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Yi Z, Zanolli C, Liao W, Liang H, Yao Y, Tian C, Wang K, Xu G, Wang W. Enamel thickness in the deciduous postcanine dentition of fossil and extant Pongo. J Hum Evol 2024; 191:103493. [PMID: 38714076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Yi
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Wei Liao
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yanyan Yao
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Anthropology Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, 530012, China
| | - Chun Tian
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Guilin Xu
- Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China; Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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2
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Przydzimirski AC, Maciel JVB, Luiz GC, Lange RR. Evaluation of Dental Enamel Thickness in Maxillary Teeth of Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouatta caraya, and Sapajus nigritus by Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Vet Dent 2024; 41:197-209. [PMID: 37401331 DOI: 10.1177/08987564231184330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Tooth enamel thickness is widely studied in primates and is important in differentiating taxa and in interpreting diet and feeding behavior. The objective of this study was to measure enamel thickness and discuss whether the results can be associated with different feeding patterns. Thirty-four syncraniums of Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouatta caraya, and Sapajus nigritus were subjected to cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans, and the dental enamel was measured in different regions of the crown using the multiplanar reconstruction tool. The differences observed indicate that for many variables and teeth, A. guariba clamitans showed significantly higher values compared to the other 2 species, with the exception of the cuspid region. Although the A. guariba clamitans is a folivorous species, it showed thicker enamel for most of the variables. CBCT was efficient in performing the measurements, allowing analysis of the syncraniums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreise C Przydzimirski
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences of the Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - José V B Maciel
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry of the Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C Luiz
- Veterinary Medicine at the Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Rogério R Lange
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences of the Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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3
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Najafzadeh A, Hernaiz-García M, Benazzi S, Chen B, Hublin JJ, Kullmer O, Pokhojaev A, Sarig R, Sorrentino R, Vazzana A, Fiorenza L. Finite element analysis of Neanderthal and early Homo sapiens maxillary central incisor. J Hum Evol 2024; 189:103512. [PMID: 38461589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Neanderthal anterior teeth are very large and have a distinctive morphology characterized by robust 'shovel-shaped' crowns. These features are frequently seen as adaptive responses in dissipating heavy mechanical loads resulting from masticatory and non-masticatory activities. Although the long-standing debate surrounding this hypothesis has played a central role in paleoanthropology, is still unclear if Neanderthal anterior teeth can resist high mechanical loads or not. A novel way to answer this question is to use a multidisciplinary approach that considers together tooth architecture, dental wear and jaw movements. The aim of this study is to functionally reposition the teeth of Le Moustier 1 (a Neanderthal adolescent) and Qafzeh 9 (an early Homo sapiens adolescent) derived from wear facet mapping, occlusal fingerprint analysis and physical dental restoration methods. The restored dental arches are then used to perform finite element analysis on the left central maxillary incisor during edge-to-edge occlusion. The results show stress distribution differences between Le Moustier 1 and Qafzeh 9, with the former displaying higher tensile stress in enamel around the lingual fossa but lower concentration of stress in the lingual aspect of the root surface. These results seem to suggest that the presence of labial convexity, lingual tubercle and of a large root surface in Le Moustier 1 incisor helps in dissipating mechanical stress. The absence of these dental features in Qafzeh 9 is compensated by the presence of a thicker enamel, which helps in reducing the stress in the tooth crown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Najafzadeh
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - María Hernaiz-García
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, 48121, Italy
| | - Bernard Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Chaire de Paléoanthropologie, CIRB (UMR 7241-U1050), Collège de France, 11, Place Marcelin-Berthelot, 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Division of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt a. M, 60325, Germany; Department of Palaeobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt a. M, 60438, Germany
| | - Ariel Pokhojaev
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Rachel Sarig
- Department of Oral Biology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel; Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, 48121, Italy; Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Antonino Vazzana
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, 48121, Italy
| | - Luca Fiorenza
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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4
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Zhang L, Du B, Hu R, Zhao L. Three-dimensional molar enamel thickness and distribution patterns in Late Miocene Lufengpithecus lufengensis from Shihuiba, Southwest China. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38500176 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Enamel thickness and distribution provide dietary insights in hominoids. Yet, three-dimensional (3D) enamel analysis of the Late Miocene Lufengpithecus from southwest China is lacking. We digitally reconstructed 68 unworn or lightly worn Lufengpithecus (L.) lufengensis molars using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Comparisons with modern humans, Homo erectus, extant/fossil Pongo, Pan, and Gorilla reveal L. lufengensis has "intermediate/thick" enamel, thicker than Pongo and Gorilla, but thinner than modern humans and H. erectus. In enamel distribution, relatively thicker enamel lies on the lingual cusps of the maxillary molars. The hypoconid, hypoconulid, and entoconid exhibit relatively thicker enamel compared to the metaconid and protoconid of the mandibular molars. L. lufengensis also exhibits an uneven pattern on the lingual and buccal walls. With relatively intermediate/thick enamel and distinctive distribution pattern, L. lufengensis may be able to respond to dietary variation in seasonal habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baopu Du
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Hu
- Institute of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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5
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Albrecht A, Behringer V, Zierau O, Hannig C. Dental findings in wild great apes from macerated skull analysis. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23581. [PMID: 38041590 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral health is a crucial aspect of overall well-being in both humans and nonhuman primates. Understanding the oral pathologies and dental conditions in apes can provide valuable insights into their evolutionary history, dietary habits, and overall health. The present study evaluates dental findings in wild great apes from museum specimens to gain insights into the influence of natural nutrition on dental health. Complete macerated skulls of wild, adult great apes from the collection of the Museum of Natural History, Berlin, Germany, were examined. We analyzed skulls of 53 gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), 63 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and 41 orangutans (Pongo spp.). For each skull, we recorded wear of dental hard tissues (Lussi and Ganss index), carious lesions, and periodontal bone loss. Incisal and occlusal dental hard tissue defects were found in all skulls, as well as considerable external staining. In all species, incisors and canines showed the greatest loss of tissue, followed by molars. The wear of molars decreased from the first to the third molars, premolars showed the least pronounced defects. Some individuals had apical osteolytic defects along with severe dental hard tissue loss with pulp involvement or after dental trauma, respectively (n = 5). Our study did not observe any carious lesions among the examined great ape skulls. However, we did find evidence for localized or generalized periodontal bone loss in a subset of the specimens (n = 3 chimpanzees, n = 7 orangutans). The natural diet and foraging behavior of great apes induces abrasion and attrition of dental hard tissue but does not yield carious lesions. The occurrence of periodontitis in individual apes indicates that the natural circumstances can induce periodontal bone loss even in the wild, despite physiological nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Albrecht
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Pediatric Dentistry Dresden, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Verena Behringer
- Endocrinology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Pediatric Dentistry Dresden, Faculty of Medicine 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Guatelli-Steinberg D, Gurian K, McGraw WS. Differences in maxillary premolar form between Cercocebus and Lophocebus. J Hum Evol 2024; 186:103467. [PMID: 37992631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK.
| | - Kaita Gurian
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - W Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Plastiras CA, Thiery G, Guy F, Alba DM, Nishimura T, Kostopoulos DS, Merceron G. Investigating the dietary niches of fossil Plio-Pleistocene European macaques: The case of Macaca majori Azzaroli, 1946 from Sardinia. J Hum Evol 2023; 185:103454. [PMID: 37977021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The genus Macaca includes medium- to large-bodied monkeys and represents one of the most diverse primate genera, also having a very large geographic range. Nowadays, wild macaque populations are found in Asia and Africa, inhabiting a wide array of habitats. Fossil macaques were also present in Europe from the Late Miocene until the Late Pleistocene. Macaques are considered ecologically flexible monkeys that exhibit highly opportunistic dietary strategies, which may have been critical to their evolutionary success. Nevertheless, available ecological information regarding fossil European species is very sparse, limiting our knowledge of their evolutionary history in this geographic area. To further our understanding of fossil European macaque ecology, we investigated the dietary ecology of Macaca majori, an insular endemic species from Sardinia. In particular, we characterized the dental capabilities and potential dietary adaptations of M. majori through dental topographic and enamel thickness analyses of two M2s from the Early Pleistocene site of Capo Figari (1.8 Ma). We also assessed its diet through dental microwear texture analysis, while the microwear texture of M. majori was also compared with microwear textures from other European fossil macaques from mainland Europe. The dental topographic and enamel thickness analyses suggest that M. majori frequently consumes hard/mechanically challenging and/or abrasive foods. The results of the dental microwear analysis are consistent with this interpretation and further suggest that M. majori probably exhibited more durophagous dietary habits than mainland Plio-Pleistocene macaques. Overall, our results indicate that M. majori probably occupied a different dietary niche compared to its mainland fossil relatives, which suggests that they may have inhabited different paleoenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Alexandros Plastiras
- Laboratory of Geology and Palaeontology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece; PALEVOPRIM - UMR 7262 CNRS-INEE, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France.
| | - Ghislain Thiery
- PALEVOPRIM - UMR 7262 CNRS-INEE, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Franck Guy
- PALEVOPRIM - UMR 7262 CNRS-INEE, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - David M Alba
- Insitut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Auntònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Dimitris S Kostopoulos
- Laboratory of Geology and Palaeontology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gildas Merceron
- PALEVOPRIM - UMR 7262 CNRS-INEE, Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France
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Castillo-Alonso C, Tabilo L, López-Lázaro S. Use of dimensions in posterior dentition for sex estimation in forensic contexts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 155:105782. [PMID: 37611493 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the validity of dimensions in posterior dentition for sex estimation in forensic contexts. DESIGN A systematic review was established following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). After assessing the risk of bias and methodological quality with the QUADAS-2 system, the data were subjected to statistical tests for a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy and I2 to verify the heterogeneity. RESULTS The search resulted in 15 studies that underwent qualitative testing, all were selected for quantitative analysis. The papers included: the mesiodistal of the upper first molar, lower first molar, and upper second molar, and the buccolingual of the upper first molar and upper second molar. The results showed that sensitivity and specificity rates were lower with the mesiodistal diameter, with rates of 0.577 for the lower first molar, 0.674 for the upper first molar, and 0.698 for the upper second molar, while the rates were higher with the buccolingual diameter, with 0.724 for the upper first molar, and 0.743 for the upper second molar. The power to estimate sex is greater for males than for females. High heterogeneity was detected among the studies of almost all dimensions, except sensibility for the lower first molar and specificity for the upper second molar. CONCLUSIONS None of the dimensions reached an accuracy of ≥80%, however, so they are not a reliable method for sex estimation in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Castillo-Alonso
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Av. Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luna Tabilo
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Av. Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra López-Lázaro
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Av. Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, Santiago, Chile; Forensic Dentistry Lab, Centro de Investigación en Odontología Legal y Forense -CIO, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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Gaboutchian AV, Knyaz VA, Maschenko EN, Dac LX, Maksimov AA, Emelyanov AV, Korost DV, Stepanov NV. Measuring Dental Enamel Thickness: Morphological and Functional Relevance of Topographic Mapping. J Imaging 2023; 9:127. [PMID: 37504804 PMCID: PMC10381522 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9070127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in the development of dental enamel thickness measurement techniques is connected to the importance of metric data in taxonomic assessments and evolutionary research as well as in other directions of dental studies. At the same time, advances in non-destructive imaging techniques and the application of scanning methods, such as micro-focus-computed X-ray tomography, has enabled researchers to study the internal morpho-histological layers of teeth with a greater degree of accuracy and detail. These tendencies have contributed to changes in established views in different areas of dental research, ranging from the interpretation of morphology to metric assessments. In fact, a significant amount of data have been obtained using traditional metric techniques, which now should be critically reassessed using current technologies and methodologies. Hence, we propose new approaches for measuring dental enamel thickness using palaeontological material from the territories of northern Vietnam by means of automated and manually operated techniques. We also discuss method improvements, taking into account their relevance for dental morphology and occlusion. As we have shown, our approaches demonstrate the potential to form closer links between the metric data and dental morphology and provide the possibility for objective and replicable studies on dental enamel thickness through the application of automated techniques. These features are likely to be effective in more profound taxonomic research and for the development of metric and analytical systems. Our technique provides scope for its targeted application in clinical methods, which could help to reveal functional changes in the masticatory system. However, this will likely require improvements in clinically applicable imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen V Gaboutchian
- Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University (RUDN), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Knyaz
- Phystech School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- State Research Institute of Aviation Systems (GosNIIAS), 125319 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy N Maschenko
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117647 Moscow, Russia
| | - Le Xuan Dac
- Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Scientific and Technological Center, Hanoi 650000, Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Ecology of the Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Scientific and Technological Center, Hanoi 650000, Vietnam
| | - Anatoly A Maksimov
- State Research Institute of Aviation Systems (GosNIIAS), 125319 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton V Emelyanov
- State Research Institute of Aviation Systems (GosNIIAS), 125319 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Korost
- Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Guatelli-Steinberg D, Schwartz GT, O'Hara MC, Gurian K, Rychel J, Dunham N, Cunneyworth PMK, Donaldson A, McGraw WS. Aspects of molar form and dietary proclivities of African colobines. J Hum Evol 2023; 180:103384. [PMID: 37201412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates aspects of molar form in three African colobine species: Colobus polykomos, Colobus angolensis, and Piliocolobus badius. Our samples of C. polykomos and P. badius are from the Taï Forest, Ivory Coast; our sample of C. angolensis is from Diani, Kenya. To the extent that protective layers surrounding seeds are hard, we predicted that molar features related to hard-object feeding would be more pronounced in Colobus than they are Piliocolobus, as seed-eating generally occurs at higher frequencies in species of the former. We further predicted that among the colobines we studied, these features would be most pronounced in Taï Forest C. polykomos, which feeds on Pentaclethra macrophylla seeds encased within hard and tough seed pods. We compared overall enamel thickness, enamel thickness distribution, absolute crown strength, cusp tip geometry, and flare among molar samples. Sample sizes per species and molar type varied per comparison. We predicted differences in all variables except overall enamel thickness, which we expected would be invariant among colobines as a result of selection for thin enamel in these folivorous species. Of the variables we examined, only molar flare differed significantly between Colobus and Piliocolobus. Our findings suggest that molar flare, an ancient feature of cercopithecoid molars, was retained in Colobus but not in Piliocolobus, perhaps as a result of differences in the seed-eating proclivities of the two genera. Contrary to predictions, none of the aspects of molar form we investigated tracked current dietary differences in seed-eating between the two Colobus species. Finally, we explored the possibility that molar flare and absolute crown strength, when analyzed together, might afford greater differentiation among these colobine species. A multivariate t test of molar flare and absolute crown strength differentiated C. polykomos and P. badius, possibly reflecting known niche divergence between these two sympatric Taï Forest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK.
| | - Gary T Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins & School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Mackie C O'Hara
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Kaita Gurian
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jess Rychel
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Noah Dunham
- Division of Conservation and Science, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, 4200 Wildlife Way, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA; Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2080 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - Andrea Donaldson
- Colobus Conservation, P.O. Box 5380-80401, Diani, Kenya; Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - W Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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11
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Soukup JW, Jeffery J, Hetzel SJ, Ploeg HL, Henak CR. Morphological quantification of the maxillary canine tooth in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris). Ann Anat 2023; 246:152041. [PMID: 36526093 PMCID: PMC9947742 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.152041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Canine tooth shape is known to vary with diet and killing behavior in wild animals and the relationship between form and function is driven in part by selective pressure. However, comparative investigation of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is of interest. How do they compare to their wild counterparts? This study sought to quantify and characterize the morphology of the canine tooth in the domestic dog, and to provide a preliminary investigation into the variance in canine tooth morphology across individual dogs of varying breeds. Three-dimensional (3D) models generated from micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) studies of 10 mature maxillary canine teeth from the domesticated dog (Canis lupus familiaris) were used to quantify key morphological features and evaluate variance among dogs. Results show that, utilizing modern imaging and model building software, the morphology of the canine tooth can be comprehensively characterized and quantified. Morphological variables such as second moment of area and section modulus (geometrical parameters related to resistance to bending), as well as aspect ratio, ridge sharpness, cusp sharpness and enamel thickness are optimized in biomechanically critical areas of the tooth crown to balance form and function. Tooth diameter, second moment of area, section modulus, cross sectional area, tooth volume and length as well as enamel thickness are highly correlated with body weight. In addition, we found preliminary evidence of morphological variance across individual dogs. Quantification of these features provide insight into the balance of form and function of the canine tooth in wild and domesticated canids. In addition, results suggest that variance between dogs exist in some morphological features and most morphological features are highly correlated with body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Soukup
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Justin Jeffery
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott J Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Heidi-Lynn Ploeg
- Department of Mechanics and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, College of Engineering, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Guatelli‐Steinberg D, Schwartz GT, O'Hara MC, Gurian K, Rychel J, McGraw WS. Molar form, enamel growth, and durophagy in Cercocebus and Lophocebus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:386-404. [PMCID: PMC9796247 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that differences in crown structure, enamel growth, and crown geometry in Cercocebus and Lophocebus molars covary with differences in the feeding strategies (habitual vs. fallback durophagy, respectively) of these two genera. Relative to Lophocebus molars, Cercocebus molars are predicted to possess features associated with greater fracture resistance and to differ in enamel growth parameters related to these features. Materials and Methods Sample proveniences are as follows: Cercocebus atys molars are from the Taï Forest, Ivory Coast; Lophocebus albigena molars are from a site north of Makoua, Republic of Congo; and a Lophocebus atterimus molar is from the Lomako Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. For μCT scans on which aspects of molar form were measured, sample sizes ranged from 5 to 35 for Cercocebus and 3 to 12 for Lophocebus. A subsample of upper molars was physically sectioned to measure enamel growth variables. Results Partly as a function of their larger size, Cercocebus molars had significantly greater absolute crown strength (ACS) than Lophocebus molars, supporting the hypothesis. Greater crown heights in Cercocebus are achieved through faster enamel extension rates. Also supporting the hypothesis, molar flare and proportional occlusal basin enamel thickness were significantly greater in Cercocebus. Relative enamel thickness (RET), however, was significantly greater in Lophocebus. Discussion If ACS is a better predictor of fracture resistance than RET, then Cercocebus molars may be more fracture resistant than those of Lophocebus. Greater molar flare and proportional occlusal basin thickness might also afford Cercocebus molars greater fracture resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary T. Schwartz
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human OriginsArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Mackie C. O'Hara
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Kaita Gurian
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jess Rychel
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - W. Scott McGraw
- Department of AnthropologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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13
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Lockey AL, Rodríguez L, Martín-Francés L, Arsuaga JL, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Crété L, Martinón-Torres M, Parfitt S, Pope M, Stringer C. Comparing the Boxgrove and Atapuerca (Sima de los Huesos) human fossils: Do they represent distinct paleodemes? J Hum Evol 2022; 172:103253. [PMID: 36162354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The early Middle Pleistocene human material from Boxgrove (West Sussex, UK) consists of a partial left tibia and two lower incisors from a separate adult individual. These remains derive from deposits assigned to the MIS 13 interglacial at about 480 ka and have been referred to as Homo cf. heidelbergensis. The much larger skeletal sample from the Sima de los Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) is dated to the succeeding MIS 12, at about 430 ka. This fossil material has previously been assigned to Homo heidelbergensis but is now placed within the Neanderthal clade. Because of the scarcity of human remains from the Middle Pleistocene and their morphological variability, this study assessed whether the Boxgrove specimens fit within the morphological variability of the homogeneous Sima de los Huesos population. Based on morphometric analyses performed against 22 lower incisors from Sima de los Huesos and published material, the data from the Boxgrove incisors place them comfortably within the range of Sima de los Huesos. Both assemblages present robust incisors distinct from the overall small recent Homo sapiens incisors, and Boxgrove also aligns closely with Homo neanderthalensis and some other European Middle Pleistocene hominins. Following morphological and cross-sectional analyses of the Boxgrove tibia compared to seven adult Sima de los Huesos specimens and a set of comparative tibiae, Boxgrove is shown to be similar to Sima de los Huesos and Neanderthals in having thick cortices and bone walls, but in contrast resembles modern humans in having a straight anterior tibial crest and a suggestion of a lateral concavity. Based on the patterns observed, there is no justification for assigning the Boxgrove and Sima de los Huesos incisors to distinct paleodemes, but the tibial data show greater contrasts and suggest that all three of these samples are unlikely to represent the same paleodeme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle L Lockey
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK; Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Universität Tübingen, 72070, Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Área de Antropología Física, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León. Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Comunicación, Facultad de Humanidades y Comunicación, Universidad de Burgos, Edificio I+D+i, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, C/ Villadiego s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Laura Martín-Francés
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Centro Mixto (UCM-ISCIII) de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Av. Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain; Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Centro Mixto (UCM-ISCIII) de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Av. Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Cátedra de Bioacústica Evolutiva y Paleoantropología (HM Hospitales - Universidad de Alcalá), Área de Antropología Física, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK; National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain
| | - Lucile Crété
- Centre for Human Evolution Research (CHER), The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - María Martinón-Torres
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK; National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain
| | - Simon Parfitt
- Centre for Human Evolution Research (CHER), The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK; Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK
| | - Matt Pope
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK
| | - Chris Stringer
- Centre for Human Evolution Research (CHER), The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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14
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Chai H. On the evolution of the morphology and resilience of molar cusps in fossil hominid teeth. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 133:105357. [PMID: 35841750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Teeth play an important role in evolutionary studies due to their good preservation and direct link to diet. The present work makes use of a previously generated database on molar teeth of fossil hominids which consists of cuspal enamel thickness dc, dentin horn angle φ and section width D, all measured on a given histological tooth section. These data are here interpreted with the aid of "fracture stress" QF = PF/D2 and geological age t, where PF is the occlusal force needed to cause cusp failure as determined from dc and φ. QF is virtually a constant in non-hominins ("apes") while monotonically increasing toward present time in hominins. These two trends intersect at t = ts = 4.5 (0.11) mya, a value similar to other divergence estimates. QF was fitted with a function f(t) which is proportional to (dc/D)2. The monotonic variation of QF and in turn dc/D with t contrasts the more complex behavior generally characterizing other physical entities of fossil hominids. The increase in dc/D in hominins promotes tooth resilience and in turn life span. Finally, it is suggested that PF provides an upper bound to the maximum bite force produced by the jaw structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herzl Chai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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15
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Fiorenza L, Harty T, Janocha MM, Kullmer O, Nguyen HN, Bortolini E, Benazzi S. Understanding dietary ecology in great apes from dental macrowear analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9544277 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Dietary diversity in primates is reflected in their dental morphology, with differences in size and shape of teeth. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between molar morphology and macrowear patterns in Pongo, Gorilla, and Pan to obtain dietary information. Methods We have examined 68 second lower molars using the Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis method including 18 chimpanzees, 28 gorillas, and 22 orangutans. We selected only molars from wildshot specimens characterized by a moderate degree of wear. High‐resolution digital models of teeth were created using a white scanning light system with a resolution of 45 μm. Results The macrowear patterns of Pan were significantly different from those of Gorilla and of Pongo, differences that are mostly due to shearing wear. Gorilla and Pongo macrowear patterns are dominated by phase II areas, followed by lingual phase I facets, while in Pan we observe a significant increase in buccal phase I facets. The latter group also displays the highest macrowear variation across the sample examined in this study. Conclusions The molar macrowear patterns of the great apes analyzed in this study did not confirm our initial hypothesis of finding larger crushing and grinding areas in Pongo and more shearing wear in Gorilla. Pan shows the most variable macrowear, which is probably associated with their more flexible diet. The similarity between Pongo and Gorilla macrowear patterns may be due to a larger intake of mechanically challenging foods that could obfuscate dietary wear signals generated by softer foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiorenza
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Teagan Harty
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Marcel M. Janocha
- Division of Palaeoanthropology Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Palaeobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Division of Palaeoanthropology Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Department of Palaeobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Huynh N. Nguyen
- School of Mechanical Engineering Hanoi University of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Eugenio Bortolini
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Institución Milá y Fontanals de investigación en Humanidades Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF – CSIC) Barcelona Spain
- Culture and Socio‐Ecological Dynamics, Department of Humanities Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage University of Bologna Ravenna Italy
- Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
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16
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Early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Gongwangling of Lantian, Central China. J Hum Evol 2022; 168:103212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Feeding ecology of the last European colobine monkey, Dolichopithecus ruscinensis. J Hum Evol 2022; 168:103199. [PMID: 35667203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, very little is known about the ecology of extinct Eurasian cercopithecids. Dietary information is crucial in understanding the ecological adaptations and diversity of extinct cercopithecids and the evolution of this family. For example, the colobine genus Dolichopithecus is represented by multiple large-bodied species that inhabited Eurasia during the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene. The available evidence, though limited, suggests semiterrestrial locomotion, which contrasts with most extant African and Asian colobines that exhibit morphological and physiological adaptations for arboreality and folivory. These differences raise questions regarding the dietary specialization of early colobine taxa and how/if that influenced their dispersion out of Africa and into Eurasia. To further our understanding of the ecology of Plio-Pleistocene cercopithecids, we characterized the dental capabilities and potential dietary adaptations of Dolichopithecus ruscinensis through dental topographic and enamel thickness analyses on an M1 from the locality of Serrat d'en Vacquer, Perpignan (France). We also assessed the feeding behavior of D. ruscinensis through dental microwear texture analysis on a broad sample of fossil molars from fossil sites in France, Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania. Dental topographic and enamel thickness analyses suggest that D. ruscinensis could efficiently process a wide range of foods. Results of the dental microwear texture analysis suggest that its diet ranged from folivory to the consumption of more mechanically challenging foods. Collectively, this suggests a more opportunistic feeding behavior for Dolichopithecus than characteristic of most extant colobines.
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18
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García‐Campos C, Modesto‐Mata M, Martinón‐Torres M, Martín‐Francés L, Martínez de Pinillos M, Arsuaga JL, Bermúdez de Castro JM. Similarities and differences in the dental tissue proportions of the deciduous and permanent canines of Early and Middle Pleistocene human populations. J Anat 2022; 240:339-356. [PMID: 34611899 PMCID: PMC8742968 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The two- and three-dimensional assessment of dental tissues has become routine in human taxonomic studies throughout the years. Nonetheless, most of our knowledge of the variability of the enamel and dentine dimensions of the human evolutionary lineage comes from the study of permanent dentition, and particularly from molars. This leads to a biased view of the variability of these features. Due to their early formation and rapid development, the deciduous teeth allow more simplified inferences regarding the processes involved in the dental tissue development of each group. Therefore, their study could be very valuable in dental palaeohistology. In this research, we have explored the dental tissue proportions of the deciduous canines belonging to some human samples of the Early and Middle Pleistocene. The purpose of this was to discuss the meaning of the similarities and differences observed in their histological pattern, as well as to evaluate the degree of covariance with that observed in the permanent dentition of these populations. Our results show that, although there are some similarities in the dental tissue proportions between the deciduous and permanent canines of the study samples, the two dental classes do not provide a similar or comparable pictures of the dental tissue pattern present in the dentition of fossil hominins. Future works on the dental tissue patterns of the anterior and posterior dentition, including deciduous teeth, of fossil samples, may help to shed light on this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Martinón‐Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaBurgosSpain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Laura Martín‐Francés
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaBurgosSpain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES)TarragonaSpain
| | | | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Centro MixtoUCM‐ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento HumanosMadridSpain
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaBurgosSpain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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19
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Zanolli C, Kaifu Y, Pan L, Xing S, Mijares AS, Kullmer O, Schrenk F, Corny J, Dizon E, Robles E, Détroit F. Further analyses of the structural organization of Homo luzonensis teeth: Evolutionary implications. J Hum Evol 2022; 163:103124. [PMID: 34998272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The species Homo luzonensis has recently been described based on a set of dental and postcranial elements found at Callao Cave (Northern Luzon, Philippines) and dated to at least 50-67 ka. Seven postcanine maxillary teeth are attributed to this taxon, five of them belonging to the same individual (CCH6) and representing the holotype of H. luzonensis, whereas the isolated upper premolar CCH8 and the upper third molar CCH9 are paratypes of the species. The teeth are characterized by their small dimensions associated with primitive features, as also found in Homo floresiensis, another hominin having evolved in an insular environment of Southeast Asia. Postcranial bones of the hands and feet of H. luzonensis and H. floresiensis show Homo habilis-like or australopith-like features, whereas cranial and dental morphology are more consistent with the Asian Homo erectus morphology. Due to this mosaic morphology, the origin and phylogenetic relationships of both H. luzonensis and H. floresiensis are still debated. To test the hypotheses that H. luzonensis derives from H. erectus or from an earlier small-brained hominin, we analyzed the µCT scans of the teeth. We investigated both external and internal tooth structure using morphometric methods including: crown outline shape, tooth crown tissue proportions, enamel-dentine junction shape, and pulp morphology. Homo luzonensis external crown morphology aligns more with H. erectus than with H. habilis/H. rudolfensis. The internal structural organization of H. luzonensis teeth exhibits more affinities with that of H. erectus and H. floresiensis than with Neanderthals and modern humans. Our results suggest that both H. floresiensis and H. luzonensis likely evolved from some H. erectus groups that dispersed in the various islands of this region and became isolated until endemic speciation events occurred at least twice during the Pleistocene in insular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Zanolli
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Yousuke Kaifu
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Lei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Song Xing
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Armand S Mijares
- Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; National Museum of the Philippines, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Division of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Palaeobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Friedemann Schrenk
- Division of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Palaeobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julien Corny
- UMR 7194, CNRS, Département Homme & Environnement, Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de L'Homme, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Eusebio Dizon
- National Museum of the Philippines, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Emil Robles
- Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Florent Détroit
- UMR 7194, CNRS, Département Homme & Environnement, Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de L'Homme, 75016 Paris, France.
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20
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O'Hara MC, Guatelli-Steinberg D. Reconstructing tooth crown heights and enamel caps: A comparative test of three existing methods with recommendations for their use. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:123-143. [PMID: 33843152 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies of enamel growth and thickness, whether in paleoanthropology, bioarchaeology, or primatology, require measurements of crown height (CH), cuspal enamel thickness (CET), average (AET), and/or regional enamel thickness (RegAET) on complete, unworn crowns. Yet because fully unworn crowns are uncommon, three methods to bolster sample sizes by reconstructing slightly worn teeth have been developed: Profile, Polynomial, and Pen Tool. Although these methods have been tested for accuracy, no study has yet directly compared the three methods to assess their performance across CH, CET, AET, and RegAET measurements. Moreover, it is currently unclear how accurate the methods are when reconstructing crowns with varying degrees of wear. The present study addresses this gap in our understanding of how these methods perform on four key dental measurements, evaluates the degree of wear for which accurate crown reconstructions can be completed, and offers recommendations for applying these methods. Here, the methods are compared on Paranthropus robustus mandibular molars, a sample chosen because it exhibits variable morphology, presenting a challenge for reconstruction methods. For minimally worn teeth, Profile, Polynomial, and Pen Tool methods can be employed (in that order) for all measurements except CET, which cannot be reliably measured on reconstructions. For teeth with wear that obliterates the nadir of the occlusal basin or dentin horns, CH and AET can be measured using Profile and Polynomial reconstructions; however, no other measurements or methods were reliable. Recommendations provided here will make it possible to increase sample sizes and replicability, enhancing studies of enamel thickness and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackie C O'Hara
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Romero A, Pérez-Pérez A, Atiénzar GG, Martínez LM, Macho GA. Do rates of dental wear in extant African great apes inform the time of weaning? J Hum Evol 2021; 163:103126. [PMID: 34954400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructing the life histories of extinct hominins remains one of the main foci of paleoanthropological inquiry, as an extended juvenile period impacts the social and cognitive development of species. However, the paucity of hominin remains, the lack of comparative hominoid data, and the destructive nature of many life history approaches have limited our understanding of the relationship between dental development (eruption) and weaning in primates. Alternatively, the rate of dental wear in early-forming teeth has been suggested a good proxy for the timing of weaning. Here we test this hypothesis on an ontogenetic series of Gorilla gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes troglodytes, using geographic information systems-based shape descriptors of M1s in relation to the nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotope composition of their associated hair. Results show that Gorilla g. gorilla are fully weaned considerably later than Pan t. troglodytes, that is, after M1s had been in full functional occlusion for some time. Yet, throughout ontogeny, gorilla dental wear rates are greater than they are in chimpanzees. This refutes the hypothesis that the rates of wear of early-forming teeth inform the time of weaning (i.e., nutritional independence). Instead, dietary breadth and seasonal variation in resource availability are implicated. This finding has implications for interpreting the hominin fossil record and raises questions about the triggers for, and the mechanisms of, life history change in hominin evolution. As a case in point, commonalities in life history patterns between early hominins and Western lowland gorillas seem to be a means to mitigate the effects of recurrent (i.e., seasonal) resource limitations and-conceivably-to prevent high infant mortality rates. Taken further, difference between hominid life histories are likely to be of degree, not kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico (INAPH), Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Pérez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gabriel García Atiénzar
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico (INAPH), Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología e Historia Antigua, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Laura M Martínez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriele A Macho
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, OX1 3TG Oxford, UK; Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Birkbeck University of London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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22
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Premolar enamel thickness and distribution of a Miocene hominid Lufengpithecus hudienensis compared with Pleistocene and extant hominids. J Hum Evol 2021; 157:103030. [PMID: 34274567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lufengpithecus hudienensis is a Late-Miocene hominid from the Yuanmou basin of southwestern China. Previous studies link Lufengpithecus to either the Sivapithecus-orangutan clade or a derived branch from the basal stem of the Hominidae. Despite a rich fossil assemblage, the taxonomy of L. hudienensis and its phylogenetic relationship with other hominids is still unclear. Enamel thickness in fossil and modern hominids can provide insights into taxonomy, phylogeny, and dietary reconstructions. In this study, 24 upper and lower L. hudienensis premolars were imaged using high-resolution microcomputed tomography. Three-dimensional average enamel thickness and relative enamel thickness (RET) indices, as well as whole-crown enamel distribution patterns were recorded for the L. hudienensis specimens and compared with a total of 113 specimens of fossil and extant apes and recent modern humans (RMH): fossil Pongo (n = 36), Gigantopithecus blacki (n = 21), Pan troglodytes (n = 11), Gorilla gorilla (n = 7), and RMH (n = 38). RET of the premolars of L. hudienensis was found to be similar to that of fossil Pongo, P. troglodytes, and G. gorilla, but less than Gi. blacki and RMH values. The distribution of enamel thickness shows a taxon-specific pattern for L. hudienensis, generally characterized by thicker enamel on the lateral wall than on the cusp apex, on the lingual cusp of the upper and buccal cusp of the lower premolars, with some differences with respect to fossil Pongo, Gi. blacki, P. troglodytes, and G. gorilla patterns. Additional characterizations of enamel thickness distribution patterns of the molars and other dental endostructural morphologies are needed to further explore the phylogenetic relationships of L. hudienensis with other hominids.
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Martinón-Torres M, d'Errico F, Santos E, Álvaro Gallo A, Amano N, Archer W, Armitage SJ, Arsuaga JL, Bermúdez de Castro JM, Blinkhorn J, Crowther A, Douka K, Dubernet S, Faulkner P, Fernández-Colón P, Kourampas N, González García J, Larreina D, Le Bourdonnec FX, MacLeod G, Martín-Francés L, Massilani D, Mercader J, Miller JM, Ndiema E, Notario B, Pitarch Martí A, Prendergast ME, Queffelec A, Rigaud S, Roberts P, Shoaee MJ, Shipton C, Simpson I, Boivin N, Petraglia MD. Earliest known human burial in Africa. Nature 2021; 593:95-100. [PMID: 33953416 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The origin and evolution of hominin mortuary practices are topics of intense interest and debate1-3. Human burials dated to the Middle Stone Age (MSA) are exceedingly rare in Africa and unknown in East Africa1-6. Here we describe the partial skeleton of a roughly 2.5- to 3.0-year-old child dating to 78.3 ± 4.1 thousand years ago, which was recovered in the MSA layers of Panga ya Saidi (PYS), a cave site in the tropical upland coast of Kenya7,8. Recent excavations have revealed a pit feature containing a child in a flexed position. Geochemical, granulometric and micromorphological analyses of the burial pit content and encasing archaeological layers indicate that the pit was deliberately excavated. Taphonomical evidence, such as the strict articulation or good anatomical association of the skeletal elements and histological evidence of putrefaction, support the in-place decomposition of the fresh body. The presence of little or no displacement of the unstable joints during decomposition points to an interment in a filled space (grave earth), making the PYS finding the oldest known human burial in Africa. The morphological assessment of the partial skeleton is consistent with its assignment to Homo sapiens, although the preservation of some primitive features in the dentition supports increasing evidence for non-gradual assembly of modern traits during the emergence of our species. The PYS burial sheds light on how MSA populations interacted with the dead.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martinón-Torres
- CENIEH (National Research Center on Human Evolution), Burgos, Spain. .,Anthropology Department, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Francesco d'Errico
- UMR 5199 CNRS De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Talence, France.,SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elena Santos
- Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cátedra de Otoacústica Evolutiva y Paleoantropología (HM Hospitales - Universidad de Alcalá), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Ana Álvaro Gallo
- CENIEH (National Research Center on Human Evolution), Burgos, Spain
| | - Noel Amano
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - William Archer
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon J Armitage
- SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- CENIEH (National Research Center on Human Evolution), Burgos, Spain.,Anthropology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Blinkhorn
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.,Pan-African Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Alison Crowther
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katerina Douka
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stéphan Dubernet
- UMR 5060 CNRS-Université Bordeaux Montaigne IRAMAT-CRP2A: Institut de recherche sur les Archéomatériaux - Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l'archéologie, Maison de l'archéologie, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick Faulkner
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Archaeology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Nikos Kourampas
- Centre for Open Learning, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jorge González García
- 3D Applications Engineer and Heritage Specialist Digital Heritage and Humanities Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David Larreina
- CENIEH (National Research Center on Human Evolution), Burgos, Spain
| | - François-Xavier Le Bourdonnec
- UMR 5060 CNRS-Université Bordeaux Montaigne IRAMAT-CRP2A: Institut de recherche sur les Archéomatériaux - Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l'archéologie, Maison de l'archéologie, Pessac, France
| | - George MacLeod
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Laura Martín-Francés
- CENIEH (National Research Center on Human Evolution), Burgos, Spain.,Anthropology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diyendo Massilani
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julio Mercader
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Miller
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ndiema
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,National Museums of Kenya, Department of Earth Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Belén Notario
- CENIEH (National Research Center on Human Evolution), Burgos, Spain
| | - Africa Pitarch Martí
- UMR 5199 CNRS De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Talence, France.,Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistòriques (SERP), Facultat de Geografia i Història, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alain Queffelec
- UMR 5199 CNRS De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Solange Rigaud
- UMR 5199 CNRS De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohammad Javad Shoaee
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Ceri Shipton
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK.,Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ian Simpson
- Centre for Open Learning, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Michael D Petraglia
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. .,Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution (ARCHE), Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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24
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Yi Z, Zanolli C, Liao W, Wang W. A deep-learning-based workflow to assess taxonomic affinity of hominid teeth with a test on discriminating Pongo and Homo upper molars. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175:931-942. [PMID: 33860534 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a state-of-art deep learning (DL) method with superior performance in image classification. Here, a CNN-based workflow is proposed to discriminate hominid teeth. Our hope is that this method could help confirm otherwise questionable records of Homo from Pleistocene deposits where there is a standing risk of mis-attributing molars of Pongo to Homo. METHODS AND MATERIALS A two-step workflow was designed. The first step is converting the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) into EDJ card, that is, a two-dimensional image conversion of the three-dimensional EDJ surface. In this step, researchers must carefully orient the teeth according to the cervical plane. The second step is training the CNN learner with labeled EDJ cards. A sample consisting of 53 fossil Pongo and 53 Homo (modern human and Neanderthal) was adopted to generate EDJ cards, which were then separated into training set (n = 84) and validation set (n = 22). To assess the feasibility of this workflow, a Pongo-Homo classifier was trained from the aforementioned EDJ card set, and then the classifier was used to predict the taxonomic affinities of six samples (test set) from von Koenigswald's Chinese Apothecary collection. RESULTS Results show that EDJ cards in validation set are classified accurately by the CNN learner. More importantly, taxonomic predictions for six specimens in test set match well with the diagnosis results deduced from multiple lines of evidence, implying the great potential of CNN method. DISCUSSION This workflow paves a way for future studies using CNN to address taxonomic complexity (e.g., distinguishing Pongo and Homo teeth from the Pleistocene of Asia). Further improvements include visual interpretation and extending the applicability to moderately worn teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Yi
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Wei Liao
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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25
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Selig KR, Kupczik K, Silcox MT. The effect of high wear diets on the relative pulp volume of the lower molars. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 174:804-811. [PMID: 33543780 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One role of dental pulp is in the upkeep and maintenance of dentine. Under wear, odontoblasts in the pulp deposit tertiary dentine to ensure the sensitive internal dental tissues are not exposed and vulnerable to infection. It follows that there may be an adaptive advantage for increasing molar pulp volume in anthropoid primate taxa that are prone to high levels of wear. The relative volume of dental pulp is therefore predicted to covary with dietary abrasiveness (in the sense of including foods that cause high degrees of wear). MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined relatively unworn lower second molars in pairs of species of extant hominoids, cebids, and pitheciids that vary in the abrasiveness of their diet (n = 36). Using micro-CT scans, we measured the percent of tooth that is pulp (PTP) as the ratio of pulp volume to that of the total volume of the tooth. RESULTS We found that in each pair of species, the taxa that consume a more abrasive diet had a significantly higher PTP than the closely related taxa that consume a softer diet. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to an adaptive mechanism in the molars of taxa that consume abrasive diets and are thus subject to higher levels of wear. Our results provide additional understanding of the relationship between dental pulp and diet and may offer insight into the diet of extinct taxa such as Paranthropus boisei or into the adaptive context of the taurodont molars of Neanderthals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan R Selig
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mary T Silcox
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Yi Z, Liao W, Zanolli C, Wang W. A robust alternative to assessing three-dimensional relative enamel thickness for the use in taxonomic assessment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:555-567. [PMID: 33247444 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three-dimensional relative enamel thickness (3DRET) is important for assessing hypotheses about taxonomy, phylogeny, and dietary reconstruction for primates. However, its weaknesses have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we analyze its weaknesses and propose an index aiming at better taxonomic discrimination. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dimensionless 3D index, ratio of enamel-thickness to dentine-thickness (3DRED), which is defined as the cubic root of the ratio of 3D average enamel thickness (3DAET) to 3D average dentine thickness (3DADT), is proposed here. To compare 3DRET and 3DRED and their sensitivity to voxel size, a fossil orangutan molar was scanned 14 times with different resolutions ranging from 10 to 50 μm. Enamel thickness analysis was carried out for each resultant digital model. In addition, enamel thickness measurements of 179 mandibular permanent molars (eight genera) were analyzed, followed by investigating the relationship between 3DRET and 3DAET and between 3DRED and 3DAET. RESULTS Regarding sensitivity, 3DRED is more robust than 3DRET. In addition, 3DRET is correlated with 3DAET by linear curve with regression coefficients approximating or larger than 0.8 in most cases, while 3DRED shows less correlation with 3DAET. Furthermore, there are clear separations between different taxa in the bivariate plot of 3DRED against 3DAET, indicative of the taxonomic value of 3DRED. CONCLUSION Under certain conditions, 3DRED promises to be a robust and reliable alternative to 3DRET in taxonomic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Yi
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liao
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.,Anthropology Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Wei Wang
- Anthropology Museum of Guangxi, Nanning, China.,Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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27
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Abstract
Teeth have been studied for decades and continue to reveal information relevant to human evolution. Studies have shown that many traits of the outer enamel surface evolve neutrally and can be used to infer human population structure. However, many of these traits are unavailable in archaeological and fossil individuals due to processes of wear and taphonomy. Enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) morphology, the shape of the junction between the enamel and the dentine within a tooth, captures important information about tooth development and vertebrate evolution and is informative because it is subject to less wear and thus preserves more anatomy in worn or damaged specimens, particularly in mammals with relatively thick enamel like hominids. This study looks at the molar EDJ across a large sample of human populations. We assessed EDJ morphological variation in a sample of late Holocene modern humans (n = 161) from archaeological populations using μ-CT biomedical imaging and geometric morphometric analyses. Global variation in human EDJ morphology was compared to the statistical expectations of neutral evolution and "Out of Africa" dispersal modeling of trait evolution. Significant correlations between phenetic variation and neutral genetic variation indicate that EDJ morphology has evolved neutrally in humans. While EDJ morphology reflects population history, its global distribution does not follow expectations of the Out of Africa dispersal model. This study increases our knowledge of human dental variation and contributes to our understanding of dental development more broadly, with important applications to the investigation of population history and human genetic structure.
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Ortiz A, Schander-Triplett K, Bailey SE, Skinner MM, Hublin JJ, Schwartz GT. Enamel thickness variation in the deciduous dentition of extant large-bodied hominoids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:500-513. [PMID: 32767577 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enamel thickness features prominently in hominoid evolutionary studies. To date, however, studies of enamel thickness in humans, great apes, and their fossil relatives have focused on the permanent molar row. Comparatively little research effort has been devoted to tissue proportions within deciduous teeth. Here we attempt to fill this gap by documenting enamel thickness variation in the deciduous dentition of extant large-bodied hominoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used microcomputed tomography to image dental tissues in 80 maxillary and 78 mandibular deciduous premolars of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla, and Pongo. Two-dimensional virtual sections were created from the image volumes to quantify average (AET) and relative (RET) enamel thickness, as well as its distribution across the crown. RESULTS Our results reveal no significant differences in enamel thickness among the great apes. Unlike the pattern present in permanent molars, Pongo does not stand out as having relatively thicker-enameled deciduous premolars than P. troglodytes and Gorilla. Humans, on the other hand, possess significantly thicker deciduous premolar enamel in comparison to great apes. Following expectations from masticatory biomechanics, we also find that the "functional" side (protocone, protoconid) of deciduous premolars generally possesses thicker enamel than the "nonfunctional" side. DISCUSSION Our study lends empirical support to anecdotal observations that patterns of AET and RET observed for permanent molars of large-bodied apes do not apply to deciduous premolars. By documenting enamel thickness variation in hominoid deciduous teeth, this study provides the comparative context to interpret rates and patterns of wear of deciduous teeth and their utility in life history reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ortiz
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Schander-Triplett
- Barrett, The Honors College, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Shara E Bailey
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Gary T Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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29
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Martínez de Pinillos M, Martín-Francés L, de Castro JMB, García-Campos C, Modesto-Mata M, Martinón-Torres M, Vialet A. Inner morphological and metric characterization of the molar remains from the Montmaurin-La Niche mandible: The Neanderthal signal. J Hum Evol 2020; 145:102739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Martín-Francés L, Martinón-Torres M, Martínez de Pinillos M, García-Campos C, Zanolli C, Bayle P, Modesto-Mata M, Arsuaga JL, Bermúdez de Castro JM. Crown tissue proportions and enamel thickness distribution in the Middle Pleistocene hominin molars from Sima de los Huesos (SH) population (Atapuerca, Spain). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233281. [PMID: 32511250 PMCID: PMC7279586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental enamel thickness, topography, growth and development vary among hominins. In Homo, the thickness of dental enamel in most Pleistocene hominins display variations from thick to hyper-thick, while Neanderthals exhibit proportionally thinner enamel. The origin of the thin trait remains unclear. In this context, the Middle Pleistocene human dental assemblage from Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos (SH) provides a unique opportunity to trace the evolution of enamel thickness in European hominins. In this study, we aim to test the hypothesis if the SH molar sample approximates the Neanderthal condition for enamel thickness and/or distribution. This study includes 626 molars, both original and comparative data. We analysed the molar inner structural organization of the original collections (n = 124), belonging to SH(n = 72) and modern humans from Spanish origin (n = 52). We compared the SH estimates to those of extinct and extant populations of the genus Homo from African, Asian and European origin (estimates extracted from literature n = 502). The comparative sample included maxillary and mandibular molars belonging to H. erectus, East and North African Homo, European Middle Pleistocene Homo, Neanderthals, and fossil and extant H. sapiens. We used high-resolution images to investigate the endostructural configuration of SH molars (tissue proportions, enamel thickness and distribution). The SH molars exhibit on average thick absolute and relative enamel in 2D and 3D estimates, both in the complete crown and the lateral enamel. This primitive condition is shared with the majority of extinct and extant hominin sample, except for Neanderthals and some isolated specimens. On the contrary, the SH molar enamel distribution maps reveal a distribution pattern similar to the Neanderthal signal (with thicker enamel on the lingual cusps and more peripherally distributed), compared to H. antecessor and modern humans. Due to the phylogenetic position of the SH population, the thick condition in molars could represent the persistence of the plesiomorphic condition in this group. Still, more data is needed on other Early and Middle Pleistocene populations to fully understand the evolutionary meaning of this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín-Francés
- CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María Martinón-Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Martínez de Pinillos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia García-Campos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clément Zanolli
- CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Priscilla Bayle
- CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mario Modesto-Mata
- Equipo Primeros Pobladores de Extremadura, Casa de la Cultura Rodríguez Moñino, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Centro Mixto Universidad Complutense de Madrid - Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Lockey AL, Alemseged Z, Hublin JJ, Skinner MM. Maxillary molar enamel thickness of Plio-Pleistocene hominins. J Hum Evol 2020; 142:102731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Aris C, Mahoney P, O'Hara MC, Deter C. Enamel thickness and growth rates in modern human permanent first molars over a 2000 year period in Britain. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:141-157. [PMID: 32078160 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explores variation and trends in first molar enamel thickness and daily enamel secretion rates over a 2000 year period in Britain. METHODS Permanent first molars (n = 89) from the Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Medieval periods, as well as modern-day Britain, were analyzed using standard histological methods. Relative enamel thickness (RET) and linear measurements of cuspal and lateral thickness were calculated for mesial cusps. Daily secretion rates (DSRs) were calculated for inner, mid, and outer enamel regions in both cuspal and lateral enamel. Significant differences and trends were identified between samples using nonparametric statistical tests. RESULTS Enamel thickness differed between some populations, but no temporal trends were identified. Early Anglo-Saxon molars had significantly thinner RET than both Late Anglo-Saxon (p < .00) and Medieval (p < .00) molars. Lateral enamel from the Roman molars was significantly thinner than the modern-day sample (p = .04). In contrast, a significant slowing trend in DSRs was observed across the more ancient to modern-day samples in every measured region except the mid-lateral enamel region. DISCUSSION This study presents the first evidence for a gradual slowing in the daily rate that enamel is secreted in molars over the past 2000 years in Britain. However, this trend was not matched by consistent or significant positive or negative shifts in enamel thickness. These findings suggest that modern human molars of similar enamel thickness, from different modern and ancient populations, formed at different rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Aris
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Patrick Mahoney
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Mackie C O'Hara
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chris Deter
- Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Schwartz GT, McGrosky A, Strait DS. Fracture mechanics, enamel thickness and the evolution of molar form in hominins. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20190671. [PMID: 31964261 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the tissue most directly responsible for breaking down food in the oral cavity, the form and function of enamel is obviously of evolutionary significance in humans, non-human primates and other vertebrates. Accordingly, a standard metric, relative enamel thickness (RET), has been used for many decades to provide insights into vertebrate and human palaeobiology. Relatively thick enamel has evolved many times in vertebrates including hominoids (the group to which living humans and fossil hominins belong), and this pattern is thought to provide information about taxonomy, phylogeny, functional anatomy and diet. In particular, relatively thick enamel is thought to make tooth crowns strong so that they resist fractures associated with eating mechanically resistant foods. Here, we use current models of tooth biomechanics to show that RET is at best only moderately informative of function and diet in living hominoids and fossil hominins, and at worst provides misleading information. We propose a new metric, absolute crown strength, to assess the resistance of teeth to fracture, and identify what may be a novel characteristic of tooth strength in fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary T Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda McGrosky
- Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.,Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Chai H. Determining primates bite force from histological tooth sections. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:683-703. [PMID: 31912901 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ability to accurately estimate bite force (BF) in extant and fossil primates is valuable to biological anthropologists. BF is generally evaluated using complex jaw musculature and lever arm analyses employing numerous assumptions and requiring complete cranial morphology. Here, a simple method to determine BF from data measured on histological sections of fossil teeth is proposed. METHODS Published sections of molar teeth encompassing 27 different extinct and extant primates dating back to as early as 17 million years ago were examined. Focusing on the cusp region, the extracted data include characteristic enamel thickness dc and dentin horn angle φ. The occlusal force needed to fracture a cusp, PF , was determined from these variables with the aid of a finite element stress analysis similarly to a previous study on postcanine human teeth. The bite force was obtained by linking BF to PF using a universal constant. RESULTS The measured variables dc and φ are conclusively linked. This link produces a virtually constant fracture force PF and in turn bite force BF for all cusps in the molar row. An explicit formula tying BF to dc and φ was derived. For nonhominin taxa the bite force, molar crown area, and body mass are found to be intimately related. The case of hominins is more involved. The so determined BF is gender-averaged, with the bite force of males estimated to be ≈12% greater than that of females. CONCLUSIONS The use of "fracture mechanics" concepts from mechanics of materials facilitates determination of critical bite force in primates based on characteristic enamel thickness dc and dentin horn angle φ as extracted from histological sections of molar teeth. This novel approach enables quantitative insight into the role played by crown area, body mass and bite force on evolutionary trends. The conclusive link between cuspal enamel thickness and dentin horn angle facilitates optimal food processing without hindering cusp resilience. The proposed approach may be extended to mammals having asymmetric cusp structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herzl Chai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Morita W, Morimoto N, Kono RT, Suwa G. Metameric variation of upper molars in hominoids and its implications for the diversification of molar morphogenesis. J Hum Evol 2019; 138:102706. [PMID: 31785453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metameric variation of molar size is in part associated with the dietary adaptations of mammals and results from slight alterations of developmental processes. Humans and great apes exhibit conspicuous variation in tooth morphology both between taxa and across tooth types. However, the manner in which metameric variation in molars emerged among apes and humans via evolutionary alterations in developmental processes remains largely unknown. In this study, we compare the enamel-dentine junction of the upper molars of humans-which closely correlates with morphology of the outer enamel surface and is less affected by wear-with that of the other extant hominoids: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons. We used the morphometric mapping method to quantify and visualize three-dimensional morphological variation, and applied multivariate statistical analyses. Results revealed the following: 1) extant hominoids other than humans share a common pattern of metameric variation characterized by a largely linear change in morphospace; this indicates a relatively simple graded change in metameric molar shape; 2) intertaxon morphological differences become less distinct from the mesial to distal molars; and 3) humans diverge from the extant ape pattern in exhibiting a distinct metameric shape change trajectory in the morphospace. The graded shape change and lower intertaxon resolution from the mesial to distal molars are consistent with the concept of a 'key' tooth. The common metameric pattern observed among the extant nonhuman hominoids indicates that developmental patterns underlying metameric variation were largely conserved during ape evolution. Furthermore, the human-specific metameric pattern suggests considerable developmental modifications in the human lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Morita
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Oral Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Reiko T Kono
- Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gen Suwa
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Garralda MD, Maureille B, Le Cabec A, Oxilia G, Benazzi S, Skinner MM, Hublin JJ, Vandermeersch B. The Neanderthal teeth from Marillac (Charente, Southwestern France): Morphology, comparisons and paleobiology. J Hum Evol 2019; 138:102683. [PMID: 31765984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Few European sites have yielded human dental remains safely dated to the end of MIS 4/beginning of MIS 3. One of those sites is Marillac (Southwestern France), a collapsed karstic cave where archeological excavations (1967-1980) conducted by B. Vandermeersch unearthed numerous faunal and human remains, as well as a few Mousterian Quina tools. The Marillac sinkhole was occasionally used by humans to process the carcasses of different prey, but there is no evidence for a residential use of the site, nor have any hearths been found. Rare carnivore bones were also discovered, demonstrating that the sinkhole was seasonally used, not only by Neanderthals, but also by predators across several millennia. The lithostratigraphic units containing the human remains were dated to ∼60 kyr. The fossils consisted of numerous fragments of skulls and jaws, isolated teeth and several post-cranial bones, many of them with traces of perimortem manipulations. For those already published, their morphological characteristics and chronostratigraphic context allowed their attribution to Neanderthals. This paper analyzes sixteen unpublished human teeth (fourteen permanent and two deciduous) by investigating the external morphology and metrical variation with respect to other Neanderthal remains and a sample from modern populations. We also investigate their enamel thickness distribution in 2D and 3D, the enamel-dentine junction morphology (using geometric morphometrics) of one molar and two premolars, the roots and the possible expression of taurodontism, as well as pathologies and developmental defects. The anterior tooth use and paramasticatory activities are also discussed. Morphological and structural alterations were found on several teeth, and interpreted in light of human behavior (tooth-pick) and carnivores' actions (partial digestion). The data are interpreted in the context of the available information for the Eurasian Neanderthals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Garralda
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bruno Maureille
- UMR5199 PACEA: de la préhistoire à l'actuel: culture, environnement et anthropologie, Université de Bordeaux, bât. B8. Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire - CS 50023, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig D, 04103, Germany
| | - Gregorio Oxilia
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig D, 04103, Germany; Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig D, 04103, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig D, 04103, Germany
| | - Bernard Vandermeersch
- UMR5199 PACEA: de la préhistoire à l'actuel: culture, environnement et anthropologie, Université de Bordeaux, bât. B8. Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire - CS 50023, 33615 Pessac, France
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Ortiz A, Bailey SE, Delgado M, Zanolli C, Demeter F, Bacon A, Nguyen TMH, Nguyen AT, Zhang Y, Harrison T, Hublin J, Skinner MM. A distinguishing feature of
Pongo
upper molars and its implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated hominid teeth from the Pleistocene of Asia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 170:595-612. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ortiz
- Department of Anthropology New York University New York New York
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Shara E. Bailey
- Department of Anthropology New York University New York New York
- Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Miguel Delgado
- División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata La Plata República Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET Buenos Aires República Argentina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | - Fabrice Demeter
- Musée de l'Homme, UMR7206 Département Homme et Environnement Paris France
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anne‐Marie Bacon
- Laboratoire BABEL, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire FRE 2029 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes Montrouge France
| | - Thi M. H. Nguyen
- Anthropological and Palaeoenvironmental Department The Institute of Archaeology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Anh T. Nguyen
- Anthropological and Palaeoenvironmental Department The Institute of Archaeology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Terry Harrison
- Department of Anthropology New York University New York New York
| | - Jean‐Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
- School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury United Kingdom
- Evolutionary Studies Institute University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
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Zanolli C, Biglari F, Mashkour M, Abdi K, Monchot H, Debue K, Mazurier A, Bayle P, Le Luyer M, Rougier H, Trinkaus E, Macchiarelli R. A Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar. J Hum Evol 2019; 135:102643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Thiery G, Guy F, Lazzari V. Enamel Distribution in 3D: Is Enamel Thickness More Uneven in the Upper Second Molars of Durophagous Hominoids? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3166/bmsap-2019-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enamel thickness is not uniform across the dental crown of primates. It has been suggested that enamel distribution could be used in taxonomy or for ecological inferences. For instance, the thickness of molar enamel in mammals consuming hard food is expected to be uneven, despite differing reports on extant and extinct apes. Overall estimations of average and relative enamel thickness may mask the details of enamel distribution in complex teeth such as molars. Investigating enamel distribution and its purported relationship with ecology or phylogeny would require more detailed assessments. This paper aims to assess whether apes that consume hard foods on a regular basis, such as Pongo pygmaeus, can be characterized by the evenness or unevenness of enamel thickness. To do so, we combined topographic maps and distribution histograms of enamel thickness with cumulative profiles of its variation, or “pachymetric profiles”. We investigated a sample of 25 unworn hominoid upper second molars scanned by X-ray microtomography, and further compared this to a sample of 32 cercopithecines and colobines. Topographic maps show uniformly thin enamel for Gorilla gorilla and Hylobates sp., unevenly thin enamel for Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, and unevenly thick enamel for Pongo pygmaeus. The skewness of enamel distribution does not distinguish between ape species, but does separate apes from OldWorld monkeys. Contrary to previous reports on OldWorld monkeys, the slope of enamel thickness profiles, or pachymetric slope, does not predict the diet of extant apes. However, it does separate the Pan genus, which is characterized by a higher pachymetric slope indicating more uneven enamel distribution compared to other apes. The uneven thickness of enamel distribution observed on topographic maps for P. pygmaeus is not supported by its low pachymetric slope, which instead indicates uniform enamel distribution. This discrepancy in the results obtained for P. pygmaeus can be interpreted as an evolutionary tradeoff between fine-scale versus overall enamel distribution. On the one hand, unevenly thick enamel at a fine scale, combined with strongly decussated enamel as observed in P. pygmaeus, is expected to increase local resistance to crack propagation. On the other hand, uniformly thick enamel at the overall scale would improve the overall resilience of the enamel in coping with challenging food on a daily basis. Although understanding the effects of ecology on enamel distribution in apes requires further investigation, the results presented in this paper confirm the interest of enamel distribution for taxonomy and phylogeny.
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Skinner MF, Imbrasas MD, Byra C, Skinner MM. Growth response of dental tissues to developmental stress in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa
). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 168:764-788. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Skinner
- Department of Archaeology; King's Manor, University of York; York United Kingdom
| | - Mykolas D. Imbrasas
- School of Anthropology and Conservation; University of Kent; Canterbury United Kingdom
| | - Chris Byra
- Greenbelt Swine Veterinary Services Ltd.; Technical Services Veterinarian; Chilliwack British Columbia Canada
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation; University of Kent; Canterbury United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
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Burrows AM, Nash LT, Hartstone‐Rose A, Silcox MT, López‐Torres S, Selig KR. Dental Signatures for Exudativory in Living Primates, with Comparisons to Other Gouging Mammals. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:265-281. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Burrows
- Department of Physical TherapyDuquesne University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Leanne T. Nash
- School of Human Evolution and Social ChangeArizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | | | - Mary T. Silcox
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Canada
| | - Sergi López‐Torres
- Department of Evolutionary PaleobiologyRoman Kozłowski Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Keegan R. Selig
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Canada
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Smith TM, Houssaye A, Kullmer O, Le Cabec A, Olejniczak AJ, Schrenk F, de Vos J, Tafforeau P. Disentangling isolated dental remains of Asian Pleistocene hominins and pongines. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204737. [PMID: 30383758 PMCID: PMC6211657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scholars have debated the taxonomic identity of isolated primate teeth from the Asian Pleistocene for over a century, which is complicated by morphological and metric convergence between orangutan (Pongo) and hominin (Homo) molariform teeth. Like Homo erectus, Pongo once showed considerable dental variation and a wide distribution throughout mainland and insular Asia. In order to clarify the utility of isolated dental remains to document the presence of hominins during Asian prehistory, we examined enamel thickness, enamel-dentine junction shape, and crown development in 33 molars from G. H. R. von Koenigswald's Chinese Apothecary collection (11 Sinanthropus officinalis [= Homo erectus], 21 "Hemanthropus peii," and 1 "Hemanthropus peii" or Pongo) and 7 molars from Sangiran dome (either Homo erectus or Pongo). All fossil teeth were imaged with non-destructive conventional and/or synchrotron micro-computed tomography. These were compared to H. erectus teeth from Zhoukoudian, Sangiran and Trinil, and a large comparative sample of fossil Pongo, recent Pongo, and recent human teeth. We find that Homo and Pongo molars overlap substantially in relative enamel thickness; molar enamel-dentine junction shape is more distinctive, with Pongo showing relatively shorter dentine horns and wider crowns than Homo. Long-period line periodicity values are significantly greater in Pongo than in H. erectus, leading to longer crown formation times in the former. Most of the sample originally assigned to S. officinalis and H. erectus shows greater affinity to Pongo than to the hominin comparative sample. Moreover, enamel thickness, enamel-dentine junction shape, and a long-period line periodicity value in the "Hemanthropus peii" sample are indistinguishable from fossil Pongo. These results underscore the need for additional recovery and study of associated dentitions prior to erecting new taxa from isolated teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M. Smith
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Houssaye
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- ESRF—The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Ottmar Kullmer
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
- Department of Paleobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- ESRF—The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Friedemann Schrenk
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
- Department of Paleobiology and Environment, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - John de Vos
- Department of Geology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Martín-Francés L, Martinón-Torres M, Martínez de Pinillos M, García-Campos C, Modesto-Mata M, Zanolli C, Rodríguez L, Bermúdez de Castro JM. Tooth crown tissue proportions and enamel thickness in Early Pleistocene Homo antecessor molars (Atapuerca, Spain). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203334. [PMID: 30281589 PMCID: PMC6169863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth crown tissue proportions and enamel thickness distribution are considered reliable characters for inferring taxonomic identity, phylogenetic relationships, dietary and behavioural adaptations in fossil and extant hominids. While most Pleistocene hominins display variations from thick to hyper-thick enamel, Neanderthals exhibit relatively thinner. However, the chronological and geographical origin for the appearance of this typical Neanderthal condition is still unknown. The European late Early Pleistocene species Homo antecessor (Gran Dolina-TD6 site, Sierra de Atapuerca) represents an opportunity to investigate the appearance of the thin condition in the fossil record. In this study, we aim to test the hypothesis if H. antecessor molars approximates the Neanderthal condition for tissue proportions and enamel thickness. To do so, for the first time we characterised the molar inner structural organization in this Early Pleistocene hominin taxon (n = 17) and compared it to extinct and extant populations of the genus Homo from African, Asian and European origin (n = 355). The comparative sample includes maxillary and mandibular molars belonging to H. erectus, East and North African Homo, European Middle Pleistocene Homo, Neanderthals, and fossil and extant H. sapiens. We used high-resolution images to investigate the endostructural configuration of TD6 molars (tissue proportions, enamel thickness and distribution). TD6 permanent molars tend to exhibit on average thick absolute and relative enamel in 2D and 3D estimates, both in the complete crown and the lateral enamel. This condition is shared with the majority of extinct and extant hominin sample, except for Neanderthals and some isolated specimens. However, while the total crown percentage of dentine in TD6 globally resembles the low modern values, the lateral crown percentage of dentine tends to be much higher, closer to the Neanderthal signal. Similarly, the H. antecessor molar enamel distribution maps reveal a relative distribution pattern that is more similar to the Neanderthal condition (with the thickest enamel more spread at the periphery of the occlusal basin) rather than that of other fossil specimens and modern humans (with thicker cuspal enamel). Future studies on European Middle Pleistocene populations will provide more insights into the evolutionary trajectory of the typical Neanderthal dental structural organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martín-Francés
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199 F_33615, Pessac, France
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - María Martinón-Torres
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Martínez de Pinillos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia García-Campos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Modesto-Mata
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Laboratoire AMIS, UMR 5288 CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Evolución Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geografía, Universidad de Burgos, Edificio I+D+i, Burgos, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Anthropology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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McRae R, Aronsen GP. Inventory and Assessment of theGorilla gorilla(Savage, 1847) Skeletal Collection Housed at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2018. [DOI: 10.3374/014.059.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McRae
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520-8277 USA
| | - Gary P. Aronsen
- Biological Anthropology Laboratories, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520-8277 USA
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Zanolli C, Pan L, Dumoncel J, Kullmer O, Kundrát M, Liu W, Macchiarelli R, Mancini L, Schrenk F, Tuniz C. Inner tooth morphology of Homo erectus from Zhoukoudian. New evidence from an old collection housed at Uppsala University, Sweden. J Hum Evol 2018; 116:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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García‐Campos C, Martinón‐Torres M, Martín‐Francés L, Martínez de Pinillos M, Modesto‐Mata M, Perea‐Pérez B, Zanolli C, Labajo González E, Sánchez Sánchez JA, Ruiz Mediavilla E, Tuniz C, Bermúdez de Castro JM. Contribution of dental tissues to sex determination in modern human populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:459-472. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia García‐Campos
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
| | - María Martinón‐Torres
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
| | - Laura Martín‐Francés
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199 F_33615Pessac Cedex France
| | - Marina Martínez de Pinillos
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
| | - Mario Modesto‐Mata
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
- Equipo Primeros Pobladores de Extremadura, Casa de la Cultura Rodríguez MoñinoCáceres Spain
| | - Bernardo Perea‐Pérez
- Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Escuela de Medicina Legal y ForenseUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain
| | - Clément Zanolli
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, UMR 5288 CNRS, University Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier France
| | - Elena Labajo González
- Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Escuela de Medicina Legal y ForenseUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain
| | | | - Elena Ruiz Mediavilla
- Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Escuela de Medicina Legal y ForenseUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain
| | - Claudio Tuniz
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) of TriesteTrieste Italy
| | - José María Bermúdez de Castro
- Departamento de Paleobiología de Homínidos, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaPaseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 3, Burgos09002 Spain
- Anthropology DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0BW United Kingdom
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Was Mesopithecus a seed eating colobine? Assessment of cracking, grinding and shearing ability using dental topography. J Hum Evol 2017; 112:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Buti L, Le Cabec A, Panetta D, Tripodi M, Salvadori PA, Hublin JJ, Feeney RNM, Benazzi S. 3D enamel thickness in Neandertal and modern human permanent canines. J Hum Evol 2017; 113:162-172. [PMID: 29054166 PMCID: PMC5667889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enamel thickness figures prominently in studies of human evolution, particularly for taxonomy, phylogeny, and paleodietary reconstruction. Attention has focused on molar teeth, through the use of advanced imaging technologies and novel protocols. Despite the important results achieved thus far, further work is needed to investigate all tooth classes. We apply a recent approach developed for anterior teeth to investigate the 3D enamel thickness of Neandertal and modern human (MH) canines. In terms of crown size, the values obtained for both upper and lower unworn/slightly worn canines are significantly greater in Neandertals than in Upper Paleolithic and recent MH. The 3D relative enamel thickness (RET) is significantly lower in Neandertals than in MH. Moreover, differences in 3D RET values between the two groups appear to decrease in worn canines beginning from wear stage 3, suggesting that both the pattern and the stage of wear may have important effects on the 3D RET value. Nevertheless, the 3D average enamel thickness (AET) does not differ between the two groups. In both groups, 3D AET and 3D RET indices are greater in upper canines than in lower canines, and overall the enamel is thicker on the occlusal half of the labial aspect of the crown, particularly in MH. By contrast, the few early modern humans investigated show the highest volumes of enamel while for all other components of 3D enamel, thickness this group holds an intermediate position between Neandertals and recent MH. Overall, our study supports the general findings that Neandertals have relatively thinner enamel than MH (as also observed in molars), indicating that unworn/slightly worn canines can be successfully used to discriminate between the two groups. Further studies, however, are needed to understand whether these differences are functionally related or are the result of pleiotropic or genetic drift effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buti
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, V. Ariani, 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043 Grenoble Cédex 9, France.
| | - Daniele Panetta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Tripodi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Piero A Salvadori
- Institute of Clinical Physiology - CNR, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Robin N M Feeney
- UCD School of Medicine, Health Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, V. Ariani, 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Thiery G, Lazzari V, Ramdarshan A, Guy F. Beyond the Map: Enamel Distribution Characterized from 3D Dental Topography. Front Physiol 2017; 8:524. [PMID: 28785226 PMCID: PMC5519568 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel thickness is highly susceptible to natural selection because thick enamel may prevent tooth failure. Consequently, it has been suggested that primates consuming stress-limited food on a regular basis would have thick-enameled molars in comparison to primates consuming soft food. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of enamel over a single tooth crown is not homogeneous, and thick enamel is expected to be more unevenly distributed in durophagous primates. Still, a proper methodology to quantitatively characterize enamel 3D distribution and test this hypothesis is yet to be developed. Unworn to slightly worn upper second molars belonging to 32 species of anthropoid primates and corresponding to a wide range of diets were digitized using high resolution microcomputed tomography. In addition, their durophagous ability was scored from existing literature. 3D average and relative enamel thickness were computed based on the volumetric reconstruction of the enamel cap. Geometric estimates of their average and relative enamel-dentine distance were also computed using 3D dental topography. Both methods gave different estimations of average and relative enamel thickness. This study also introduces pachymetric profiles, a method inspired from traditional topography to graphically characterize thick enamel distribution. Pachymetric profiles and topographic maps of enamel-dentine distance are combined to assess the evenness of thick enamel distribution. Both pachymetric profiles and topographic maps indicate that thick enamel is not significantly more unevenly distributed in durophagous species, except in Cercopithecidae. In this family, durophagous species such as mangabeys are characterized by an uneven thick enamel and high pachymetric profile slopes at the average enamel thickness, whereas non-durophagous species such as colobine monkeys are not. These results indicate that the distribution of thick enamel follows different patterns across anthropoids. Primates might have developed different durophagous strategies to answer the selective pressure exerted by stress-limited food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislain Thiery
- iPHEP UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7262 INEE, Université de PoitiersPoitiers, France
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Vincent Lazzari
- iPHEP UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7262 INEE, Université de PoitiersPoitiers, France
| | - Anusha Ramdarshan
- iPHEP UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7262 INEE, Université de PoitiersPoitiers, France
| | - Franck Guy
- iPHEP UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7262 INEE, Université de PoitiersPoitiers, France
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