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Ghosh S, Mellado Sanchez M, Sue-Ob K, Roy D, Jones A, Blazquez MA, Sadanandom A. Charting the evolutionary path of the SUMO modification system in plants reveals molecular hardwiring of development to stress adaptation. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3131-3144. [PMID: 38923935 PMCID: PMC11371177 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
SUMO modification is part of the spectrum of Ubiquitin-like (UBL) systems that give rise to proteoform complexity through post-translational modifications (PTMs). Proteoforms are essential modifiers of cell signaling for plant adaptation to changing environments. Exploration of the evolutionary emergence of Ubiquitin-like (UBL) systems unveils their origin from prokaryotes, where it is linked to the mechanisms that enable sulfur uptake into biomolecules. We explore the emergence of the SUMO machinery across the plant lineage from single-cell to land plants. We reveal the evolutionary point at which plants acquired the ability to form SUMO chains through the emergence of SUMO E4 ligases, hinting at its role in facilitating multicellularity. Additionally, we explore the possible mechanism for the neofunctionalization of SUMO proteases through the fusion of conserved catalytic domains with divergent sequences. We highlight the pivotal role of SUMO proteases in plant development and adaptation, offering new insights into target specificity mechanisms of SUMO modification during plant evolution. Correlating the emergence of adaptive traits in the plant lineage with established experimental evidence for SUMO in developmental processes, we propose that SUMO modification has evolved to link developmental processes to adaptive functions in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srayan Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Kawinnat Sue-Ob
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Dipan Roy
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Miguel A Blazquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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2
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Shi X, Dang X, Huang Z, Lu Y, Tong H, Liang F, Zhuang F, Li Y, Cai Z, Huo H, Jiang Z, Pan C, Wang X, Gu C, He B. SUMOylation of TEAD1 Modulates the Mechanism of Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305677. [PMID: 38225750 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is the leading cause of heart failure and has an extremely complicated pathogenesis. TEA domain transcription factor 1 (TEAD1) is recognized as an important transcription factor that plays a key regulatory role in cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to explore the role of TEAD1 in cardiac hypertrophy and to clarify the regulatory role of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-mediated modifications. First, the expression level of TEAD1 in patients with heart failure, mice, and cardiomyocytes is investigated. It is discovered that TEAD1 is modified by SUMO1 during cardiac hypertrophy and that the process of deSUMOylation is regulated by SUMO-specific protease 1 (SENP1). Lysine 173 is an essential site for TEAD1 SUMOylation, which affects the protein stability, nuclear localization, and DNA-binding ability of TEAD1 and enhances the interaction between TEAD1 and its transcriptional co-activator yes-associated protein 1 in the Hippo pathway. Finally, adeno-associated virus serotype 9 is used to construct TEAD1 wild-type and KR mutant mice and demonstrated that the deSUMOylation of TEAD1 markedly exacerbated cardiomyocyte enlargement in vitro and in a mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy. The results provide novel evidence that the SUMOylation of TEAD1 is a promising therapeutic strategy for hypertrophy-related heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xuening Dang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yanqiao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Huan Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Fei Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhaohua Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Huanhuan Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhaolei Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Changqing Pan
- General Surgery Department, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chang Gu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
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Shao S, Zhou D, Feng J, Liu Y, Baturuhu, Yin H, Zhan D. Regulation of inflammation and immunity in sepsis by E3 ligases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1124334. [PMID: 37465127 PMCID: PMC10351979 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1124334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by an abnormal infection-induced immune response. Despite significant advances in supportive care, sepsis remains a considerable therapeutic challenge and is the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU). Sepsis is characterized by initial hyper-inflammation and late immunosuppression. Therefore, immune-modulatory therapies have great potential for novel sepsis therapies. Ubiquitination is an essential post-translational protein modification, which has been known to be intimately involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Several E3 ubiquitin ligases have been implicated in innate immune signaling and T-cell activation and differentiation. In this article, we review the current literature and discuss the role of E3 ligases in the regulation of immune response and their effects on the course of sepsis to provide insights into the prevention and therapy for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Shao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daixing Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baturuhu
- Department of Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit (ICU), People’s Hospital of Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Bole, China
| | - Huimei Yin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, People’s Hospital of Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Bole, China
| | - Daqian Zhan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Sharma K, Sizova I, Sanyal SK, Pandey GK, Hegemann P, Kateriya S. Deciphering the role of cytoplasmic domain of Channelrhodopsin in modulating the interactome and SUMOylome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125135. [PMID: 37247713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Translocation of channelrhodopsins (ChRs) is mediated by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery. However, the functional role of the network involving photoreceptors, IFT and other proteins in controlling algal ciliary motility is still not fully delineated. In the current study, we have identified two important motifs at the C-terminus of ChR1, VXPX and LKNE. VXPX is a known ciliary targeting sequence in animals, and LKNE is a well-known SUMOylation motif. To the best of our knowledge, this study gives prima facie insight into the role of SUMOylation in Chlamydomonas. We prove that VMPS of ChR1 is important for interaction with GTPase CrARL11. We show that SUMO motifs are present in the C-terminus of putative ChR1s from green algae. Performing experiments with n-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) and Ubiquitin-like protease 1 (ULP-1) we show that SUMOylation may modulate ChR1 protein in Chlamydomonas. Experiments with 2D08, a known sumoylation blocker, increased the concentration of ChR1 protein. Finally, we show the endogenous SUMOylated proteins (SUMOylome) of C. reinhardtii, identified by using immunoprecipitation followed by nano-LC-MS/MS detection. This report establishes a link between evolutionarily conserved SUMOylation, and ciliary machinery for the maintenance and functioning of cilia across the eukaryotes. Our enriched SUMOylome of C. reinhardtii comprehends the proteins related to ciliary development and, photo-signaling, along with orthologue(s) associated to human ciliopathies as SUMO targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Irina Sizova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre, «Kurchatov Institute», St. Petersburg, Gatchina 1 188300, Russia
| | - Sibaji K Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Kuo EY, Lee TM. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Acclimation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Against Nitric Oxide Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690763. [PMID: 34421944 PMCID: PMC8374494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The acclimation mechanism of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to nitric oxide (NO) was studied by exposure to S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor. Treatment with 0.1 or 0.3 mM SNAP transiently inhibited photosynthesis within 1 h, followed by a recovery, while 1.0 mM SNAP treatment caused irreversible photosynthesis inhibition and mortality. The SNAP effects are avoided in the presence of the NO scavenger, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO). RNA-seq, qPCR, and biochemical analyses were conducted to decode the metabolic shifts under NO stress by exposure to 0.3 mM SNAP in the presence or absence of 0.4 mM cPTIO. These findings revealed that the acclimation to NO stress comprises a temporally orchestrated implementation of metabolic processes: (1). modulation of NADPH oxidase (respiratory burst oxidase-like 2, RBOL2) and ROS signaling pathways for downstream mechanism regulation, (2). trigger of NO scavenging elements to reduce NO level; (3). prevention of photo-oxidative risk through photosynthesis inhibition and antioxidant defense system induction; (4). acclimation to nitrogen and sulfur shortage; (5). attenuation of transcriptional and translational activity together with degradation of damaged proteins through protein trafficking machinery (ubiquitin, SNARE, and autophagy) and molecular chaperone system for dynamic regulation of protein homeostasis. In addition, the expression of the gene encoding NADPH oxidase, RBOL2, showed a transient increase while that of RBOL1 was slightly decreased after NO challenge. It reflects that NADPH oxidase, a regulator in ROS-mediated signaling pathway, may be involved in the responses of Chlamydomonas to NO stress. In conclusion, our findings provide insight into the molecular events underlying acclimation mechanisms in Chlamydomonas to NO stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva YuHua Kuo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Min Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lin YL, Chung CL, Huang PJ, Chen CH, Fang SC. Revised annotation and extended characterizations of components of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii SUMOylation system. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00266. [PMID: 33015534 PMCID: PMC7522501 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation, or SUMOylation, is a reversible post-translational modification that is important for regulation of many cellular processes including cell division cycle in the eukaryotic kingdom. However, only a portion of the components of the Chlamydomonas SUMOylation system are known and their functions and regulation investigated. The present studies are aimed at extending discovery and characterization of new components and improving the annotation and nomenclature of all known proteins and genes involved in the system. Even though only one copy of the heterodimerized SUMO-activating enzyme, SAE1 and SAE2, was identified, the number of SUMO-conjugating enzymes (SCEs) and SUMO proteases/isopeptidase was expanded in Chlamydomonas. Using the reconstituted SUMOylation system, we showed that SCE1, SCE2, and SCE3 have SUMO-conjugating activity. In addition to SUMOylation, components required for other post-translational modifications such as NEDDylation, URMylation, and UFMylation, were confirmed to be present in Chlamydomonas. Our data also showed that besides isopeptidase activity, the SUMO protease domain of SUPPRESSOR OF MAT3 7/SENTRIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 1 (SMT7/SENP1) has endopeptidase activity that is capable of processing SUMO precursors. Moreover, the key cell cycle regulators of Chlamydomonas E2F1, DP1, CDKG1, CYCD2, and CYCD3 were SUMOylated in vitro, suggesting SUMOylation may be part of regulatory pathway modulating cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lin Chung
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pin-Jui Huang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan Academia Sinica Tainan Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica Taichung Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
- National Cheng Kung University-Academia Sinica Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences Tainan Taiwan
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7
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Lin YL, Chung CL, Chen MH, Chen CH, Fang SC. SUMO Protease SMT7 Modulates Ribosomal Protein L30 and Regulates Cell-Size Checkpoint Function. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1285-1307. [PMID: 32060174 PMCID: PMC7145494 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Proliferating cells actively coordinate growth and cell division to ensure cell-size homeostasis; however, the underlying mechanism through which size is controlled is poorly understood. Defect in a SUMO protease protein, suppressor of mat3 7 (SMT7), has been shown to reduce cell division number and increase cell size of the small-size mutant mating type locus 3-4 (mat3-4), which contains a defective retinoblastoma tumor suppressor-related protein of Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). Here we describe development of an in vitro SUMOylation system using Chlamydomonas components and use it to provide evidence that SMT7 is a bona fide SUMO protease. We further demonstrate that the SUMO protease activity is required for supernumerous mitotic divisions of the mat3-4 cells. In addition, we identified RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN L30 (RPL30) as a prime SMT7 target and demonstrated that its SUMOylation is an important modulator of cell division in mat3-4 cells. Loss of SMT7 caused elevated SUMOylated RPL30 levels. Importantly, overexpression of the translational fusion version of RPL30-SUMO4, which mimics elevation of the SUMOylated RPL30 protein in mat3-4, caused a decrease in mitotic division and recapitulated the size-increasing phenotype of the smt7-1 mat3-4 cells. In summary, our study reveals a novel mechanism through which a SUMO protease regulates cell division in the mat3-4 mutant of Chlamydomonas and provides yet another important example of the role that protein SUMOylation can play in regulating key cellular processes, including cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 741, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lin Chung
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 741, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 741, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 741, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 741, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Chen B, Lee K, Plucinak T, Duanmu D, Wang Y, Horken KM, Weeks DP, Spalding MH. A novel activation domain is essential for CIA5-mediated gene regulation in response to CO2 changes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang J, Wen S, Zhao R, Qi J, Liu Z, Li W, An J, Wood C, Wang Y. Covalent conjugation of the equine infectious anemia virus Gag with SUMO. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:712-719. [PMID: 28342872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to the target protein, namely, SUMOylation, is involved in the regulation of many important biological events including host-pathogen interaction. Some viruses have evolved to exploit the host SUMOylation machinery to modify their own protein. Retroviral Gag protein plays critical roles in the viral life cycle. The HIV-1 p6 and the Moloney murine leukemia virus CA have been reported to be conjugated with SUMO. In this study, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, the covalent conjugation of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) Gag with SUMO. The C-terminal p9 domain of Gag is a main target for SUMOylation and SUMO is attached to multiple sites of p9, including K30 whose mutation abolished p9 SUMOylation completely. The SUMOylation of p9, but not the p9-K30 mutant, was also detected in equine fibroblastic cells ATCC® CCL-57™. Ubc9 and its C93 residue are indispensable for the SUMOylation of p9. Using confocal microscopy, it is found that EIAV Gag localizes primarily, if not exclusively, in the cytoplasm of the cell and the co-localization of EIAV Gag with Ubc9 was observed. Our findings that EIAV Gag is SUMOylated at p9-K30, together with previous findings on the defects of p9-K30 mutant in viral DNA translocation from cytoplasm to the nucleus, suggests that SUMOylation of Gag may be involved in such functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuping Wen
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jing Qi
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jing An
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Ying Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Wei Y, Xu X. UFMylation: A Unique & Fashionable Modification for Life. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:140-146. [PMID: 27212118 PMCID: PMC4936604 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1) is one of the newly-identified ubiquitin-like proteins. Similar to ubiquitin, UFM1 is conjugated to its target proteins by a three-step enzymatic reaction. The UFM1-activating enzyme, ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 5 (UBA5), serves as the E1 to activate UFM1; UFM1-conjugating enzyme 1 (UFC1) acts as the E2 to transfer the activated UFM1 to the active site of the E2; and the UFM1-specific ligase 1 (UFL1) acts as the E3 to recognize its substrate, transfer, and ligate the UFM1 from E2 to the substrate. This process is called ufmylation. UFM1 chains can be cleaved from its target proteins by UFM1-specific proteases (UfSPs), suggesting that the ufmylation modification is reversible. UFM1 cascade is conserved among nearly all of the eukaryotic organisms, but not in yeast, and associated with several cellular activities including the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and hematopoiesis. Furthermore, the UFM1 cascade is closely related to a series of human diseases. In this review, we summarize the molecular details of this reversible modification process, the recent progress of its functional studies, as well as its implication in tumorigenesis and potential therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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11
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Knobbe AR, Horken KM, Plucinak TM, Balassa E, Cerutti H, Weeks DP. SUMOylation by a stress-specific small ubiquitin-like modifier E2 conjugase is essential for survival of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under stress conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:753-65. [PMID: 25614063 PMCID: PMC4348789 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.256081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is required for survival of virtually all eukaryotic organisms. Attachment of SUMO to target proteins is catalyzed by SUMO E2 conjugase. All haploid or diploid eukaryotes studied to date possess a single indispensable SUMO conjugase. We report here the unanticipated isolation of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (mutant5 [mut5]). in which the previously identified SUMO conjugase gene C. reinhardtii ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme9 (CrUBC9) is deleted. This surprising mutant is viable and unexpectedly, displays a pattern of protein SUMOylation at 25°C that is essentially identical to wild-type cells. However, unlike wild-type cells, mut5 fails to SUMOylate a large set of proteins in response to multiple stress conditions, a failure that results in a markedly reduced tolerance or complete lack of tolerance to these stresses. Restoration of expected stress-induced protein SUMOylation patterns as well as normal stress tolerance phenotypes in mut5 cells complemented with a CrUBC9 gene shows that CrUBC9 is an authentic SUMO conjugase and, more importantly, that SUMOylation is essential for cell survival under stress conditions. The presence of bona fide SUMOylated proteins in the mut5 mutant at 25°C can only be explained by the presence of at least one additional SUMO conjugase in C. reinhardtii, a conjugase tentatively identified as CrUBC3. Together, these results suggest that, unlike all other nonpolyploid eukaryotes, there are at least two distinct and functional SUMO E2 conjugases in C. reinhardtii, with a clear division of labor between the two sets: One (CrUBC9) is involved in essential stress-induced SUMOylations, and one (CrUBC3) is involved in housekeeping SUMOylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Knobbe
- Department of Biochemistry (A.R.K., K.M.H., T.M.P., D.P.W.) andSchool of Biological Sciences (E.B., H.C.), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Kempton M Horken
- Department of Biochemistry (A.R.K., K.M.H., T.M.P., D.P.W.) andSchool of Biological Sciences (E.B., H.C.), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Thomas M Plucinak
- Department of Biochemistry (A.R.K., K.M.H., T.M.P., D.P.W.) andSchool of Biological Sciences (E.B., H.C.), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Eniko Balassa
- Department of Biochemistry (A.R.K., K.M.H., T.M.P., D.P.W.) andSchool of Biological Sciences (E.B., H.C.), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Heriberto Cerutti
- Department of Biochemistry (A.R.K., K.M.H., T.M.P., D.P.W.) andSchool of Biological Sciences (E.B., H.C.), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Donald P Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry (A.R.K., K.M.H., T.M.P., D.P.W.) andSchool of Biological Sciences (E.B., H.C.), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
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12
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Klein CA, Droll D, Clayton C. SUMOylation in Trypanosoma brucei. PeerJ 2013; 1:e180. [PMID: 24133638 PMCID: PMC3796365 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin like modifier (SUMO) proteins are involved in many processes in eukaryotes. We here show that Trypanosoma brucei SUMO (Tb927.5.3210) modifies many proteins. The levels of SUMOylation were unaffected by temperature changes but were increased by severe oxidative stress. We obtained evidence that trypanosome homologues of the SUMO conjugating enzyme Ubc9 (Tb927.2.2460) and the SUMO-specific protease SENP (Tb927.9.2220) are involved in SUMOylation and SUMO removal, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Andrea Klein
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance , Heidelberg , Germany
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13
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New insights into the role of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) in plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 300:161-209. [PMID: 23273862 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405210-9.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a small (∼12kDa) protein that occurs in all eukaryotes and participates in the reversible posttranslational modification of target cellular proteins. The three-dimensional structure of SUMO and ubiquitin (Ub) are superimposable although there is very little similarity in their primary amino acid sequences. In all organisms, conjugation and deconjugation of Ub and SUMO proceed by the same reactions while using pathway-specific enzymes. SUMO conjugation in plants is a part of the controls governing important biological processes such as growth, development, flowering, environmental (abiotic) stress responses, and response to pathogen infection. Most of the evidence for this comes from genetic analyses. Recent efforts to dissect the function of sumoylation have focused on uncovering targets of SUMO conjugation by using either a yeast two-hybrid screen employing components of the SUMO cycle as bait or by using affinity purification of SUMO-conjugated proteins followed by identification of these proteins by mass spectrometry. This chapter reviews the current knowledge regarding sumoylation in plants, with special focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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14
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Vranych CV, Merino MC, Zamponi N, Touz MC, Rópolo AS. SUMOylation in Giardia lamblia: A Conserved Post-Translational Modification in One of the Earliest Divergent Eukaryotes. Biomolecules 2012; 2:312-30. [PMID: 24970140 PMCID: PMC4030834 DOI: 10.3390/biom2030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are able to regulate protein function and cellular processes in a rapid and reversible way. SUMOylation, the post-translational modification of proteins by the addition of SUMO, is a highly conserved process that seems to be present in modern cells. However, the mechanism of protein SUMOylation in earlier divergent eukaryotes, such as Giardia lamblia, is only starting to become apparent. In this work, we report the presence of a single SUMO gene encoding to SUMO protein in Giardia. Monoclonal antibodies against recombinant Giardia SUMO protein revealed the cytoplasmic localization of native SUMO in wild-type trophozoites. Moreover, the over-expression of SUMO protein showed a mainly cytoplasmic localization, though also neighboring the plasma membrane, flagella, and around and even inside the nuclei. Western blot assays revealed a number of SUMOylated proteins in a range between 20 and 120 kDa. The genes corresponding to putative enzymes involved in the SUMOylation pathway were also explored. Our results as a whole suggest that SUMOylation is a process conserved in the eukaryotic lineage, and that its study is significant for understanding the biology of this interesting parasite and the role of post-translational modification in its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia V Vranych
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María C Merino
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Nahuel Zamponi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María C Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC- CONICET, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
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15
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Annoura T, Makiuchi T, Sariego I, Aoki T, Nara T. SUMOylation of paraflagellar rod protein, PFR1, and its stage-specific localization in Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37183. [PMID: 22615934 PMCID: PMC3355114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flagellate protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a causative agent of Chagas disease that is transmitted by reduviid bugs to humans. The parasite exists in multiple morphological forms in both vector and host, and cell differentiation in T. cruzi is tightly associated with stage-specific protein synthesis and degradation. However, the specific molecular mechanisms responsible for this coordinated cell differentiation are unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The SUMO conjugation system plays an important role in specific protein expression. In T. cruzi, a subset of SUMOlylated protein candidates and the nuclear localization of SUMO have been shown. Here, we examined the biological roles of SUMO in T. cruzi. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis of SUMO consensus motifs within T. cruzi SUMO using a bacterial SUMOylation system revealed that T. cruzi SUMO can polymerize. Indirect fluorescence analysis using T. cruzi SUMO-specific antibody showed the extra-nuclear localization of SUMO on the flagellum of epimastigote and metacyclic and bloodstream trypomastigote stages. In the short-flagellate intracellular amastigote, an extra-nuclear distribution of SUMO is associated with basement of the flagellum and becomes distributed along the flagellum as amastigote transforms into trypomastigote. We examined the flagellar target protein of SUMO and show that a paraflagellar rod protein, PFR1, is SUMOylated. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that SUMOylation is associated with flagellar homeostasis throughout the parasite life cycle, which may play an important role in differentiation of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Takeshi Nara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Chen CC, Chen YY, Yeh KC. Effect of Cu content on the activity of Cu/ZnSOD1 in the Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase siz1 mutant. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1428-1430. [PMID: 21897129 PMCID: PMC3256361 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.10.16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found copper (Cu) accumulated to a higher level in the aerial parts of soil-grown plants of the SUMO E3 ligase siz1 mutant than in those of the wild type. Here, we found that all superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms, such as FeSOD, MnSOD and different types of Cu/ZnSOD, were more active in the siz1 mutant than in the wild type under normal growth conditions. We further examined the expression and enzymatic activity of Cu/ZnSOD1 (CSD1) in shoots of the siz1 mutant under excess Cu. Shoot CSD1 protein level and activity were reduced in siz1 with excess Cu but induced in the wild type. SIZ1-dependent SUMOylation may be involved in maintaining CSD1 protein stability or repelling a feedback regulation under Cu stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyi-Chuann Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Chen CC, Chen YY, Tang IC, Liang HM, Lai CC, Chiou JM, Yeh KC. Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 is involved in excess copper tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:2225-34. [PMID: 21632972 PMCID: PMC3149952 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.178996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The reversible conjugation of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to protein substrates occurs as a posttranslational regulatory process in eukaryotic organisms. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), several stress-responsive SUMO conjugations are mediated mainly by the SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1. In this study, we observed a phenotype of hypersensitivity to excess copper in the siz1-2 and siz1-3 mutants. Excess copper can stimulate the accumulation of SUMO1 conjugates in wild-type plants but not in the siz1 mutant. Copper accumulated to a higher level in the aerial parts of soil-grown plants in the siz1 mutant than in the wild type. A dramatic difference in copper distribution was also observed between siz1 and wild-type Arabidopsis treated with excess copper. As a result, the shoot-to-root ratio of copper concentration in siz1 is nearly twice as high as that in the wild type. We have found that copper-induced Sumoylation is involved in the gene regulation of metal transporters YELLOW STRIPE-LIKE 1 (YSL1) and YSL3, as the siz1 mutant is unable to down-regulate the expression of YSL1 and YSL3 under excess copper stress. The hypersensitivity to excess copper and anomalous distribution of copper observed in the siz1 mutant are greatly diminished in the siz1ysl3 double mutant and slightly in the siz1ysl1 double mutant. These data suggest that SIZ1-mediated sumoylation is involved specifically in copper homeostasis and tolerance in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kuo-Chen Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center (C.-C.C., Y.-Y.C., I-C.T., H.-M.L., C.-C.L., K.-C.Y.) and Institute of Statistical Science (J.-M.C.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
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18
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Shin YC, Liu BY, Tsai JY, Wu JT, Chang LK, Chang SC. Biochemical characterization of the small ubiquitin-like modifiers of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTA 2010; 232:649-662. [PMID: 20544217 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic modification of target proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is known to modulate many important cellular processes and is required for cell viability and development in all eukaryotes. However, understanding of SUMO systems in plants, especially in unicellular green algae, remains elusive. In this study, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CrSUMO96, CrSUMO97 and CrSUMO148 were characterized. We show that the formation of polymeric CrSUMO96 and CrSUMO97 chains can be catalyzed either by the human SAE1/SAE2 and Ubc9 SUMOylation system in vitro or by an Escherichia coli chimeric SUMOylation system in vivo. An exposed C-terminal di-glycine motif of CrSUMO96 or CrSUMO97 is essential for functional SUMOylation. The human SUMO-specific protease, SENP1, demonstrates more processing activity for CrSUMO97 than for CrSUMO96. The CrSUMO148 precursor notably has four repeated di-glycine motifs at the C-terminus. This unique feature is not found in other known SUMO proteins. Interestingly, only 83-residual CrSUMO148(1-83) with the first di-glycine motif can form SAE1/SAE2-SUMO complex and further form polymeric chains with the help of Ubc9. More surprisingly, CrSUMO148 precursor is digested by SENP1, solely at the peptide bond after the first di-glycine motif although there are four theoretically identical processing sites in the primary sequence. This process directly generates 83-residual CrSUMO148(1-83) mature protein, which is exactly the form suitable for activation and conjugation. We also show that SENP1 displays similar isopeptidase activity in the deconjugation of polymeric CrSUMO96, CrSUMO97 or CrSUMO148 chains, revealing that the catalytic mechanisms of processing and deconjugation of CrSUMOs by SENP1 may differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Cheng Shin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Liu Y, Misamore MJ, Snell WJ. Membrane fusion triggers rapid degradation of two gamete-specific, fusion-essential proteins in a membrane block to polygamy in Chlamydomonas. Development 2010; 137:1473-81. [PMID: 20335357 DOI: 10.1242/dev.044743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membranes of gametes are specialized for fusion, yet, once fusion occurs, in many organisms the new zygote becomes incapable of further membrane fusion reactions. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this loss of fusion capacity (block to polygamy) remain unknown. During fertilization in the green alga Chlamydomonas, the plus gamete-specific membrane protein FUS1 is required for adhesion between the apically localized sites on the plasma membranes of plus and minus gametes that are specialized for fusion, and the minus-specific membrane protein HAP2 is essential for completion of the membrane fusion reaction. HAP2 (GCS1) family members are also required for fertilization in Arabidopsis, and for the membrane fusion reaction in the malaria organism Plasmodium berghei. Here, we tested whether Chlamydomonas gamete fusion triggers alterations in FUS1 and HAP2 and renders the plasma membranes of the cells incapable of subsequent fusion. We find that, even though the fusogenic sites support multi-cell adhesions, triploid zygotes are rare, indicating a fusion-triggered block to the membrane fusion reaction. Consistent with the extinction of fusogenic capacity, both FUS1 and HAP2 are degraded upon fusion. The rapid, fusion-triggered cleavage of HAP2 in zygotes is distinct from degradation occurring during constitutive turnover in gametes. Thus, gamete fusion triggers specific degradation of fusion-essential proteins and renders the zygote incapable of fusion. Our results provide the first molecular explanation for a membrane block to polygamy in any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
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20
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Liao S, Wang T, Fan K, Tu X. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is essential in cell cycle regulation in Trypanosoma brucei. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:704-15. [PMID: 20045687 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SUMO, a reversible post-translational protein modifier, plays important roles in many processes of higher eukaryotic cell life. Although SUMO has been identified in many eukaryotes, SUMO and SUMO system are still unknown in some eukaryotic unicellular organisms, such as Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei). In this study, only one SUMO homologue (TbSUMO) was identified in T. brucei. Expression of TbSUMO was knocked down by using RNA interference technique in procyclic-form T. brucei. The growth of TbSUMO-deficient cells was significantly inhibited. TbSUMO-deficient cells were arrested in G2/M phase accompanied with an obvious increase of 0N1K cells (zoids), and failed in chromosome segregation. These results indicate that TbSUMO is essential in cell cycle regulation, with one important role in mitosis. Meanwhile, the enrichment of zoids suggests the inhibition of mitosis does not prevent the cell division in procyclic-form T. brucei. HA-tagged TbSUMO was overexpressed in T. brucei and was shown to be localized to the nucleus through the whole cell cycle, further revealing its distinguished functions in nucleus. All these accumulated data imply that a SUMO system essential for regulating cell cycle progression might exist in the procyclic-form T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
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From systems biology to fuel—Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model for a systems biology approach to improve biohydrogen production. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Okada S, Nagabuchi M, Takamura Y, Nakagawa T, Shinmyozu K, Nakayama JI, Tanaka K. Reconstitution of Arabidopsis thaliana SUMO Pathways in E. coli: Functional Evaluation of SUMO Machinery Proteins and Mapping of SUMOylation Sites by Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:1049-61. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Dynamic compartmentalization of base excision repair proteins in response to nuclear and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:794-807. [PMID: 19029246 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01357-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNAs harbored in both nuclei and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are subject to continuous oxidative damage resulting from normal metabolic activities or environmental insults. Oxidative DNA damage is primarily reversed by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, initiated by N-glycosylase apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase proteins. To execute an appropriate repair response, BER components must be distributed to accommodate levels of genotoxic stress that may vary considerably between nuclei and mitochondria, depending on the growth state and stress environment of the cell. Numerous examples exist where cells respond to signals, resulting in relocalization of proteins involved in key biological transactions. To address whether such dynamic localization contributes to efficient organelle-specific DNA repair, we determined the intracellular localization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae N-glycosylase/AP lyases, Ntg1 and Ntg2, in response to nuclear and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that Ntg1 is differentially localized to nuclei and mitochondria, likely in response to the oxidative DNA damage status of the organelle. Sumoylation is associated with targeting of Ntg1 to nuclei containing oxidative DNA damage. These studies demonstrate that trafficking of DNA repair proteins to organelles containing high levels of oxidative DNA damage may be a central point for regulating BER in response to oxidative stress.
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