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Zhao A, Varady S, O'Kelley-Bangsberg M, Deng V, Platenkamp A, Wijngaard P, Bern M, Gormley W, Kushkowski E, Thompson K, Tibbetts L, Conner AT, Noeckel D, Teran A, Ritz A, Applewhite DA. From network analysis to experimental validation: identification of regulators of non-muscle myosin II contractility using the folded-gastrulation signaling pathway. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:32. [PMID: 37821823 PMCID: PMC10568788 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-023-00492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogenetic process of apical constriction, which relies on non-muscle myosin II (NMII) generated constriction of apical domains of epithelial cells, is key to the development of complex cellular patterns. Apical constriction occurs in almost all multicellular organisms, but one of the most well-characterized systems is the Folded-gastrulation (Fog)-induced apical constriction that occurs in Drosophila. The binding of Fog to its cognizant receptors Mist/Smog results in a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of NMII-generated contractility. Despite our knowledge of key molecular players involved in Fog signaling, we sought to explore whether other proteins have an undiscovered role in its regulation. We developed a computational method to predict unidentified candidate NMII regulators using a network of pairwise protein-protein interactions called an interactome. We first constructed a Drosophila interactome of over 500,000 protein-protein interactions from several databases that curate high-throughput experiments. Next, we implemented several graph-based algorithms that predicted 14 proteins potentially involved in Fog signaling. To test these candidates, we used RNAi depletion in combination with a cellular contractility assay in Drosophila S2R + cells, which respond to Fog by contracting in a stereotypical manner. Of the candidates we screened using this assay, two proteins, the serine/threonine phosphatase Flapwing and the putative guanylate kinase CG11811 were demonstrated to inhibit cellular contractility when depleted, suggestive of their roles as novel regulators of the Fog pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Zhao
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Sophia Varady
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | | | - Vicki Deng
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Amy Platenkamp
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Petra Wijngaard
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Miriam Bern
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Wyatt Gormley
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Elaine Kushkowski
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Kat Thompson
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Logan Tibbetts
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - A Tamar Conner
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - David Noeckel
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Aidan Teran
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA
| | - Anna Ritz
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA.
| | - Derek A Applewhite
- Reed College Department of Biology, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR, 97202, USA.
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2
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Hall ET, Hoesing E, Sinkovics E, Verheyen EM. Actomyosin contractility modulates Wnt signaling through adherens junction stability. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:411-426. [PMID: 30540525 PMCID: PMC6589568 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin contractility can influence the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in processes like mesoderm differentiation and tissue stiffness during tumorigenesis. We identified that increased nonmuscle myosin II activation and cellular contraction inhibited Wnt target gene transcription in developing Drosophila imaginal disks. Genetic interactions studies were used to show that this effect was due to myosin-induced accumulation of cortical F-actin resulting in clustering and accumulation of E-cadherin to the adherens junctions. This results in E-cadherin titrating any available β-catenin, the Wnt pathway transcriptional coactivator, to the adherens junctions in order to maintain cell-cell adhesion under contraction. We show that decreased levels of cytoplasmic β-catenin result in insufficient nuclear translocation for full Wnt target gene transcription. Previous studies have identified some of these interactions, but we present a thorough analysis using the wing disk epithelium to show the consequences of modulating myosin phosphatase. Our work elucidates a mechanism in which the dynamic promotion of actomyosin contractility refines patterning of Wnt transcription during development and maintenance of epithelial tissue in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Hall
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hoesing
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Endre Sinkovics
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Esther M Verheyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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3
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Ligand-Bound GeneSwitch Causes Developmental Aberrations in Drosophila that Are Alleviated by the Alternative Oxidase. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:2839-46. [PMID: 27412986 PMCID: PMC5015941 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Culture of Drosophila expressing the steroid-dependent GeneSwitch transcriptional activator under the control of the ubiquitous α-tubulin promoter was found to produce extensive pupal lethality, as well as a range of dysmorphic adult phenotypes, in the presence of high concentrations of the inducing drug RU486. Prominent among these was cleft thorax, seen previously in flies bearing mutant alleles of the nuclear receptor Ultraspiracle and many other mutants, as well as notched wings, leg malformations, and bristle abnormalities. Neither the α-tubulin-GeneSwitch driver nor the inducing drug on their own produced any of these effects. A second GeneSwitch driver, under the control of the daughterless promoter, which gave much lower and more tissue-restricted transgene expression, exhibited only mild bristle abnormalities in the presence of high levels of RU486. Coexpression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) from Ciona intestinalis produced a substantial shift in the developmental outcome toward a wild-type phenotype, which was dependent on the AOX expression level. Neither an enzymatically inactivated variant of AOX, nor GFP, or the alternative NADH dehydrogenase Ndi1 from yeast gave any such rescue. Users of the GeneSwitch system should be aware of the potential confounding effects of its application in developmental studies.
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Valencia-Expósito A, Grosheva I, Míguez DG, González-Reyes A, Martín-Bermudo MD. Myosin light-chain phosphatase regulates basal actomyosin oscillations during morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10746. [PMID: 26888436 PMCID: PMC4759631 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Contractile actomyosin networks generate forces that drive tissue morphogenesis. Actomyosin contractility is controlled primarily by reversible phosphorylation of the myosin-II regulatory light chain through the action of myosin kinases and phosphatases. While the role of myosin light-chain kinase in regulating contractility during morphogenesis has been largely characterized, there is surprisingly little information on myosin light-chain phosphatase (MLCP) function in this context. Here, we use live imaging of Drosophila follicle cells combined with mathematical modelling to demonstrate that the MLCP subunit flapwing (flw) is a key regulator of basal myosin oscillations and cell contractions underlying egg chamber elongation. Flw expression decreases specifically on the basal side of follicle cells at the onset of contraction and flw controls the initiation and periodicity of basal actomyosin oscillations. Contrary to previous reports, basal F-actin pulsates similarly to myosin. Finally, we propose a quantitative model in which periodic basal actomyosin oscillations arise in a cell-autonomous fashion from intrinsic properties of motor assemblies. Actomyosin contractility is regulated by phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain; much of the work in this area has focused on the kinase. Here the authors use Drosophila follicle cells and modelling to show that the phosphatase subunit Flapwing controls the initiation and dynamics of actomyosin oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Valencia-Expósito
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Inna Grosheva
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - David G Míguez
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Acaimo González-Reyes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - María D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
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5
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Williams BC, Filter JJ, Blake-Hodek KA, Wadzinski BE, Fuda NJ, Shalloway D, Goldberg ML. Greatwall-phosphorylated Endosulfine is both an inhibitor and a substrate of PP2A-B55 heterotrimers. eLife 2014; 3:e01695. [PMID: 24618897 PMCID: PMC3949306 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During M phase, Endosulfine (Endos) family proteins are phosphorylated by Greatwall kinase (Gwl), and the resultant pEndos inhibits the phosphatase PP2A-B55, which would otherwise prematurely reverse many CDK-driven phosphorylations. We show here that PP2A-B55 is the enzyme responsible for dephosphorylating pEndos during M phase exit. The kinetic parameters for PP2A-B55's action on pEndos are orders of magnitude lower than those for CDK-phosphorylated substrates, suggesting a simple model for PP2A-B55 regulation that we call inhibition by unfair competition. As the name suggests, during M phase PP2A-B55's attention is diverted to pEndos, which binds much more avidly and is dephosphorylated more slowly than other substrates. When Gwl is inactivated during the M phase-to-interphase transition, the dynamic balance changes: pEndos dephosphorylated by PP2A-B55 cannot be replaced, so the phosphatase can refocus its attention on CDK-phosphorylated substrates. This mechanism explains simultaneously how PP2A-B55 and Gwl together regulate pEndos, and how pEndos controls PP2A-B55. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01695.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron C Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Joshua J Filter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | | | - Brian E Wadzinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Nicholas J Fuda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - David Shalloway
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Michael L Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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6
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Khoo P, Allan K, Willoughby L, Brumby AM, Richardson HE. In Drosophila, RhoGEF2 cooperates with activated Ras in tumorigenesis through a pathway involving Rho1-Rok-Myosin-II and JNK signalling. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:661-78. [PMID: 23324326 PMCID: PMC3634650 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras oncogene contributes to ≈ 30% of human cancers, but alone is not sufficient for tumorigenesis. In a Drosophila screen for oncogenes that cooperate with an activated allele of Ras (Ras(ACT)) to promote tissue overgrowth and invasion, we identified the GTP exchange factor RhoGEF2, an activator of Rho-family signalling. Here, we show that RhoGEF2 also cooperates with an activated allele of a downstream effector of Ras, Raf (Raf(GOF)). We dissect the downstream pathways through which RhoGEF2 cooperates with Ras(ACT) (and Raf(GOF)), and show that RhoGEF2 requires Rho1, but not Rac, for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, of the Rho1 effectors, we show that RhoGEF2 + Ras (Raf)-mediated tumorigenesis requires the Rho kinase (Rok)-Myosin-II pathway, but not Diaphanous, Lim kinase or protein kinase N. The Rho1-Rok-Myosin-II pathway leads to the activation of Jun kinase (JNK), in cooperation with Ras(ACT). Moreover, we show that activation of Rok or Myosin II, using constitutively active transgenes, is sufficient for cooperative tumorigenesis with Ras(ACT), and together with Ras(ACT) leads to strong activation of JNK. Our results show that Rok-Myosin-II activity is necessary and sufficient for Ras-mediated tumorigenesis. Our observation that activation of Myosin II, which regulates Filamentous actin (F-actin) contractility without affecting F-actin levels, cooperates with Ras(ACT) to promote JNK activation and tumorigenesis, suggests that increased cell contractility is a key factor in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we show that signalling via the Tumour necrosis factor (TNF; also known as Egr)-ligand-JNK pathway is most likely the predominant pathway that activates JNK upon Rok activation. Overall, our analysis highlights the need for further analysis of the Rok-Myosin-II pathway in cooperation with Ras in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peytee Khoo
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Yang Y, Primrose DA, Leung AC, Fitzsimmons RB, McDermand MC, Missellbrook A, Haskins J, Smylie AS, Hughes SC. The PP1 phosphatase flapwing regulates the activity of Merlin and Moesin in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2011; 361:412-26. [PMID: 22133918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The signalling activities of Merlin and Moesin, two closely related members of the protein 4.1 Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin family, are regulated by conformational changes. These changes are regulated in turn by phosphorylation. The same sterile 20 kinase-Slik co-regulates Merlin or Moesin activity whereby phosphorylation inactivates Merlin, but activates Moesin. Thus, the corresponding coordinate activation of Merlin and inactivation of Moesin would require coordinated phosphatase activity. We find that Drosophila melanogaster protein phosphatase type 1 β (flapwing) fulfils this role, co-regulating dephosphorylation and altered activity of both Merlin and Moesin. Merlin or Moesin are detected in a complex with Flapwing both in-vitro and in-vivo. Directed changes in flapwing expression result in altered phosphorylation of both Merlin and Moesin. These changes in the levels of Merlin and Moesin phosphorylation following reduction of flapwing expression are associated with concomitant defects in epithelial integrity and increase in apoptosis in developing tissues such as wing imaginal discs. Functionally, the defects can be partially recapitulated by over expression of proteins that mimic constitutively phosphorylated or unphosphorylated Merlin or Moesin. Our results suggest that changes in the phosphorylation levels of Merlin and Moesin lead to changes in epithelial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
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8
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Jiang Y, Scott KL, Kwak SJ, Chen R, Mardon G. Sds22/PP1 links epithelial integrity and tumor suppression via regulation of myosin II and JNK signaling. Oncogene 2011; 30:3248-60. [PMID: 21399659 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss of epithelial integrity often correlates with the progression of malignant tumors. Sds22, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), has recently been linked to regulation of epithelial polarity in Drosophila. However, its role in tumorigenesis remains obscure. In this study, using Drosophila imaginal tissue as an in vivo model system, we show that sds22 is a new potential tumor suppressor gene in Drosophila. Without sds22, cells lose epithelial architecture, and become invasive and tumorigenic when combined with Ras overexpression; conversely, sds22 overexpression can largely suppress tumorigenic growth of Ras(V12)scrib(-/-) mutant cells. Mechanistically, we show that sds22 prevents cell invasion and metastasis by inhibiting myosin II and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity downstream of PP1. Loss of this inhibition causes cells to lose epithelial organization and promotes cell invasion. Finally, human Sds22 is focally deleted and downregulated in multiple carcinomas, and this downregulation correlates with tumor progression, suggesting that sds22 inactivation may contribute to tumorigenesis and metastatic potential in human cancers via a similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Padash-Barmchi M, Browne K, Sturgeon K, Jusiak B, Auld VJ. Control of Gliotactin localization and levels by tyrosine phosphorylation and endocytosis is necessary for survival of polarized epithelia. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:4052-62. [PMID: 21045109 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.066605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tricellular junction (TCJ) forms at the convergence of bicellular junctions from three adjacent cells in polarized epithelia and is necessary for maintaining the transepithelial barrier. In the fruitfly Drosophila, the TCJ is generated at the meeting point of bicellular septate junctions. Gliotactin was the first identified component of the TCJ and is necessary for TCJ and septate junction development. Gliotactin is a member of the neuroligin family and associates with the PDZ protein discs large. Beyond this interaction, little is known about the mechanisms underlying Gliotactin localization and function at the TCJ. In this study, we show that Gliotactin is phosphorylated at conserved tyrosine residues, a process necessary for endocytosis and targeting to late endosomes and lysosomes for degradation. Regulation of Gliotactin levels through phosphorylation and endocytosis is necessary as overexpression results in displacement of Gliotactin away from the TCJ throughout the septate junction domain. Excessive Gliotactin in polarized epithelia leads to delamination, paired with subsequent migration, and apoptosis. The apoptosis and the resulting compensatory proliferation resulting from high levels of Gliotactin are mediated by the Drosophila JNK pathway. Therefore, Gliotactin levels within the cell membrane are regulated to ensure correct protein localization and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Padash-Barmchi
- Department of Zoology, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada BC V6T 1Z3
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Zimmerman SG, Thorpe LM, Medrano VR, Mallozzi CA, McCartney BM. Apical constriction and invagination downstream of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway require Rho1 and Myosin II. Dev Biol 2010; 340:54-66. [PMID: 20102708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a negative regulator of Wnt signaling and functions in cytoskeletal organization. Disruption of human APC in colonic epithelia initiates benign polyps that progress to carcinoma following additional mutations. The early events of polyposis are poorly understood, as is the role of canonical Wnt signaling in normal epithelial architecture and morphogenesis. To determine the consequences of complete loss of APC in a model epithelium, we generated APC2 APC1 double null clones in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. APC loss leads to segregation, apical constriction, and invagination that result from transcriptional activation of canonical Wnt signaling. Further, we show that Wnt-dependent changes in cell fate can be decoupled from Wnt-dependent changes in cell shape. Wnt activation is reported to upregulate DE-cadherin in wing discs, and elevated DE-cadherin is thought to promote apical constriction. We find that apical constriction and invagination of APC null tissue are independent of DE-cadherin elevation, but are dependent on Myosin II activity. Further, we show that disruption of Rho1 suppresses apical constriction and invagination in APC null cells. Our data suggest a novel link between canonical Wnt signaling and epithelial structure that requires activation of the Rho1 pathway and Myosin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Zimmerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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