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Bhuva A, Charles-Edwards G, Ashmore J, Lipton A, Benbow M, Grainger D, Lobban T, Gopalan D, Slade A, Roditi G, Manisty C. Joint British Society consensus recommendations for magnetic resonance imaging for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Heart 2024; 110:e3. [PMID: 36104218 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-320810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is increasingly a fundamental component of the diagnostic pathway across a range of conditions. Historically, the presence of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) has been a contraindication for MRI, however, development of MR Conditional devices that can be scanned under strict protocols has facilitated the provision of MRI for patients. Additionally, there is growing safety data to support MR scanning in patients with CIEDs that do not have MR safety labelling or with MR Conditional CIEDs where certain conditions are not met, where the clinical justification is robust. This means that almost all patients with cardiac devices should now have the same access to MRI scanning in the National Health Service as the general population. Provision of MRI to patients with CIED, however, remains limited in the UK, with only half of units accepting scan requests even for patients with MR Conditional CIEDs. Service delivery requires specialist equipment and robust protocols to ensure patient safety and facilitate workflows, meanwhile demanding collaboration between healthcare professionals across many disciplines. This document provides consensus recommendations from across the relevant stakeholder professional bodies and patient groups to encourage provision of safe MRI for patients with CIEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Bhuva
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Geoff Charles-Edwards
- Medical Physics, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Representative for the British Institute of Radiology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Ashmore
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, NHS Highland, Inverness, UK
- Representative for Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, York, UK
| | | | - Matthew Benbow
- Department of Radiology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
- Representative for British Association of MR Radiographers, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Grainger
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
| | - Trudie Lobban
- Arrhythmia Alliance & Atrial Fibrillation Association, Stratford upon Avon, UK
| | - Deepa Gopalan
- Department of Radiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Representative for Royal College of Radiologists, London, UK
| | - Alistair Slade
- Cardiology, Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro, UK
- Representative for British Heart Rhythm Society, Chipping Norton, UK
| | - Giles Roditi
- Radiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Representative of the British Society of Cardiovascular Imaging and British Society of Cardiovascular CT, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Representative of British Cardiovascular Society, London, UK
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Mascioli G, Lucca E, Michelotti F, Tarantino L, Giofré F, Finamora I. Need for MRI scans in a real-world CIED population over long-term follow-up: Data from a large single-centre experience. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244672. [PMID: 33378333 PMCID: PMC7773230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giosuè Mascioli
- Division of Electrophisiology, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elena Lucca
- Division of Electrophisiology, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Luca Tarantino
- Division of Electrophisiology, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Giofré
- Division of Electrophisiology, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Finamora
- Division of Electrophisiology, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
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Kabil J, Felblinger J, Vuissoz PA, Missoffe A. Coupled transfer function model for the evaluation of implanted cables safety in MRI. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:991-999. [PMID: 31960445 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple medical-device leads implanted next to each other are often encountered in clinical practice. The aim of this work is to study a coupled transfer function model to evaluate the safety of these coupled leads submitted to the RF field of a 1.5T MRI scanner for a constant distance between both leads. METHODS The effect of coupling on the heating of 2 cables with different termination conditions is evaluated experimentally. The coupled and single transfer functions are determined experimentally and used to predict the relative temperature increases of both cables alone and coupled. Two different coupled models, an additive model and a global model, are proposed. The coupled transfer functions are also simulated. RESULTS The coupling between cables has a strong influence on the resulting heating at the electrodes. The coupled additive transfer function model is a relevant tool to evaluate the heating of coupled leads separated by a constant distance. The global model underestimates the heating in one of the coupled cases by about 30%. The measured coupled transfer functions coincide with the simulated models. CONCLUSION It is necessary to take into account the coupling effect between leads to evaluate the safety of implanted devices. This work shows that, in the case of 2 cables separated by a constant distance, that an experimentally determined coupled transfer function allows estimation of the heating of the 2 electrodes for a given incident field. Further work should take into account the in vivo varying distance between the 2 cables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kabil
- Diagnosis and Interventional Adaptive Imaging, National Institute for Health and Medical Research U1254, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Jacques Felblinger
- Diagnosis and Interventional Adaptive Imaging, National Institute for Health and Medical Research U1254, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Clinical Investigation Center 1433, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Pierre-André Vuissoz
- Diagnosis and Interventional Adaptive Imaging, National Institute for Health and Medical Research U1254, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Alexia Missoffe
- Diagnosis and Interventional Adaptive Imaging, National Institute for Health and Medical Research U1254, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
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Gopinathannair R, Mar PL, Gandhi G, Leiserowitz A, Tripuraneni A, Lakkireddy D, Chen G, Kreps E, Botting L, Copeland S, Firsich N, Kioussopoulos K, Granato JE. Incidence and predictors of MRI scan utilization in MRI-conditional pacemaker recipients: A multicenter experience. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2018; 41:1519-1525. [PMID: 30221783 DOI: 10.1111/pace.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Kreps
- University of Alabama; Birmingham AL USA
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Celentano E, Caccavo V, Santamaria M, Baiocchi C, Melissano D, Pisanò E, Gallo P, Polcino A, Arena G, Patanè S, Senatore G, Licciardello G, Padeletti L, Vado A, Giorgi D, Pecora D, Stella P, Anaclerio M, Guastaferro C, Giovannini T, Giacopelli D, Gargaro A, Maglia G. Access to magnetic resonance imaging of patients with magnetic resonance-conditional pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator systems: results from the Really ProMRI study. Europace 2017; 20:1001-1009. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Cruypeninck Y, Dubourg B, Michelin P, Godin B, Savoye-Collet C, Gérardin E, Dacher JN. Pacemakers and MRI: A protocol in line with international guidelines and approved by the SFICV (French Society of Cardiovascular Imaging). Diagn Interv Imaging 2017; 98:203-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Giammaria M, Cerrato E, Imazio M, Curnis A. Active implanted cardiac devices and magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 18:185-195. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cadieu R, Peron M, Le Ven F, Kerdraon S, Boutet C, Mansourati J, Ben Salem D. Central nervous system MRI and cardiac implantable electronic devices. J Neuroradiol 2016; 44:1-9. [PMID: 27814887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As the population ages and indications for MRI increase, it is estimated that 50 to 75% of patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) - pacemaker (PM) or implanted cardiac defibrillator (ICD) - will need an MRI during their CIED's lifetime. Three categories of materials are defined: MRI compatible, MRI non-compatible, and MRI conditional. MRI compatible CIEDs without electrodes have been developed, but do not allow battery changes, so that they are exclusively indicated for patients whose life expectancy is less than that of the battery (6-7years). For MRI conditional CIEDs, all manufacturers publish restrictions. These restrictions can relate to the patient (size, position in the MRI, body temperature), the MRI parameters (magnetic field), or the examination in itself (gradients, specific absorption rate, duration, isocenter). The neuroradiologist can expect to be confronted with the issue of MRI in patients with a CIED. The purpose of this review is to provide them with updated information on MRI and CIEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cadieu
- Neuroradiology department, University Hospital of Brest, LaTIM, Inserm UMR 1101, boulevard Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - Marilyne Peron
- Neuroradiology department, University Hospital of Brest, LaTIM, Inserm UMR 1101, boulevard Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - Florent Le Ven
- Cardiology department, University Hospital of Brest, ORPHY, EA 4324, boulevard Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Kerdraon
- Neuroradiology department, University Hospital of Brest, LaTIM, Inserm UMR 1101, boulevard Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - Claire Boutet
- Radiology department, University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, North hospital, Inserm U1059, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex 2, France.
| | - Jacques Mansourati
- Cardiology department, University Hospital of Brest, ORPHY, EA 4324, boulevard Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | - Douraied Ben Salem
- Neuroradiology department, University Hospital of Brest, LaTIM, Inserm UMR 1101, boulevard Tanguy-Prigent, 29609 Brest cedex, France
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Boutet C, Mansourati J, Ben Salem D. How to manage central nervous system MRI with a cardiac implantable electronic device? J Neuroradiol 2016; 43:307-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Maglia G, Curnis A, Brieda M, Anaclerio M, Caccavo V, Bonfanti P, Melissano D, Caravati F, Giovene L, Gargaro A. Assessing access to MRI of patients with magnetic resonance-conditional pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator systems. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2015; 16:715-20. [DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Necessity of magnetic resonance imaging examinations after permanent pacemaker implantation. Int J Cardiol 2015; 184:497-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hawryluk Ł, Sterliński M, Marczak M, Miśko J, Podgórski JK, Szwed H. The use of 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging for therapeutic decisions in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices and significant neurological, neurosurgical and neuro-oncology diagnostic indications. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2015; 49:16-23. [PMID: 25666768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Between September 2009 and May 2014 the classification of 36 patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) in terms of the feasibility of MRI scanning due to strong clinical indications was carried out. Finally MRI examinations were performed in 20 patients, of whom 27 studies were conducted and a total number of 35 anatomical regions were scanned. Neurological, neurosurgical and neuro-oncology indications for MRI were reported in 19 patients (95%) in whom 26 MRI studies (96.3%) were performed, and 34 anatomical regions (97.1%) were scanned. One patient had indications for MRI in the field of cardiology. Medical information obtained from 27 MRI studies allowed decisions to be made regarding the treatment in all patients. After 8 studies (29.6%), patients were classified into 9 different neurosurgical procedures. In the case of the remaining 19 studies (70.4%), there were no indications for surgical treatment and the decisions to implement conservative treatment were made. There were no complications related to the implanted CIEDs observed: neither immediate nor in the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Hawryluk
- The Second Department of Coronary Artery Disease, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Sterliński
- The Second Department of Coronary Artery Disease, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Marczak
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Department of Radiology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Miśko
- Magnetic Resonance Unit, Department of Radiology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Hanna Szwed
- The Second Department of Coronary Artery Disease, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Cecil S, Neubauer G, Rauscha F, Stix G, Müller W, Breithuber C, Glanzer M. Possible risks due to exposure of workers and patients with implants by TETRA transmitters. Bioelectromagnetics 2014; 35:192-200. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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SANTINI LUCA, FORLEO GIOVANNIB, SANTINI MASSIMO. Evaluating MRI-Compatible Pacemakers: Patient Data Now Paves the Way to Widespread Clinical Application? PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2012; 36:270-8. [DOI: 10.1111/pace.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LUCA SANTINI
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata; Rome; Italy
| | - GIOVANNI B. FORLEO
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata; Rome; Italy
| | - MASSIMO SANTINI
- Cardiovascular Department; Division of Cardiology, San Filippo Neri Hospital; Rome; Italy
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Initial experience with magnetic resonance imaging-safe pacemakers : a review. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2011; 32:213-9. [PMID: 21993594 PMCID: PMC3224227 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-011-9610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due of its superior soft tissue imaging capabilities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the imaging modality of choice in many clinical situations, as illustrated by the tremendous growth in the number of MRIs performed over the past 2 decades. In parallel, the number of patients who require pacemakers or implantable cardiac defibrillators is increasing as indications for these devices broaden and the population ages. Taken together, these phenomena present an important clinical issue, as MR scans are generally contraindicated—except in urgent situations—in patients who have implanted cardiovascular devices. Potentially deleterious interactions between the magnetic fields and radio frequency (RF) energy produced by MR equipment and implantable devices have been identified, including inhibition of pacing, asynchronous/high-rate pacing, lead tip heating, and loss of capture. New devices that incorporate technologies to improve MR safety in patients with pacemakers have recently received approval in Europe and are under evaluation in the United States. Initial data from these devices suggest that these devices are safe in the MRI environment.
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Amara W. [Pacemaker or ICD and MRI: is MRI safety the new standard?]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2011; 60:279-81. [PMID: 21907320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently new models of cardiac pacemakers have been commercialised. Some of these models have the particularity to be compatible with MRI (they are called MRI safe). The safety of the MRI for the patients implanted depends on the device it self and the lead(s). These review article focuses on the benefits and limits of these new devices. A practical guideline is proposed for patients implanted by a pacemaker or ICD and undergoing MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Amara
- Unité de rythmologie, GHI Le Raincy-Montfermeil, France.
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Strach K, Naehle CP, Muhlsteffen A, Hinz M, Bernstein A, Thomas D, Linhart M, Meyer C, Bitaraf S, Schild H, Sommer T. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging: increased safety for pacemaker patients? Europace 2010; 12:952-60. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euq081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Forleo GB, Santini L, Della Rocca DG, Romano V, Papavasileiou LP, Magliano G, Sgueglia M, Romeo F. Safety and efficacy of a new magnetic resonance imaging-compatible pacing system: early results of a prospective comparison with conventional dual-chamber implant outcomes. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7:750-4. [PMID: 20167289 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new pacing system has been designed and tested preclinically for safe use in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environment. Experience with this innovative system has not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to verify the safety and effectiveness of this newly designed system compared to conventional DDD implant outcomes. METHODS Over an 11-month period, 107 consecutive patients (71 men and 36 women; age 72.6 +/- 8.5 years) were implanted with either the MRI system (n = 50; MRI group) or a dual-chamber, active-fixation lead (Medtronic 4076) non-MRI system (n = 57; DDD group). Data were collected at implant and during postoperative follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Procedural and fluoroscopic times at implant, as well as lead measurements, handling characteristics, and procedural-related complications, were prospectively analyzed. RESULTS The implantation success rate in both groups was 100%. Cephalic access was 63% for MRI patients and 70% for DDD patients (P = NS). Follow-up was obtained for all patients (median 6.8 months, range 3-12 months). At implant and at the end of follow-up, stimulation thresholds, sensing, and impedance were acceptable. No cases of high pacing thresholds or inadequate sensing were noted. No complications occurred, and no patient experienced subsequent lead displacement. CONCLUSION This prospective, controlled study provides strong evidence that the feasibility and safety of this novel technology compare favorably with those of the conventional technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B Forleo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Malm D, Hallberg LRM. Patients' experiences of daily living with a pacemaker: a grounded theory study. J Health Psychol 2007; 11:787-98. [PMID: 16908473 DOI: 10.1177/1359105306066642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine patients' experiences of daily living with a pacemaker. A total of 13 pacemaker patients (seven women) aged 22-82 (mean = 59.2) years were interviewed. The informants had had a pacemaker from 0.5 to 33 (mean 13.1) years. The grounded theory method was the basis for collection and analysis of the data. The results of the analysis of the semi-structured interviews showed that variations in 'perceived social participation' and 'emotional state', the two core categories, were related to four qualitatively different ways of experiencing daily living after pacemaker implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Malm
- County Hospital Ryhov, Sweden and Jönköping University, Sweden.
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Sommer T, Naehle CP, Yang A, Zeijlemaker V, Hackenbroch M, Schmiedel A, Meyer C, Strach K, Skowasch D, Vahlhaus C, Litt H, Schild H. Strategy for safe performance of extrathoracic magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 tesla in the presence of cardiac pacemakers in non-pacemaker-dependent patients: a prospective study with 115 examinations. Circulation 2006; 114:1285-92. [PMID: 16966587 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.597013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a strategy for safe performance of extrathoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in non-pacemaker-dependent patients with cardiac pacemakers. METHODS AND RESULTS Inclusion criteria were presence of a cardiac pacemaker and urgent clinical need for an MRI examination. Pacemaker-dependent patients and those requiring examinations of the thoracic region were excluded. The study group consisted of 82 pacemaker patients who underwent a total of 115 MRI examinations at 1.5T. To minimize radiofrequency-related lead heating, the specific absorption rate was limited to 1.5 W/kg. All pacemakers were reprogrammed before MRI: If heart rate was <60 bpm, the asynchronous mode was programmed to avoid magnetic resonance (MR)-induced inhibition; if heart rate was >60 bpm, sense-only mode was used to avoid MR-induced competitive pacing and potential proarrhythmia. Patients were monitored with ECG and pulse oximetry. All pacemakers were interrogated immediately before and after the MRI examination and after 3 months, including measurement of pacing capture threshold (PCT) and serum troponin I levels. All MR examinations were completed safely. Inhibition of pacemaker output or induction of arrhythmias was not observed. PCT increased significantly from pre- to post-MRI (P=0.017). In 2 of 195 leads, an increase in PCT was only detected at follow-up. In 4 of 114 examinations, troponin increased from a normal baseline value to above normal after MRI, and in 1 case (troponin pre-MRI 0.02 ng/mL, post-MRI 0.16 ng/mL), this increase was associated with a significant increase in PCT. CONCLUSIONS Extrathoracic MRI of non-pacemaker-dependent patients can be performed with an acceptable risk-benefit ratio under controlled conditions and by taking both MR- and pacemaker-related precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Sommer
- University of Bonn, Department of Radiology, Bonn, Germany.
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22
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Martin ET, Coman JA, Shellock FG, Pulling CC, Fair R, Jenkins K. Magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac pacemaker safety at 1.5-Tesla. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:1315-24. [PMID: 15063447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study was done to determine whether patients with pacemakers could safely undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1.5-Tesla (T). BACKGROUND Because of theoretical risks, it is an absolute contraindication for a patient with a pacemaker to undergo MRI. However, there are times when an MRI is needed to provide valuable clinical information. METHODS Fifty-four patients underwent a total of 62 MRI examinations at 1.5-T. The type of MRI examination was not limited and included cardiac, vascular, and general MRI studies using various whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiofrequency power. Restrictions were not placed on the type of pacemaker present in the patient. All pacemakers were interrogated immediately before and after MRI scanning, and patients were continuously monitored. Before and after MRI, interrogation was done, and pacing and sensing thresholds, as well as lead impedances, were all measured. RESULTS A total of 107 leads and 61 pulse generators were evaluated. No adverse events occurred. Forty (37%) of the leads underwent changes, whereas 10 (9.4%) leads underwent a significant change. Only 2 of the 107 (1.9%) leads required a change in programmed output. Threshold changes were unrelated to cardiac chamber, anatomical location, peak SAR, and time from lead implant to the MRI examination. Electrocardiographic changes and patient symptoms were minor and did not require cessation of MRI. CONCLUSIONS Safety was demonstrated in this series of patients with pacemakers at 1.5-T.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Electronic medical devices (EMDs) with downloadable memories, such as implantable cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, drug pumps, insulin pumps, and glucose monitors, are now an integral part of routine medical practice in the United States, and functional organ replacements, such as the artificial heart, pancreas, and retina, will most likely become commonplace in the near future. Often, EMDs end up in the hands of the pathologist as a surgical specimen or at autopsy. No established guidelines for systematic examination and reporting or comprehensive reviews of EMDs currently exist for the pathologist. OBJECTIVE To provide pathologists with a general overview of EMDs, including a brief history; epidemiology; essential technical aspects, indications, contraindications, and complications of selected devices; potential applications in pathology; relevant government regulations; and suggested examination and reporting guidelines. DATA SOURCES Articles indexed on PubMed of the National Library of Medicine, various medical and history of medicine textbooks, US Food and Drug Administration publications and product information, and specifications provided by device manufacturers. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected on the basis of relevance to the study objectives. DATA EXTRACTION Descriptive data were selected by the author. DATA SYNTHESIS Suggested examination and reporting guidelines for EMDs received as surgical specimens and retrieved at autopsy. CONCLUSIONS Electronic medical devices received as surgical specimens and retrieved at autopsy are increasing in number and level of sophistication. They should be systematically examined and reported, should have electronic memories downloaded when indicated, will help pathologists answer more questions with greater certainty, and should become an integral part of the formal knowledge base, research focus, training, and practice of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Weitzman
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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