breeding program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Maghuly
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Pabinger
- Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julie Krainer
- Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Laimer
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Du H, Pan B, Chen T. Evaluation of chemical mutagenicity using next generation sequencing: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 35:140-158. [PMID: 28506110 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2017.1328831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations are heritable changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can lead to many adverse effects. Genotoxicity assays have been used to identify chemical mutagenicity. Recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) has been used for this purpose. In this review, we present the progress in NGS application for assessing mutagenicity of chemicals, including the methods used for detecting the induced mutations, bioinformatics tools for analyzing the sequencing data, and chemicals whose mutagenicity has been evaluated using NGS. Available information suggests that NGS technology has unparalleled advantages for evaluating mutagenicity of chemicals can be applied for the next generation of mutagenicity tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Du
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Bohu Pan
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Tao Chen
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li S, Zheng YC, Cui HR, Fu HW, Shu QY, Huang JZ. Frequency and type of inheritable mutations induced by γ rays in rice as revealed by whole genome sequencing. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:905-915. [PMID: 27921396 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutation breeding is based on the induction of genetic variations; hence knowledge of the frequency and type of induced mutations is of paramount importance for the design and implementation of a mutation breeding program. Although γ ray irradiation has been widely used since the 1960s in the breeding of about 200 economically important plant species, molecular elucidation of its genetic effects has so far been achieved largely by analysis of target genes or genomic regions. In the present study, the whole genomes of six γ-irradiated M2 rice plants were sequenced; a total of 144-188 million high-quality (Q>20) reads were generated for each M2 plant, resulting in genome coverage of >45 times for each plant. Single base substitution (SBS) and short insertion/deletion (Indel) mutations were detected at the average frequency of 7.5×10-6-9.8×10-6 in the six M2 rice plants (SBS being about 4 times more frequent than Indels). Structural and copy number variations, though less frequent than SBS and Indel, were also identified and validated. The mutations were scattered in all genomic regions across 12 rice chromosomes without apparent hotspots. The present study is the first genome-wide single-nucleotide resolution study on the feature and frequency of γ irradiation-induced mutations in a seed propagated crop; the findings are of practical importance for mutation breeding of rice and other crop species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yun-Chao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Hai-Rui Cui
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Hao-Wei Fu
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiaxing 314016, China
| | - Qing-Yao Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| |
Collapse
|