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Amano H, Kochiyama T, Tanabe HC, Ogihara N. Morphological invariant of the midsagittal deep brain anatomy between humans and African great apes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:39-47. [PMID: 36787753 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Efforts have been made to mathematically reconstruct the brain morphology from human fossil crania to clarify the evolutionary changes in the brain that are associated with the emergence of human cognitive ability. However, because conventional reconstruction methods are based solely on the endocranial shape, deep brain structures cannot be estimated with sufficient accuracy. Our study aims to investigate the possible morphological correspondence between the cranial and deep brain morphologies based on humans and African great apes, with the goal of a more precise reconstruction of fossil brains. MATERIALS AND METHODS Midsagittal endocranial and deep brain landmarks were obtained from magnetic resonance images of humans and three species of African great apes. The average midsagittal endocranial profile of all four species was calculated after Procrustes registration. The spatial deformation function from each of the endocranial profiles to the average endocranial profile was defined, and the brain landmarks enclosed in the endocranium were transformed using the deformation function to evaluate the interspecific variabilities of the positions of the brain landmarks on the average endocranial profile. RESULTS The interspecific differences in the shape-normalized positions of the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, thalamus center, and brainstem were approximately within the range of 2% of the human cranial length, indicating that the interspecific variabilities of the positions of these deep brain structures were relatively small among the four species. DISCUSSION Such an invariant relationship of the deep brain structure and the endocranium that encloses the brain can potentially be utilized to reconstruct the brains of fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Amano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kochiyama
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki C Tanabe
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naomichi Ogihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Deregnaucourt I, Bardin J, Anderson JM, Béthoux O. The wing venation of a new fossil species, reconstructed using geometric morphometrics, adds to the rare fossil record of Triassic Gondwanian Odonata. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 63:101056. [PMID: 33984598 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Probably the most common rock-imprint fossil-insect remain is an incomplete isolated wing. This pitfall has been traditionally addressed by manually reconstructing missing parts, which is not ideal to comprehend long-term evolutionary trends in the group, in particular for morphological diversity (i.e., disparity) approaches. Herein we describe a new Triassic relative of dragon- and damselflies (Odonata), Moltenophlebia lindae gen. et sp. nov., from the Molteno Formation (Karoo Basin, South Africa), on the basis of three incomplete, isolated wings. In order to provide a reconstruction of the complete wing venation of the species, we formalized and applied a repeatable method aiming at inferring the missing parts of a given specimen. It is based on homologous veins automatically identified thanks to a standardized color-coding. The dedicated script can be applied broadly to the fossil record of insect wings. The species is identified as a member of the Zygophlebiida, within the Triadophlebiomorpha. This discovery, therefore, represents the first ascertained occurrence of the latter group in Gondwana, an area where the fossil record of Odonata is depauperate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Deregnaucourt
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005, Paris, France; Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Jérémie Bardin
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - John M Anderson
- Environmental Studies Institute, Witwatersrand University, 1 Jan Smuts Ave., Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.
| | - Olivier Béthoux
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Jurda M, Urbanová P, Chmelík J. Digital restoration of fragmentary human skeletal remains: Testing the feasibility of virtual reality. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 66:50-57. [PMID: 31220789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Experts in forensic anthropology and medicine have become gradually accustomed to examining components of the human body in the virtual workspace. While the computer-assisted approach offers numerous benefits, the interactions with digital three-dimensional biological objects are often problematic, particularly if conducted with mouse, keyboard and flat-panel screen. The study focusses on feasibility of a virtual reality (VR) system for virtual restoration of fragmentary skeletal remains. The VR system was confronted with three cases of fragmentary remains. The cases were reassembled manually by twenty participants using a HTC Vive headset combined with an in-house application A.R.T. The same task was performed using a CloudCompare software in conjunction with a desktop peripheral. The two systems were compared in terms of time efficiency, the geometric properties of the resulting restorations, and convenience of use. Restoration using the VR system took approximately half the time the desktop set-up did. The VR system also yielded a lower error rate when a severely fragmented skull was reassembled. Ultimately, although the efficiency of the reassembling was shown to be strongly dependent on the operator's experience, the use of the VR system balanced out the uneven levels of proficiency in computer graphics. The current generation of virtual reality headsets has a strong potential to facilitate and improve tasks relating to the virtual restoration of fragmented skeletal remains. A VR system offers an intuitive digital working environment which is less affected by an operator's computer skills and practical understanding of the technology than the desktop systems are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikoláš Jurda
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Urbanová
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Chmelík
- Department of Visual Computing, Faculty of Informatics, Botanická 554/68a, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Reconstructing the Neanderthal brain using computational anatomy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6296. [PMID: 29700382 PMCID: PMC5919901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study attempted to reconstruct 3D brain shape of Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens based on computational neuroanatomy. We found that early Homo sapiens had relatively larger cerebellar hemispheres but a smaller occipital region in the cerebrum than Neanderthals long before the time that Neanderthals disappeared. Further, using behavioural and structural imaging data of living humans, the abilities such as cognitive flexibility, attention, the language processing, episodic and working memory capacity were positively correlated with size-adjusted cerebellar volume. As the cerebellar hemispheres are structured as a large array of uniform neural modules, a larger cerebellum may possess a larger capacity for cognitive information processing. Such a neuroanatomical difference in the cerebellum may have caused important differences in cognitive and social abilities between the two species and might have contributed to the replacement of Neanderthals by early Homo sapiens.
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Michikawa T, Suzuki H, Moriguchi M, Ogihara N, Kondo O, Kobayashi Y. Automatic extraction of endocranial surfaces from CT images of crania. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168516. [PMID: 28406901 PMCID: PMC5390982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors present a method for extracting polygon data of endocranial surfaces from CT images of human crania. Based on the fact that the endocast is the largest empty space in the crania, we automate a procedure for endocast extraction by integrating several image processing techniques. Given CT images of human crania, the proposed method extracts endocranial surfaces by the following three steps. The first step is binarization in order to fill void structures, such as diploic space and cracks in the skull. We use a void detection method based on mathematical morphology. The second step is watershed-based segmentation of the endocranial part from the binary image of the CT image. Here, we introduce an automatic initial seed assignment method for the endocranial region using the distance field of the binary image. The final step is partial polygonization of the CT images using the segmentation results as mask images. The resulting polygons represent only the endocranial part, and the closed manifold surfaces are computed even though the endocast is not isolated in the cranium. Since only the isovalue threshold and the size of void structures are required, the procedure is not dependent on the experience of the user. The present paper also demonstrates that the proposed method can extract polygon data of endocasts from CT images of various crania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Michikawa
- Center for Environmental Innovation Design for Sustainability, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiromasa Suzuki
- Department of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Moriguchi
- Department of Information and System Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomichi Ogihara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Dynamic measurement of surface strain distribution on the foot during walking. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 69:249-256. [PMID: 28110181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism underlying the development of foot disorders such as diabetic ulcers and deformities, it is important to understand how the foot surface elongates and contracts during gait. Such information is also helpful for improving the prevention and treatment of foot disorders. We therefore measured temporal changes in the strain distribution on the foot surface during human walking. Five adult male participants walked across a glass platform placed over an angled mirror set in a wooden walkway at a self-selected speed and the dorsolateral and plantar surfaces of the foot were filmed using two pairs of synchronized high-speed cameras. Three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation was used to quantify the spatial strain distribution on the foot surface with respect to that during quiet standing. Using the proposed method, we observed the 3D patterns of foot surface strain distribution during walking. Large strain was generated around the ball on the plantar surface of the foot throughout the entire stance phase, due to the windlass mechanism. The dorsal surface around the cuboid was stretched in the late stance phase, possibly due to lateral protruding movement of the cuboid. It may be possible to use this technique to non-invasively estimate movements of the foot bones under the skin using the surface strain distribution. The proposed technique may be an effective tool with which to analyze foot deformation in the fields of diabetology, clinical orthopedics, and ergonomics.
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Amano H, Kikuchi T, Morita Y, Kondo O, Suzuki H, Ponce de León MS, Zollikofer CP, Bastir M, Stringer C, Ogihara N. Virtual reconstruction of the Neanderthal Amud 1 cranium. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:185-197. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Amano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Takeo Kikuchi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Yusuke Morita
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Osamu Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiromasa Suzuki
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; University of Tokyo; Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | | | | | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology; Museo Nacional De Ciencias Naturales; Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Chris Stringer
- Department of Earth Sciences; Natural History Museum; London Sw7 5BD UK
| | - Naomichi Ogihara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
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Bruner E, Amano H, de la Cuétara JM, Ogihara N. The brain and the braincase: a spatial analysis on the midsagittal profile in adult humans. J Anat 2015. [PMID: 26200138 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial relationships between brain and braincase represent a major topic in surgery and evolutionary neuroanatomy. In paleoneurology, neurocranial landmarks are often used as references for brain areas. In this study, we analyze the variation and covariation of midsagittal brain and skull coordinates in a sample of adult modern humans in order to demonstrate spatial associations between hard and soft tissues. The correlation between parietal lobe size and parietal bone size is very low, and there is a marked individual variation. The distances between lobes and bones are partially influenced by the dimensions of the parietal lobes. The main pattern of morphological variability among individuals, associated with the size of the precuneus, apparently does not influence the position of the neurocranial sutures. Therefore, variations in precuneal size modify the distance between the paracentral lobule and bregma, and between the parietal lobe and lambda. Hence, the relative position of the cranial and cerebral landmarks can change as a function of the parietal dimensions. The slight correlation and covariation among these elements suggests a limited degree of spatial integration between soft and hard tissues. Therefore, although the brain influences the cranial size and shape during morphogenesis, the specific position of the cerebral components is sensitive to multiple effects and local factors, without a strict correspondence with the bone landmarks. This absence of correspondent change between brain and skull boundaries suggests caution when making inferences about the brain areas from the position of the cranial sutures. The fact that spatial relationships between cranial and brain areas may vary according to brain proportions must be considered in paleoneurology, when brain anatomy is inferred from cranial evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
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MORITA YUSUKE, AMANO HIDEKI, OGIHARA NAOMICHI. Three-dimensional endocranial shape variation in the modern Japanese population. ANTHROPOL SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.151008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YUSUKE MORITA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama
| | - HIDEKI AMANO
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama
| | - NAOMICHI OGIHARA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama
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