Lee C. Analytical Models For Genetics of Human Traits Influenced By Sex.
Curr Genomics 2016;
17:439-443. [PMID:
28217000 PMCID:
PMC5267469 DOI:
10.2174/1389202917666160420142601]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical models usually assume an additive sex effect by treating it as a covariate to identify genetic associations with sex-influenced traits. Their underlying assumptions are violated by ignoring interactions of sex with genetic factors and heterogeneous genetic effects by sex. Methods to deal with the problems are compared and discussed in this article. Especially, heterogeneity of genetic variance by sex can be assessed employing a mixed model with genetic relationship matrix constructed from genome-wide nucleotide variant information. Estimating genetic architecture of each sex would help understand different prevalence, course, and severity of complex diseases between women and men in the era of personalized medicine.
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