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Medley JC, Yim RN, DiPanni J, Sebou B, Shaffou B, Cramer E, Wu C, Kabara M, Song MH. Site-specific phosphorylation of ZYG-1 regulates ZYG-1 stability and centrosome number. iScience 2023; 26:108410. [PMID: 38034351 PMCID: PMC10687292 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spindle bipolarity is critical for genomic integrity. As centrosome number often dictates bipolarity, tight control of centrosome assembly is vital for faithful cell division. The master centrosome regulator ZYG-1/Plk4 plays a pivotal role in this process. In C. elegans, casein kinase II (CK2) negatively regulates centrosome duplication by controlling centrosome-associated ZYG-1 levels. Here, we investigated CK2 as a regulator of ZYG-1 and its impact on centrosome assembly. We show that CK2 phosphorylates ZYG-1 in vitro and physically interacts with ZYG-1 in vivo. Depleting CK2 or blocking ZYG-1 phosphorylation at CK2 target sites leads to centrosome amplification. Non-phosphorylatable ZYG-1 mutants exhibit elevated ZYG-1 levels, leading to increased ZYG-1 and downstream factors at centrosomes, thus driving centrosome amplification. Moreover, inhibiting the 26S proteasome prevents degradation of the phospho-mimetic ZYG-1. Our findings suggest that CK2-dependent phosphorylation of ZYG-1 controls ZYG-1 levels via proteasomal degradation to limit centrosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C. Medley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Rachel N. Yim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Joseph DiPanni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Brandon Sebou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Blake Shaffou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Evan Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Colin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Megan Kabara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Office of Graduate Medical Education, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mi Hye Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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2
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Maniates KA, Zuo Y, Flanagan K, Halim SG, Kane A, Singson A. Identification and sequencing of temperature sensitive alleles of the Anaphase Promoting Complex component mat-3 in C. elegans. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000889. [PMID: 37614776 PMCID: PMC10442702 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) regulates the transition from metaphase to anaphase during cell division and is important to prevent defects in chromosome segregation. In a recent temperature sensitive genetic screen looking for further genes involved in fertilization, we isolated a new temperature sensitive allele of mat-3 (as49) . We also sequenced a previously identified mat-3 ( or344 ) allele that did not previously have an annotated sequence. We determined that the as49 allele was an Alanine to Threonine (A451T) mutation in the sixth exon and the or344 mutation was a Leucine to Phenylalanine (L474F) mutation in the seventh exon. These locations of the mutant alleles are consistent with other previously annotated alleles that displayed the same metaphase to anaphase transition defect phenotype and further reinforce the importance of the tetratricopeptide repeats to mediate protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Maniates
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Yamei Zuo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Kendall Flanagan
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Shania G. Halim
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Alexander Kane
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Andrew Singson
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
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3
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Medley JC, Yim N, DiPanni J, Sebou B, Shaffou B, Cramer E, Wu C, Kabara M, Song MH. Site-Specific Phosphorylation of ZYG-1 Regulates ZYG-1 Stability and Centrosome Number. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.07.539463. [PMID: 37333374 PMCID: PMC10274923 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.07.539463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Spindle bipolarity is critical for genomic integrity. Given that centrosome number often dictates mitotic bipolarity, tight control of centrosome assembly is vital for the fidelity of cell division. The kinase ZYG-1/Plk4 is a master centrosome factor that is integral for controlling centrosome number and is modulated by protein phosphorylation. While autophosphorylation of Plk4 has been extensively studied in other systems, the mechanism of ZYG-1 phosphorylation in C. elegans remains largely unexplored. In C. elegans, Casein Kinase II (CK2) negatively regulates centrosome duplication by controlling centrosome-associated ZYG-1 levels. In this study, we investigated ZYG-1 as a potential substrate of CK2 and the functional impact of ZYG-1 phosphorylation on centrosome assembly. First, we show that CK2 directly phosphorylates ZYG-1 in vitro and physically interacts with ZYG-1 in vivo. Intriguingly, depleting CK2 or blocking ZYG-1 phosphorylation at putative CK2 target sites leads to centrosome amplification. In the non-phosphorylatable (NP)-ZYG-1 mutant embryo, the overall levels of ZYG-1 are elevated, leading to an increase in centrosomal ZYG-1 and downstream factors, providing a possible mechanism of the NP-ZYG-1 mutation to drive centrosome amplification. Moreover, inhibiting the 26S proteasome blocks degradation of the phospho-mimetic (PM)-ZYG-1, while the NP-ZYG-1 mutant shows partial resistance to proteasomal degradation. Our findings suggest that site-specific phosphorylation of ZYG-1, partly mediated by CK2, controls ZYG-1 levels via proteasomal degradation, limiting centrosome number. We provide a mechanism linking CK2 kinase activity to centrosome duplication through direct phosphorylation of ZYG-1, which is critical for the integrity of centrosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahyun Yim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, MI, USA
| | - Joseph DiPanni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, MI, USA
| | - Brandon Sebou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, MI, USA
| | - Blake Shaffou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, MI, USA
| | - Evan Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, MI, USA
| | - Colin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, MI, USA
| | - Megan Kabara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, MI, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Office of Graduate Medical Education, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mi Hye Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, MI, USA
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4
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Iyer J, Gentry LK, Bergwell M, Smith A, Guagliardo S, Kropp PA, Sankaralingam P, Liu Y, Spooner E, Bowerman B, O’Connell KF. The chromatin remodeling protein CHD-1 and the EFL-1/DPL-1 transcription factor cooperatively down regulate CDK-2 to control SAS-6 levels and centriole number. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009799. [PMID: 35377871 PMCID: PMC9009770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are submicron-scale, barrel-shaped organelles typically found in pairs, and play important roles in ciliogenesis and bipolar spindle assembly. In general, successful execution of centriole-dependent processes is highly reliant on the ability of the cell to stringently control centriole number. This in turn is mainly achieved through the precise duplication of centrioles during each S phase. Aberrations in centriole duplication disrupt spindle assembly and cilia-based signaling and have been linked to cancer, primary microcephaly and a variety of growth disorders. Studies aimed at understanding how centriole duplication is controlled have mainly focused on the post-translational regulation of two key components of this pathway: the master regulatory kinase ZYG-1/Plk4 and the scaffold component SAS-6. In contrast, how transcriptional control mechanisms might contribute to this process have not been well explored. Here we show that the chromatin remodeling protein CHD-1 contributes to the regulation of centriole duplication in the C. elegans embryo. Specifically, we find that loss of CHD-1 or inactivation of its ATPase activity can restore embryonic viability and centriole duplication to a strain expressing insufficient ZYG-1 activity. Interestingly, loss of CHD-1 is associated with increases in the levels of two ZYG-1-binding partners: SPD-2, the centriole receptor for ZYG-1 and SAS-6. Finally, we explore transcriptional regulatory networks governing centriole duplication and find that CHD-1 and a second transcription factor, EFL-1/DPL-1 cooperate to down regulate expression of CDK-2, which in turn promotes SAS-6 protein levels. Disruption of this regulatory network results in the overexpression of SAS-6 and the production of extra centrioles. Centrioles are cellular constituents that play an important role in cell reproduction, signaling and movement. To properly function, centrioles must be present in the cell at precise numbers. Errors in maintaining centriole number result in cell division defects and diseases such as cancer and microcephaly. How the cell maintains proper centriole copy number is not entirely understood. Here we show that two transcription factors, EFL-1/DPL-1 and CHD-1 cooperate to reduce expression of CDK-2, a master regulator of the cell cycle. We find that CDK-2 in turn promotes expression of SAS-6, a major building block of centrioles. When EFL-1/DPL-1 and CHD-1 are inhibited, CDK-2 is overexpressed. This leads to increased levels of SAS-6 and excess centrioles. Our work thus demonstrates a novel mechanism for controlling centriole number and is thus relevant to those human diseases caused by defects in centriole copy number control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Iyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JI); (KFO)
| | - Lindsey K. Gentry
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Bergwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sarah Guagliardo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Kropp
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Prabhu Sankaralingam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Spooner
- Proteomics Core Facility, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kevin F. O’Connell
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JI); (KFO)
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5
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Haeussler S, Yeroslaviz A, Rolland SG, Luehr S, Lambie EJ, Conradt B. Genome-wide RNAi screen for regulators of UPRmt in Caenorhabditis elegans mutants with defects in mitochondrial fusion. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6204483. [PMID: 33784383 PMCID: PMC8495942 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics plays an important role in mitochondrial quality control and the adaptation of metabolic activity in response to environmental changes. The disruption of mitochondrial dynamics has detrimental consequences for mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis and leads to the activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), a quality control mechanism that adjusts cellular metabolism and restores homeostasis. To identify genes involved in the induction of UPRmt in response to a block in mitochondrial fusion, we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen in Caenorhabditis elegans mutants lacking the gene fzo-1, which encodes the ortholog of mammalian Mitofusin, and identified 299 suppressors and 86 enhancers. Approximately 90% of these 385 genes are conserved in humans, and one third of the conserved genes have been implicated in human disease. Furthermore, many have roles in developmental processes, which suggests that mitochondrial function and the response to stress are defined during development and maintained throughout life. Our dataset primarily contains mitochondrial enhancers and non-mitochondrial suppressors of UPRmt, indicating that the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis has evolved as a critical cellular function, which, when disrupted, can be compensated for by many different cellular processes. Analysis of the subsets 'non-mitochondrial enhancers' and 'mitochondrial suppressors' suggests that organellar contact sites, especially between the ER and mitochondria, are of importance for mitochondrial homeostasis. In addition, we identified several genes involved in IP3 signaling that modulate UPRmt in fzo-1 mutants and found a potential link between pre-mRNA splicing and UPRmt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haeussler
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Assa Yeroslaviz
- Computational Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stéphane G Rolland
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Sebastian Luehr
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eric J Lambie
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Barbara Conradt
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6AP, United Kingdom
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6
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Identification and functional characterization of the transcription factor coding Dp1 gene in large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06299. [PMID: 33718639 PMCID: PMC7921785 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Dp1, as a binding partner, often forms a dimerization complex with typical E2F to play a central role in regulating gene expression during G1/S cell cycle progression. In this study, a full-length dp1 cDNA (Pcdp1) was successfully cloned and characterized from the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. The nucleotidic sequence of Pcdp1 is 1,427 bp long with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,239 bp encoding a putative protein of 412 amino acids, a 5′-untranslated region of 116 bp and a 3′-untranslated region of 70 bp. Prediction of protein domains showed that PcDp1 contains a DNA-binding domain (DBD) with a DEF box, a dimerization domain and an acidic region at C terminus with transcription activity. Homology comparisons indicated that PcDp1 shared the highest sequence identity of 98.55% with Oreochromis niloticus dp1, followed by 88.72% identity with Danio rerio dp1 and a relatively low identity of 78.91–80.55% with its mammalian and amphibian counterparts. The mRNA of Pcdp1 showed ubiquitously expression in all analyzed tissues, with the highest level of expression in the body kidney. Moderate expression levels of Pcdp1 was found in several immune-related tissues including the gills, head kidney and liver, indicating that PcDp1 might play an important role in osmotic pressure regulation and immune response of the large yellow croaker. The subcellular localization of PcDp1 revealed that it is mainly distributed in the cytoplasm both in COS-7 and parenchymal cells of the spleen, head kidney and kidney tissues. Furthermore, the recombinant PcDp1 exhibited DNA-binding activity to E2F site in vitro. In conclusion, these results indicated that PcDp1 may participate in immune regulation and provide a foundation for further study of the regulatory mechanism of Dp1 in teleosts.
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7
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Lemeille S, Paschaki M, Baas D, Morlé L, Duteyrat JL, Ait-Lounis A, Barras E, Soulavie F, Jerber J, Thomas J, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Kistler WS, Reith W, Durand B. Interplay of RFX transcription factors 1, 2 and 3 in motile ciliogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9019-9036. [PMID: 32725242 PMCID: PMC7498320 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia assembly is under strict transcriptional control during animal development. In vertebrates, a hierarchy of transcription factors (TFs) are involved in controlling the specification, differentiation and function of multiciliated epithelia. RFX TFs play key functions in the control of ciliogenesis in animals. Whereas only one RFX factor regulates ciliogenesis in C. elegans, several distinct RFX factors have been implicated in this process in vertebrates. However, a clear understanding of the specific and redundant functions of different RFX factors in ciliated cells remains lacking. Using RNA-seq and ChIP-seq approaches we identified genes regulated directly and indirectly by RFX1, RFX2 and RFX3 in mouse ependymal cells. We show that these three TFs have both redundant and specific functions in ependymal cells. Whereas RFX1, RFX2 and RFX3 occupy many shared genomic loci, only RFX2 and RFX3 play a prominent and redundant function in the control of motile ciliogenesis in mice. Our results provide a valuable list of candidate ciliary genes. They also reveal stunning differences between compensatory processes operating in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Baas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Laurette Morlé
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuèle Barras
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Soulavie
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Jerber
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Thomas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - W Stephen Kistler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, F-69008, Lyon, France
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8
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Pintard L, Bowerman B. Mitotic Cell Division in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 211:35-73. [PMID: 30626640 PMCID: PMC6325691 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic cell divisions increase cell number while faithfully distributing the replicated genome at each division. The Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is a powerful model for eukaryotic cell division. Nearly all of the genes that regulate cell division in C. elegans are conserved across metazoan species, including humans. The C. elegans pathways tend to be streamlined, facilitating dissection of the more redundant human pathways. Here, we summarize the virtues of C. elegans as a model system and review our current understanding of centriole duplication, the acquisition of pericentriolar material by centrioles to form centrosomes, the assembly of kinetochores and the mitotic spindle, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Pintard
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut Jacques Monod, Team Cell Cycle and Development UMR7592, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
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9
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Williams CW, Iyer J, Liu Y, O'Connell KF. CDK-11-Cyclin L is required for gametogenesis and fertility in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2018; 441:52-66. [PMID: 29886128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CDK11, a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family, has been implicated in a diverse array of functions including transcription, RNA processing, sister chromatid cohesion, spindle assembly, centriole duplication and apoptosis. Despite its involvement in many essential functions, little is known about the requirements for CDK11 and its partner Cyclin L in a developing multicellular organism. Here we investigate the function of CDK11 and Cyclin L during development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Worms express two CDK11 proteins encoded by distinct loci: CDK-11.1 is essential for normal male and female fertility and is broadly expressed in the nuclei of somatic and germ line cells, while CDK-11.2 is nonessential and is enriched in hermaphrodite germ line nuclei beginning in mid pachytene. Hermaphrodites lacking CDK-11.1 develop normally but possess fewer mature sperm and oocytes and do not fully activate the RAS-ERK pathway that is required for oocyte production in response to environmental cues. Most of the sperm and eggs that are produced in cdk-11.1 null animals appear to complete development normally but fail to engage in sperm-oocyte signaling suggesting that CDK-11.1 is needed at multiple points in gametogenesis. Finally, we find that CDK-11.1 and CDK-11.2 function redundantly during embryonic and postembryonic development and likely do so in association with Cyclin L. Our results thus define multiple requirements for CDK-11-Cyclin L during animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Williams
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Jyoti Iyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA
| | - Kevin F O'Connell
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830, USA.
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10
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APC/C FZR-1 Controls SAS-5 Levels To Regulate Centrosome Duplication in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:3937-3946. [PMID: 29030390 PMCID: PMC5714490 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As the primary microtubule-organizing center, centrosomes play a key role in establishing mitotic bipolar spindles that secure correct transmission of genomic content. For the fidelity of cell division, centrosome number must be strictly controlled by duplicating only once per cell cycle. Proper levels of centrosome proteins are shown to be critical for normal centrosome number and function. Overexpressing core centrosome factors leads to extra centrosomes, while depleting these factors results in centrosome duplication failure. In this regard, protein turnover by the ubiquitin-proteasome system provides a vital mechanism for the regulation of centrosome protein levels. Here, we report that FZR-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of Cdh1/Hct1/Fzr, a coactivator of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, functions as a negative regulator of centrosome duplication in the C. elegans embryo. During mitotic cell division in the early embryo, FZR-1 is associated with centrosomes and enriched at nuclei. Loss of fzr-1 function restores centrosome duplication and embryonic viability to the hypomorphic zyg-1(it25) mutant, in part, through elevated levels of SAS-5 at centrosomes. Our data suggest that the APC/CFZR-1 regulates SAS-5 levels by directly recognizing the conserved KEN-box motif, contributing to proper centrosome duplication. Together, our work shows that FZR-1 plays a conserved role in regulating centrosome duplication in C. elegans.
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Peel N, Iyer J, Naik A, Dougherty MP, Decker M, O’Connell KF. Protein Phosphatase 1 Down Regulates ZYG-1 Levels to Limit Centriole Duplication. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006543. [PMID: 28103229 PMCID: PMC5289615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans perturbations of centriole number are associated with tumorigenesis and microcephaly, therefore appropriate regulation of centriole duplication is critical. The C. elegans homolog of Plk4, ZYG-1, is required for centriole duplication, but our understanding of how ZYG-1 levels are regulated remains incomplete. We have identified the two PP1 orthologs, GSP-1 and GSP-2, and their regulators I-2SZY-2 and SDS-22 as key regulators of ZYG-1 protein levels. We find that down-regulation of PP1 activity either directly, or by mutation of szy-2 or sds-22 can rescue the loss of centriole duplication associated with a zyg-1 hypomorphic allele. Suppression is achieved through an increase in ZYG-1 levels, and our data indicate that PP1 normally regulates ZYG-1 through a post-translational mechanism. While moderate inhibition of PP1 activity can restore centriole duplication to a zyg-1 mutant, strong inhibition of PP1 in a wild-type background leads to centriole amplification via the production of more than one daughter centriole. Our results thus define a new pathway that limits the number of daughter centrioles produced each cycle. The centrosomes are responsible for organizing the mitotic spindle a microtubule-based structure that centers, then segregates, the chromosomes during cell division. When a cell divides it normally possesses two centrosomes, allowing it to build a bipolar spindle and accurately segregate the chromosomes to two daughter cells. Appropriate control of centrosome number is therefore crucial to maintaining genome stability. Centrosome number is largely controlled by their regulated duplication. In particular, the protein Plk4, which is essential for duplication, must be strictly limited as an overabundance leads to excess centrosome duplication. We have identified protein phosphatase 1 as a critical regulator of the C. elegans Plk4 homolog (known as ZYG-1). When protein phosphatase 1 is down-regulated, ZYG-1 levels increase leading to centrosome amplification. Thus our work identifies a novel mechanism that limits centrosome duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Peel
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NP); (KFO)
| | - Jyoti Iyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Anar Naik
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Dougherty
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Markus Decker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin F. O’Connell
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NP); (KFO)
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