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Muñoz-Muñoz F, Carreira VP, Martínez-Abadías N, Ortiz V, González-José R, Soto IM. Drosophila wing modularity revisited through a quantitative genetic approach. Evolution 2016; 70:1530-41. [PMID: 27272402 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To predict the response of complex morphological structures to selection it is necessary to know how the covariation among its different parts is organized. Two key features of covariation are modularity and integration. The Drosophila wing is currently considered a fully integrated structure. Here, we study the patterns of integration of the Drosophila wing and test the hypothesis of the wing being divided into two modules along the proximo-distal axis, as suggested by developmental, biomechanical, and evolutionary evidence. To achieve these goals we perform a multilevel analysis of covariation combining the techniques of geometric morphometrics and quantitative genetics. Our results indicate that the Drosophila wing is indeed organized into two main modules, the wing base and the wing blade. The patterns of integration and modularity were highly concordant at the phenotypic, genetic, environmental, and developmental levels. Besides, we found that modularity at the developmental level was considerably higher than modularity at other levels, suggesting that in the Drosophila wing direct developmental interactions are major contributors to total phenotypic shape variation. We propose that the precise time at which covariance-generating developmental processes occur and/or the magnitude of variation that they produce favor proximo-distal, rather than anterior-posterior, modularity in the Drosophila wing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Muñoz-Muñoz
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Avinguda de l'Eix Central, Edifici C, E-08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
| | - Valeria Paula Carreira
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA - CONICET) DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Neus Martínez-Abadías
- CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Ortiz
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA - CONICET) DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rolando González-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Ignacio M Soto
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA - CONICET) DEGE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Guiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Navarro N, Maga AM. Does 3D Phenotyping Yield Substantial Insights in the Genetics of the Mouse Mandible Shape? G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:1153-63. [PMID: 26921296 PMCID: PMC4856069 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.024372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the application of high-resolution 3D microcomputed tomography, together with 3D landmarks and geometric morphometrics, to validate and further improve previous quantitative genetic studies that reported QTL responsible for variation in the mandible shape of laboratory mice using a new backcross between C57BL/6J and A/J inbred strains. Despite the increasing availability of 3D imaging techniques, artificial flattening of the mandible by 2D imaging techniques seems at first an acceptable compromise for large-scale phenotyping protocols, thanks to an abundance of low-cost digital imaging systems such as microscopes or digital cameras. We evaluated the gain of information from considering explicitly this additional third dimension, and also from capturing variation on the bone surface where no precise anatomical landmark can be marked. Multivariate QTL mapping conducted with different landmark configurations (2D vs. 3D; manual vs. semilandmarks) broadly agreed with the findings of previous studies. Significantly more QTL (23) were identified and more precisely mapped when the mandible shape was captured with a large set of semilandmarks coupled with manual landmarks. It appears that finer phenotypic characterization of the mandibular shape with 3D landmarks, along with higher density genotyping, yields better insights into the genetic architecture of mandibular development. Most of the main variation is, nonetheless, preferentially embedded in the natural 2D plane of the hemi-mandible, reinforcing the results of earlier influential investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Navarro
- Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, EPHE, PSL Research University, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - A Murat Maga
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105 Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
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Bier E, De Robertis EM. BMP gradients: A paradigm for morphogen-mediated developmental patterning. Science 2015; 348:aaa5838. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Causes and consequences of genetic background effects illuminated by integrative genomic analysis. Genetics 2014; 196:1321-36. [PMID: 24504186 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.159426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic consequences of individual mutations are modulated by the wild-type genetic background in which they occur. Although such background dependence is widely observed, we do not know whether general patterns across species and traits exist or about the mechanisms underlying it. We also lack knowledge on how mutations interact with genetic background to influence gene expression and how this in turn mediates mutant phenotypes. Furthermore, how genetic background influences patterns of epistasis remains unclear. To investigate the genetic basis and genomic consequences of genetic background dependence of the scalloped(E3) allele on the Drosophila melanogaster wing, we generated multiple novel genome-level datasets from a mapping-by-introgression experiment and a tagged RNA gene expression dataset. In addition we used whole genome resequencing of the parental lines-two commonly used laboratory strains-to predict polymorphic transcription factor binding sites for SD. We integrated these data with previously published genomic datasets from expression microarrays and a modifier mutation screen. By searching for genes showing a congruent signal across multiple datasets, we were able to identify a robust set of candidate loci contributing to the background-dependent effects of mutations in sd. We also show that the majority of background-dependent modifiers previously reported are caused by higher-order epistasis, not quantitative noncomplementation. These findings provide a useful foundation for more detailed investigations of genetic background dependence in this system, and this approach is likely to prove useful in exploring the genetic basis of other traits as well.
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Takahashi KH. Multiple capacitors for natural genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Ecol 2012; 22:1356-65. [PMID: 23110557 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cryptic genetic variation (CGV) or a standing genetic variation that is not ordinarily expressed as a phenotype is released when the robustness of organisms is impaired under environmental or genetic perturbations. Evolutionary capacitors modulate the amount of genetic variation exposed to natural selection and hidden cryptically; they have a fundamental effect on the evolvability of traits on evolutionary timescales. In this study, I have demonstrated the effects of multiple genomic regions of Drosophila melanogaster on CGV in wing shape. I examined the effects of 61 genomic deficiencies on quantitative and qualitative natural genetic variation in the wing shape of D. melanogaster. I have identified 10 genomic deficiencies that do not encompass a known candidate evolutionary capacitor, Hsp90, exposing natural CGV differently depending on the location of the deficiencies in the genome. Furthermore, five genomic deficiencies uncovered qualitative CGV in wing morphology. These findings suggest that CGV in wing shape of wild-type D. melanogaster is regulated by multiple capacitors with divergent functions. Future analysis of genes encompassed by these genomic regions would help elucidate novel capacitor genes and better understand the general features of capacitors regarding natural genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo H Takahashi
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
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Raftery LA, Umulis DM. Regulation of BMP activity and range in Drosophila wing development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 24:158-65. [PMID: 22152945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling controls development and maintenance of many tissues. Genetic and quantitative approaches in Drosophila reveal that ligand isoforms show distinct function in wing development. Spatiotemporal control of BMP patterning depends on a network of extracellular proteins Pent, Ltl and Dally that regulate BMP signaling strength and morphogen range. BMP-mediated feedback regulation of Pent, Ltl, and Dally expression provides a system where cells actively respond to, and modify, the extracellular morphogen landscape to form a gradient that exhibits remarkable properties, including proportional scaling of BMP patterning with tissue size and the modulation of uniform tissue growth. This system provides valuable insights into mechanisms that mitigate the influence of variability to regulate cell-cell interactions and maintain organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA.
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