Identification of Circ-FNDC3B, an Overexpressed circRNA in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, as a Regulator of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

CircFNDC3B inhibits vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation in abdominal aortic aneurysms by targeting the miR-1270/PDCD10 axis

Objectives. This study investigated the role and underlying regulatory mechanisms of circular RNA fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (circFNDC3B) in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Methods. The expression of circFNDC3B in AAA and normal tissues was assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To evaluate the biological functions of circFNDC3B, assays were employed including 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), flow cytometry, and Caspase-3 activity assays. Additionally, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), dual-luciferase reporter assay, Western blotting, and rescue experiments were utilized to elucidate the molecular mechanism of circFNDC3B. Results. Our findings revealed a significant upregulation of circFNDC3B expression in AAA clinical specimens compared to normal tissues. Functionally, overexpression of circFNDC3B inhibited vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and induced apoptosis, contributing to AAA formation in the Ang II-induced AAA model. Mechanistically, circFNDC3B acted as a molecular sponge for miR-1270, leading to the upregulation of programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10). Decreased expression of PDCD10 abrogated the -promoting effects of circFNDC3B overexpression on AAA development. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that circFNDC3B promotes the progression of AAA by targeting the miR-1270/PDCD10 pathway. Our findings suggest that circFNDC3B as well as miR-1270/PDCD10 pathway may serve as a potential therapeutic target for AAA treatment.

Biogenesis of circRBM33 mediated by N6-methyladenosine and its function in abdominal aortic aneurysm

This study aimed to explore whether m6A modification affects the biogenesis of circRBM33, which is involved in the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). For in vitro experiments, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated with Ang II. MeRIP‒PCR was used to assess m6A modification of circRBM33. Gene expression was measured using RT‒qPCR and Western blotting. For in vivo experiments, a mouse model of AAA was established via Ang II infusion. HE, Sirius Red and TUNEL staining was performed to evaluate pathological changes and cell apoptosis in aortic vessels. The results showed that the m6A level of circRBM33 was abnormally increased in Ang II-induced VSMCs. In addition, METTL3 positively regulated circRBM33 expression. YTHDC1 deficiency decreased circRBM33 expression but had no effect on RBM33 mRNA expression. Notably, neither METTL3 nor YTHDC1 influenced the stability of circRBM33 or RBM33 mRNA. The interaction between circRBM33 and METTL3/YTHDC1 was verified by RIP analysis. Moreover, the Ang II-induced increase in circRBM33 expression was reversed by cycloleucine (an inhibitor of m6A methylation). Importantly, the m6A modification and expression of circRBM33 in the circRBM33-m6A-mut2-expressing VSMCs were not altered by METTL3 silencing. Mechanistically, METTL3/YTHDC1 modulates the biogenesis of circRBM33 in an m6A-dependent manner. In addition, circRBM33 knockdown alleviated AAA by reducing ECM degradation in the Ang II-infused mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that METTL3/YTHDC1-mediated m6A modification modulates the biogenesis of circRBM33 from exons of the RBM33 gene. Moreover, knockdown of circRBM33 alleviated AAA by reducing ECM degradation, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for treating AAA.

MultiSuSiE improves multi-ancestry fine-mapping in All of Us whole-genome sequencing data

Leveraging data from multiple ancestries can greatly improve fine-mapping power due to differences in linkage disequilibrium and allele frequencies. We propose MultiSuSiE, an extension of the sum of single effects model (SuSiE) to multiple ancestries that allows causal effect sizes to vary across ancestries based on a multivariate normal prior informed by empirical data. We evaluated MultiSuSiE via simulations and analyses of 14 quantitative traits leveraging whole-genome sequencing data in 47k African-ancestry and 94k European-ancestry individuals from All of Us. In simulations, MultiSuSiE applied to Afr47k+Eur47k was well-calibrated and attained higher power than SuSiE applied to Eur94k; interestingly, higher causal variant PIPs in Afr47k compared to Eur47k were entirely explained by differences in the extent of LD quantified by LD 4th moments. Compared to very recently proposed multi-ancestry fine-mapping methods, MultiSuSiE attained higher power and/or much lower computational costs, making the analysis of large-scale All of Us data feasible. In real trait analyses, MultiSuSiE applied to Afr47k+Eur94k identified 579 fine-mapped variants with PIP > 0.5, and MultiSuSiE applied to Afr47k+Eur47k identified 44% more fine-mapped variants with PIP > 0.5 than SuSiE applied to Eur94k. We validated MultiSuSiE results for real traits via functional enrichment of fine-mapped variants. We highlight several examples where MultiSuSiE implicates well-studied or biologically plausible fine-mapped variants that were not implicated by other methods.

CircCDYL Contributes to Apoptosis, Ferroptosis, and Oxidative Stress of Ang II-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have important regulation in thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). The function and mechanism of circCDYL (circ_0008285) was explored in TAA here. Angiotensin II (Ang II) was used to construct a TAA model. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed for the detection of circCDYL, miR-1270, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10). Cell viability was examined via cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and proliferation was analyzed using Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. Apoptosis rate was assessed via flow cytometry. Western blot was used for protein detection. Oxidative stress was evaluated by commercial kits. CircCDYL was upregulated in TAA tissues and Ang II-induced circCDYL upregulation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Knockdown of circCDYL weakened Ang II-aroused inhibition of viability, proliferation, and promotion of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and oxidative stress in VSMCs. CircCDYL served as a miR-1270 sponge. The mitigated regulation of circCDYL knockdown for Ang II-induced injury was restored after miR-1270 downregulation. CircCDYL positively regulated ADAM10 through interacting with miR-1270. Overexpression of miR-1270 abated Ang II-induced injury by downregulating ADAM10. In conclusion, circCDYL was involved in the Ang II-induced VSMC injury in TAA via the miR-1270/ADAM10 axis.

Pathogenetic Significance of Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Development of Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Aortic aneurysm (AA) is a life-threatening condition with a high prevalence and risk of severe complications. The aim of this review was to summarize the data on the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of AAs of various location. Within less than a decade of studies on the role of lncRNAs in AA, using experimental and bioinformatic approaches, scientists have obtained the data confirming the involvement of these molecules in metabolic pathways and pathogenetic mechanisms critical for the aneurysm development. Regardless of the location of pathological process (thoracic or abdominal aorta), AA was found to be associated with changes in the expression of various lncRNAs in the tissue of the affected vessels. The consistency of changes in the expression level of lncRNA, mRNA and microRNA in aortic tissues during AA development has been recordedand regulatory networks implicated in the AA pathogenesis in which lncRNAs act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA networks) have been identified. It was found that the same lncRNA can be involved in different ceRNA networks and regulate different biochemical and cellular events; on the other hand, the same pathological process can be controlled by different lncRNAs. Despite some similarities in pathogenesis and overlapping of involved lncRNAs, the ceRNA networks described for abdominal and thoracic AA are different. Interactions between lncRNAs and other molecules, including those participating in epigenetic processes, have also been identified as potentially relevant to the AA pathogenesis. The expression levels of some lncRNAs were found to correlate with clinically significant aortic features and biochemical parameters. Identification of regulatory RNAs functionally significant in the aneurysm development is important for clarification of disease pathogenesis and will provide a basis for early diagnostics and development of new preventive and therapeutic drugs.

Comparative Analysis of Circular RNAs Expression and Function between Aortic and Intracranial Aneurysms

An aneurysm is an abnormal enlargement or bulging of the wall of a blood vessel. Most often, aneurysms occur in large blood vessels - the aorta (Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (TAA) and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)) and brain vessels (Intracranial Aneurysm (IA)). Despite the presence of significant differences in the pathogenesis of the development and progression of IA and TAA/AAA, there are also similarities. For instance, both have been shown to be strongly influenced by shear stress, inflammatory processes, and enzymatic destruction of the elastic lamellae and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins of the vascular wall. Moreover, although IA and TAA are predominantly considered arteriopathies with different pathological mechanisms, they share risk factors with AAA, such as hypertension and smoking. However, there is a need for a more in- -depth study of the key elements that may influence the formation and progression of a particular aneurysm to find ways of therapeutic intervention or search for a diagnostic tool. Today, it is known that the disruption of gene expression is one of the main mechanisms that contribute to the development of aneurysms. At the same time, growing evidence suggests that aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene function is strongly related to the genesis of aneurysms. Although much has been studied of the known protein-coding genes, circular RNAs (circRNAs), a relatively new and rapidly evolving large family of transcripts, have recently received much scientific attention. CircRNAs regulate gene expression through the sponging of microRNAs (miRNAs) and can also be used as therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Increasing evidence has implicated circRNAs in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiovascular diseases, including the development of aneurysms. However, the mechanism of dysregulation of certain circRNAs in a particular aneurysm remains to be studied. The discovery of circRNAs has recently advanced our understanding of the latest mode of miRNAs/target genes regulation in the development and progression of IA and TAA/AAA. The aim of this study is to compare the expression profiles of circRNAs to search for similar or different effects of certain circRNAs on the formation and progression of IA and TAA/AAA.

Circular RNAs in vascular diseases

Vascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and are urgently in need of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a unique class of RNAs characterized by a circular loop configuration and have recently been identified to possess a wide variety of biological functions. CircRNAs exhibit exceptional stability, tissue specificity, and are detectable in body fluids, thus holding promise as potential biomarkers. Their encoding function and stable gene expression also position circRNAs as an excellent alternative to gene therapy. Here, we briefly review the biogenesis, degradation, and functions of circRNAs. We summarize circRNAs discovered in major vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysms, with a particular focus on molecular mechanisms of circRNAs identified in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, in the hope to reveal new directions for mechanism, prognosis and therapeutic targets of vascular diseases.

The potential role and mechanism of circRNAs in foam cell formation

Atherosclerosis is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction (MI). Atherosclerosis develops during foam cell generation, which is caused by an imbalance in cholesterol uptake, esterification, and efflux. LOX-1, SR-A1, and CD36 all increased cholesterol uptake. ACAT1 and ACAT2 promote free cholesterol (FC) esterification to cholesteryl esters (CE). The hydrolysis of CE to FC was aided by nCEH. FC efflux was promoted by ABCA1, ABCG1, ADAM10, and apoA-I. SR-BI promotes not only cholesterol uptake but also FC efflux. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are single-stranded RNAs with a closed covalent circular structure, have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis due to their highly tissue, cell, and disease state-specific expression profiles. Numerous studies have shown that circRNAs regulate foam cell formation, acting as miRNA sponges to influence atherosclerosis development by regulating the expression of SR-A1, CD36, ACAT2, ABCA1, ABCG1, ADAM10, apoA-I, SR-B1. Several circRNAs, including circ-Wdr91, circ 0004104, circRNA0044073, circRNA_0001805, circDENND1B, circRSF1, circ 0001445, and circRNA 102682, are potential biomarkers for atherosclerosis to better evaluate cardiovascular risk. It is difficult to deliver synthetic therapeutic circRNAs to the desired target tissues. Nanotechnology, such as GA-RM/GZ/PL, may be an important solution to this problem. In this review, we focus on the potential role and mechanism of circRNA/miRNA axis in foam cell formation in the hopes of discovering new targets for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of atherosclerosis.

MicroRNA regulation of phenotypic transformations in vascular smooth muscle: relevance to vascular remodeling

Alterations in the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) phenotype play a critical role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis after angioplasty. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs (approximately 19-25 nucleotides in length) that function as regulators in various physiological and pathophysiological events. Recent studies have suggested that aberrant miRNAs' expression might underlie VSMC phenotypic transformation, appearing to regulate the phenotypic transformations of VSMCs by targeting specific genes that either participate in the maintenance of the contractile phenotype or contribute to the transformation to alternate phenotypes, and affecting atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coronary artery disease by altering VSMC proliferation, migration, differentiation, inflammation, calcification, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, suggesting an important regulatory role in vascular remodeling for maintaining vascular homeostasis. This review outlines recent progress in the discovery of miRNAs and elucidation of their mechanisms of action and functions in VSMC phenotypic regulation. Importantly, as the literature supports roles for miRNAs in modulating vascular remodeling and for maintaining vascular homeostasis, this area of research will likely provide new insights into clinical diagnosis and prognosis and ultimately facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets.

Emerging landscape of circFNDC3B and its role in human malignancies

In recent years, more attention has been paid to expanding the abundance of Circular RNAs (circRNAs), while the circRNAs that have been found to have significant functions have not been studied in different diseases. CircFNDC3B is one of the most researched circRNAs generated from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 3B (FNDC3B) gene. Accumulating researches have reported the multiple functions of circFNDC3B in different cancer types and other non-neoplastic diseases, and predicted that circFNDC3B might be a potential biomarker. Notably, circFNDC3B can play roles in different diseases by binding to various microRNAs (miRNAs), binding to RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), or encoding functional peptides. This paper systematically summarizes the biogenesis and function of circRNAs, reviews and discusses the roles and molecular mechanisms of circFNDC3B and its target genes in different cancers and non-neoplastic diseases, which will do favor to broaden our comprehension of the function of circRNAs and facilitate subsequent research on circFNDC3B.

Circular RNAs as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a family of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are endogenous and widely distributed in different species, performing several functions, mainly their association with microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins. CVDs remain the leading cause of death worldwide; therefore, the development of new therapies and strategies, such as gene therapies or nonpharmacological therapies, with low cost, such as physical exercise, to alleviate these diseases is of extreme importance for society. With increasing evidence of ncRNA participating in the progression of CVDs, several studies have reported these RNAs as promising targets for diagnosis and treatment. There are several studies of CVDs and the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs; however, little is known about the new class of RNAs, called circRNAs, and CVDs. In this mini review, we focus on the mechanisms of circRNAs and CVDs.

Construction and analysis of competing endogenous RNA network and patterns of immune infiltration in abdominal aortic aneurysm

Background

Various studies have highlighted the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) as critical molecular regulators in cardiovascular diseases, but its role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is unclear. This study explores the potential molecular mechanisms of AAA based on the circRNA-microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and immune cell infiltration patterns.

Methods

The expression profiles of circRNAs (GSE144431) and mRNAs (GSE57691 and GSE47472) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Then, the differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) between AAA patients and healthy control samples, and the target miRNAs of these DEmRNAs and DEcircRNAs were identified. Based on the miRNA-DEmRNAs and miRNA-DEcircRNAs pairs, the ceRNA network was constructed. Furthermore, the proportion of the 22 immune cell types in AAA patients was assessed using cell type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm. The expressions of key genes and immune cell infiltration were validated using clinical specimens.

Results

A total of 214 DEmRNAs were identified in the GSE57691 and GSE47472 datasets, and 517 DEcircRNAs were identified in the GSE144431 dataset. The ceRNA network included 19 circRNAs, 36 mRNAs, and 68 miRNAs. Two key genes, PPARG and FOXO1, were identified among the hub genes of the established protein-protein interaction between mRNAs in the ceRNA network. Moreover, seven types of immune cells were differentially expressed between AAA patients and healthy control samples. Hub genes in ceRNA, such as FOXO1, HSPA8, and RAB5C, positively correlated with resting CD4 memory T cells or M1 macrophages, or both.

Conclusion

In conclusion, a ceRNA interaction axis was constructed. The composition of infiltrating immune cells was analyzed in the abdominal aorta of AAA patients and healthy control samples. This may help identify potential therapeutic targets for AAA.