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Chumová Z, Belyayev A, Mandáková T, Zeisek V, Hodková E, Šemberová K, Euston-Brown D, Trávníček P. The relationship between transposable elements and ecological niches in the Greater Cape Floristic Region: A study on the genus Pteronia (Asteraceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:982852. [PMID: 36247607 PMCID: PMC9559566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.982852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding repetitive DNA (repeatome) is an active part of the nuclear genome, involved in its structure, evolution and function. It is dominated by transposable elements (TEs) and satellite DNA and is prone to the most rapid changes over time. The TEs activity presumably causes the global genome reorganization and may play an adaptive or regulatory role in response to environmental challenges. This assumption is applied here for the first time to plants from the Cape Floristic hotspot to determine whether changes in repetitive DNA are related to responses to a harsh, but extremely species-rich environment. The genus Pteronia (Asteraceae) serves as a suitable model group because it shows considerable variation in genome size at the diploid level and has high and nearly equal levels of endemism in the two main Cape biomes, Fynbos and Succulent Karoo. First, we constructed a phylogeny based on multiple low-copy genes that served as a phylogenetic framework for detecting quantitative and qualitative changes in the repeatome. Second, we performed a comparative analysis of the environments of two groups of Pteronia differing in their TEs bursts. Our results suggest that the environmental transition from the Succulent Karoo to the Fynbos is accompanied by TEs burst, which is likely also driving phylogenetic divergence. We thus hypothesize that analysis of rapidly evolving repeatome could serve as an important proxy for determining the molecular basis of lineage divergence in rapidly radiating groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chumová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alexander Belyayev
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vojtěch Zeisek
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Eva Hodková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Kristýna Šemberová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | | | - Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
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Comparative Analysis of Transposable Elements and the Identification of Candidate Centromeric Elements in the Prunus Subgenus Cerasus and Its Relatives. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040641. [PMID: 35456447 PMCID: PMC9028240 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgenus Cerasus and its relatives include many crucial economic drupe fruits and ornamental plants. Repetitive elements make up a large part of complex genomes, and some of them play an important role in gene regulation that can affect phenotypic variation. However, the variation in their genomes remains poorly understood. This work conducted a comprehensive repetitive sequence identification across the draft genomes of eight taxa of the genus Prunus, including four of the Prunus subgenus Cerasus (Prunus pseudocerasus, P. avium, P. yedoensis and P. × yedoensis) as well as congeneric species (Prunus salicina, P. armeniaca, P. dulcis and P. persica). Annotation results showed high proportions of transposable elements in their genomes, ranging from 52.28% (P. armeniaca) to 61.86% (P. pseudocerasus). The most notable differences in the contents of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs) and tandem repeats (TRs) were confirmed with de novo identification based on the structure of each genome, which significantly contributed to their genome size variation, especially in P. avium and P.salicina. Sequence comparisons showed many similar LTR-RTs closely related to their phylogenetic relationships, and a highly similar monomer unit of the TR sequence was conserved among species. Additionally, the predicted centromere-associated sequence was located in centromeric regions with FISH in the 12 taxa of Prunus. It presented significantly different signal intensities, even within the diverse interindividual phenotypes for Prunus tomentosa. This study provides insight into the LTR-RT and TR variation within Prunus and increases our knowledge about its role in genome evolution.
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Negm S, Greenberg A, Larracuente A, Sproul J. RepeatProfiler: A pipeline for visualization and comparative analysis of repetitive DNA profiles. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:969-981. [PMID: 33277787 PMCID: PMC7954937 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Study of repetitive DNA elements in model organisms highlights the role of repetitive elements (REs) in many processes that drive genome evolution and phenotypic change. Because REs are much more dynamic than single-copy DNA, repetitive sequences can reveal signals of evolutionary history over short time scales that may not be evident in sequences from slower-evolving genomic regions. Many tools for studying REs are directed toward organisms with existing genomic resources, including genome assemblies and repeat libraries. However, signals in repeat variation may prove especially valuable in disentangling evolutionary histories in diverse non-model groups, for which genomic resources are limited. Here, we introduce RepeatProfiler, a tool for generating, visualizing, and comparing repetitive element DNA profiles from low-coverage, short-read sequence data. RepeatProfiler automates the generation and visualization of RE coverage depth profiles (RE profiles) and allows for statistical comparison of profile shape across samples. In addition, RepeatProfiler facilitates comparison of profiles by extracting signal from sequence variants across profiles which can then be analysed as molecular morphological characters using phylogenetic analysis. We validate RepeatProfiler with data sets from ground beetles (Bembidion), flies (Drosophila), and tomatoes (Solanum). We highlight the potential of RE profiles as a high-resolution data source for studies in species delimitation, comparative genomics, and repeat biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Negm
- University of Rochester, Department of Biology, 337 Hutchison Hall, Rochester, NY, 14627
| | - A. Greenberg
- University of Rochester, Department of Biology, 337 Hutchison Hall, Rochester, NY, 14627
| | - A.M. Larracuente
- University of Rochester, Department of Biology, 337 Hutchison Hall, Rochester, NY, 14627
| | - J.S. Sproul
- University of Rochester, Department of Biology, 337 Hutchison Hall, Rochester, NY, 14627
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Divashuk MG, Karlov GI, Kroupin PY. Copy Number Variation of Transposable Elements in Thinopyrum intermedium and Its Diploid Relative Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E15. [PMID: 31877707 PMCID: PMC7020174 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diploid and polyploid wild species of Triticeae have complex relationships, and the understanding of their evolution and speciation could help to increase the usability of them in wheat breeding as a source of genetic diversity. The diploid species Pseudoroegneria spicata (St), Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Jb), Dasypyrum villosum (V) derived from a hypothetical common ancestor are considered to be possible subgenome donors in hexaploid species Th. intermedium (JrJvsSt, where indices r, v, and s stand for the partial relation to the genomes of Secale, Dasypyrum, and Pseudoroegneria, respectively). We quantified 10 families of transposable elements (TEs) in P. spicata, Th. bessarabicum, D. villosum (per one genome), and Th. intermedium (per one average subgenome) using the quantitative real time PCR assay and compared their abundance within the studied genomes as well as between them. Sabrina was the most abundant among all studied elements in P. spicata, D. villosum, and Th. intermedium, and among Ty3/Gypsy elements in all studied species. Among Ty1/Copia elements, Angela-A and WIS-A showed the highest and close abundance with the exception of D. villosum, and comprised the majority of all studied elements in Th. bessarabicum. Sabrina, BAGY2, and Angela-A showed similar abundance among diploids and in Th. intermedium hexaploid; Latidu and Barbara demonstrated sharp differences between diploid genomes. The relationships between genomes of Triticeae species based on the studied TE abundance and the role of TEs in speciation and polyploidization in the light of the current phylogenetic models is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail G. Divashuk
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Crop Breeding, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow 127550, Russia; (M.G.D.)
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University-Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Gennady I. Karlov
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Crop Breeding, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow 127550, Russia; (M.G.D.)
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University-Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Pavel Yu. Kroupin
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Crop Breeding, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow 127550, Russia; (M.G.D.)
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University-Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow 127550, Russia
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Qiu F, Baack EJ, Whitney KD, Bock DG, Tetreault HM, Rieseberg LH, Ungerer MC. Phylogenetic trends and environmental correlates of nuclear genome size variation in Helianthus sunflowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1609-1618. [PMID: 30368824 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants serve as a powerful model for studying the evolution of nuclear genome size (GS) given the tremendous GS variation that exists both within and across angiosperm lineages. Helianthus sunflowers consist of c. 50 species native to North America that occupy diverse habitats and vary in ploidy level. In the current study, we generated a comprehensive GS database for 49 Helianthus species using flow cytometric approaches. We examined variability across the genus and present a comparative phylogenetic analysis of GS evolution in diploid Helianthus species. Results demonstrated that different clades of diploid Helianthus species showed evolutionary patterns of GS contraction, expansion and relative stasis, with annual diploid species evolving smaller GS with the highest rate of evolution. Phylogenetic comparative analyses of diploids revealed significant negative associations of GS with temperature seasonality and cell production rate, indicating that the evolution of larger GS in Helianthus diploids may be more permissible in habitats with longer growing seasons where selection for more rapid growth may be relaxed. The Helianthus GS database presented here and corresponding analyses of environmental and phenotypic correlates will facilitate ongoing and future research on the ultimate drivers of GS evolution in this well-studied North American plant genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qiu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Eric J Baack
- Department of Biology, Luther College, Decorah, IA, 52101, USA
| | - Kenneth D Whitney
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Dan G Bock
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark C Ungerer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Martín-Peciña M, Ruiz-Ruano FJ, Camacho JPM, Dodsworth S. Phylogenetic signal of genomic repeat abundances can be distorted by random homoplasy: a case study from hominid primates. Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-Peciña
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Juan Pedro M Camacho
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Steven Dodsworth
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, University Square, Luton, UK
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Shams I, Raskina O. Intraspecific and intraorganismal copy number dynamics of retrotransposons and tandem repeat in Aegilops speltoides Tausch (Poaceae, Triticeae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1023-1038. [PMID: 29374788 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TE) and tandem repeats (TR) compose the largest fraction of the plant genome. The abundance and repatterning of repetitive DNA underlie intrapopulation polymorphisms and intraspecific diversification; however, the dynamics of repetitive elements in ontogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we addressed the genotype-specific and tissue-specific abundances and dynamics of the Ty1-copia, Ty3-gypsy, and LINE retrotransposons and species-specific Spelt1 tandem repeat in wild diploid goatgrass, Aegilops speltoides Tausch. Copy numbers of TEs and TR were estimated by real-time quantitative PCR in vegetative and generative tissues in original plants from contrasting allopatric populations and artificial intraspecific hybrids. The results showed that between leaves and somatic spike tissues as well as in progressive microsporogenesis of individual genotypes, the copy numbers of three TEs correlatively oscillated between 2- to 4-fold and the TR copy numbers fluctuated by 18- to 440-fold. Inter-individual and intraorganismal TEs and TR copy number dynamics demonstrate large-scale parallelism with extensive chromosomal rearrangements that were detected using fluorescent in situ hybridization in parental and hybrid genotypes. The data obtained indicate that tissue-specific differences in the abundance and pattern of repetitive sequences emerge during cell proliferation and differentiation in ontogenesis and reflect the reorganization of individual genomes in changing environments, especially in small peripheral population(s) under the influence of rapid climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Shams
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Aba-Hushi Avenue 199, 3498838, Haifa, Mount Carmel, Israel
| | - Olga Raskina
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Aba-Hushi Avenue 199, 3498838, Haifa, Mount Carmel, Israel.
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Qiu F, Ungerer MC. Genomic abundance and transcriptional activity of diverse gypsy and copia long terminal repeat retrotransposons in three wild sunflower species. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:6. [PMID: 29304730 PMCID: PMC5755311 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are highly abundant in plant genomes and require transcriptional activity for their proliferative mode of replication. These sequences exist in plant genomes as diverse sublineages within the main element superfamilies (i.e., gypsy and copia). While transcriptional activity of these elements is increasingly recognized as a regular attribute of plant transcriptomes, it is currently unknown the extent to which different sublineages of these elements are transcriptionally active both within and across species. In the current report, we utilize next generation sequencing methods to examine genomic copy number abundance of diverse LTR retrotransposon sublineages and their corresponding levels of transcriptional activity in three diploid wild sunflower species, Helianthus agrestis, H. carnosus and H. porteri. RESULTS The diploid sunflower species under investigation differ in genome size 2.75-fold, with 2C values of 22.93 for H. agrestis, 12.31 for H. carnosus and 8.33 for H. porteri. The same diverse gypsy and copia sublineages of LTR retrotransposons were identified across species, but with gypsy sequences consistently more abundant than copia and with global gypsy sequence abundance positively correlated with nuclear genome size. Transcriptional activity was detected for multiple copia and gypsy sequences, with significantly higher activity levels detected for copia versus gypsy. Interestingly, of 11 elements identified as transcriptionally active, 5 exhibited detectable expression in all three species and 3 exhibited detectable expression in two species. CONCLUSIONS Combined analyses of LTR retrotransposon genomic abundance and transcriptional activity across three sunflower species provides novel insights into genome size evolution and transposable element dynamics in this group. Despite considerable variation in nuclear genome size among species, relatively conserved patterns of LTR retrotransposon transcriptional activity were observed, with a highly overlapping set of copia and gypsy sequences observed to be transcriptionally active across species. A higher proportion of copia versus gypsy elements were found to be transcriptionally active and these sequences also were expressed at higher levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qiu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Mark C Ungerer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Grover CE, Arick MA, Conover JL, Thrash A, Hu G, Sanders WS, Hsu CY, Naqvi RZ, Farooq M, Li X, Gong L, Mudge J, Ramaraj T, Udall JA, Peterson DG, Wendel JF. Comparative Genomics of an Unusual Biogeographic Disjunction in the Cotton Tribe (Gossypieae) Yields Insights into Genome Downsizing. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:3328-3344. [PMID: 29194487 PMCID: PMC5737505 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-distance insular dispersal is associated with divergence and speciation because of founder effects and strong genetic drift. The cotton tribe (Gossypieae) has experienced multiple transoceanic dispersals, generating an aggregate geographic range that encompasses much of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. Two genera in the Gossypieae, Kokia and Gossypioides, exhibit a remarkable geographic disjunction, being restricted to the Hawaiian Islands and Madagascar/East Africa, respectively. We assembled and use de novo genome sequences to address questions regarding the divergence of these two genera from each other and from their sister-group, Gossypium. In addition, we explore processes underlying the genome downsizing that characterizes Kokia and Gossypioides relative to other genera in the tribe. Using 13,000 gene orthologs and synonymous substitution rates, we show that the two disjuncts last shared a common ancestor ∼5 Ma, or half as long ago as their divergence from Gossypium. We report relative stasis in the transposable element fraction. In comparison to Gossypium, there is loss of ∼30% of the gene content in the two disjunct genera and a history of genome-wide accumulation of deletions. In both genera, there is a genome-wide bias toward deletions over insertions, and the number of gene losses exceeds the number of gains by ∼2- to 4-fold. The genomic analyses presented here elucidate genomic consequences of the demographic and biogeographic history of these closest relatives of Gossypium, and enhance their value as phylogenetic outgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrinne E Grover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Mark A Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Justin L Conover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adam Thrash
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Guanjing Hu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - William S Sanders
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
- The Jackson Laboratory, Connecticut, Farmington, CT
| | - Chuan-Yu Hsu
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Xiaochong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Joann Mudge
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico
| | | | - Joshua A Udall
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Li X, Yao D, Wang Y, Ouyang X, Li Y, Song W, Xiao Y. A D-genome-originated Ty1/Copia-type retrotransposon family expanded significantly in tetraploid cottons. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:33-43. [PMID: 28849273 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Retrotransposons comprise of a major fraction of higher plant genomes, and their proliferation and elimination have profound effects on genome evolution and gene functions as well. Previously we found a D-genome-originated Ty1/Copia-type LTR (DOCL) retrotransposon in the chromosome A08 of upland cotton. To further characterize the DOCL retrotransposon family, a total of 342 DOCL retrotransposons were identified in the sequenced cotton genomes, including 73, 157, and 112 from Gossypium raimondii, G. hirsutum, and G. barbadense, respectively. According to phylogenetic analysis, the DOCL family was divided into nine groups (G1-G9), among which five groups (G1-G4 and G9, including 292 members) were proliferated after the formation of tetraploid cottons. It was found that the majority of DOCL retrotransposons (especially those in G2, G3 and G9) inserted in non-allelic loci in G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, suggesting that their proliferations were relatively independent in different tetraploid cottons. Furthermore, DOCL retrotransposons inserted in coding regions largely eliminated expression of the targeted genes in G. hirsutum or G. barbadense. Our data suggested that recent proliferation of retrotransposon families like DOCL was one of important evolutionary forces driving diversification and evolution of tetraploid cottons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biological Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianbi Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xufen Ouyang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaohua Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Wu Song
- Institute of Xinjiang Naturally-Colored Cotton, China Colored Cotton (Group) Company, Urumchi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yuehua Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China.
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