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Pignet AL, Schellnegger M, Hecker A, Kamolz LP, Kotzbeck P. Modeling Wound Chronicity In Vivo: The Translational Challenge to Capture the Complexity of Chronic Wounds. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1454-1470. [PMID: 38483357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
In an aging society with common lifestyle-associated health issues such as obesity and diabetes, chronic wounds pose a frequent challenge that physicians face in everyday clinical practice. Therefore, nonhealing wounds have attracted much scientific attention. Several in vitro and in vivo models have been introduced to deepen our understanding of chronic wound pathogenesis and amplify therapeutic strategies. Understanding how wounds become chronic will provide insights to reverse or avoid chronicity. Although choosing a suitable model is of utmost importance to receive valuable outcomes, an ideal in vivo model capturing the complexity of chronic wounds is still missing and remains a translational challenge. This review discusses the most relevant mammalian models for wound healing studies and provides guidance on how to implement the hallmarks of chronic wounds. It highlights the benefits and pitfalls of established models and maps out future avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa Pignet
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; COREMED - Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Tissue Repair and Reconstruction, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marlies Schellnegger
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; COREMED - Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Tissue Repair and Reconstruction, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Andrzej Hecker
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; COREMED - Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Tissue Repair and Reconstruction, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lars-Peter Kamolz
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; COREMED - Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Kotzbeck
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; COREMED - Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Tissue Repair and Reconstruction, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Wang Z, van Bruggen R, Sandini T, Hagen EV, Li XM, Zhang Y. Wistar-Kyoto rats and chronically stressed Wistar rats present similar depression- and anxiety-like behaviors but different corticosterone and endocannabinoid system modulation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110825. [PMID: 37437836 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The interplay of social, psychological, and biological stresses can trigger mental health conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD), adjustment disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The endocannabinoid system (ECS), comprising endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors, is the critical pathway that mediates responses to stress stimuli. This study aimed to investigate the ECS's impact on responding to chronic social instability stress (SIS). Wistar (WIS) rats and an endogenously depressed rat model, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), were used to evaluate depression- and anxiety-like behavioral responses, cognitive function, hormone levels, and ECS function. The animals in the stress group (WIS-STS and WKY-STS) were exposed to TMT (predator odor) for 10 mins (two exposures in total: one in light cycle and one in dark cycle) and daily roommate changes (30 days in total), while the control group (CTL) rats were exposed to a sham odor stimulus (distilled water) and did not undergo roommate changes. The results in the open field test suggest that WKY rats had significantly lower locomotor activity than WIS rats. In contrast, WKY rats and chronically stressed WIS rats presented similar depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and impaired cognitive function in the elevated plus maze, forced swimming test, and novel objective recognition test. However, chronic SIS did not exacerbate these behavioral changes in WKY rats. ELISA and Western blot analysis indicated that chronic SIS did not induce further upregulation of endocannabinoids and CB1R downregulation in WKY rats compared to WIS rats. In addition, the Luminex assay revealed that WKY rats showed a higher resilience on the HPA-axis modulation towards chronic SIS, distinguished by the hyperactivity of the HPA-axis modulation in WIS rats. Overall, the study revealed that the chronic SIS animal model (stressed WIS rats) and an animal model of endogenous depression (WKY rats) can generate similar behavioral changes in anxious behavior, behavioral despair, and cognitive impairment. Both animal models present hyperactivity of the ACTH modulation and ECS activity, while WKY rats are more resilient on CORT modulation towards chronic SIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rebekah van Bruggen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Thaisa Sandini
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ethan V Hagen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xin-Min Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Kogo H, Maeda N, Kiyokawa Y, Takeuchi Y. Rats do not consider all unfamiliar strains to be equivalent. Behav Processes 2021; 190:104457. [PMID: 34216685 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Humans show distinct social behaviours when we recognise social similarity in opponents that are members of the same social group. However, little attention has been paid to the role of social similarity in non-human animals. In the Wistar subject rats, the presence of an unfamiliar Wistar rat mitigated stress responses, suggesting the importance of social similarity in this stress-buffering phenomenon. We subsequently found that the presence of unfamiliar Sprague-Dawley (SD) or Long-Evans (LE) rats, but not an unfamiliar Fischer 344 (F344) rat, similarly mitigated stress responses in the subject rats. It is therefore possible that the subject rats recognised social similarity to unfamiliar SD and LE rats. In this study, we demonstrated that the Wistar subject rats were capable of categorizing unfamiliar rats based on their strain, and that the Wistar subjects showed a preference for unfamiliar Wistar, SD, and LE rats over F344 rats. However, the subject rats did not show a preference among Wistar, SD, and LE rats. In addition, the results were not due to an aversion to F344 rats, and preference was not affected when anaesthetised rats were presented to the subject rats. The findings suggested that rats recognise social similarity to certain unfamiliar strains of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kogo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naori Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kiyokawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Yukari Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Nakamura T, Ichii O, Sunden Y, Elewa YHA, Yoshiyasu T, Hattori H, Tatsumi O, Kon Y, Nagasaki KI. Slc:Wistar/ST rats develop unilateral thyroid dysgenesis: A novel animal model of thyroid hemiagenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221939. [PMID: 31465501 PMCID: PMC6715207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland lead to congenital malformations such as thyroglossal duct cysts and thyroid dysgenesis. However, the pathogenesis of thyroid dysgenesis remains unclear due to the lack of suitable animal models. This study demonstrated that Slc:Wistar/ST rats frequently developed unilateral thyroid dysgenesis, including hemiagenesis, characterized by the absence of one lobe. In Wistar/ST rats, each thyroid lobe was frequently different in size, and approximately 27% and 20% of the rats presented with hemihypoplasia and hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland, respectively. Dysgenesis was predominant on the left side in both sexes, without sex differences. At a young age, thyroid hemiagenesis did not alter body weight. In rats of both sexes with thyroid hemiagenesis, plasma total triiodothyronine and total triiodothyronine levels remained unchanged while plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were significantly elevated in young rats. The remaining thyroid lobes increased in weight, but the follicular epithelial cells appeared normal in terms of their height and proliferating activities. On the side of thyroid dysgenesis, the parathyroid glands were normally localized and were situated at the same location as the contralateral glands. The ultimobranchial body remnants were localized at the level of the thyroid gland along with the cranial thyroid artery and vein, forming cell clusters or cystic structures and containing calcitonin-positive C-cells. In conclusion, Wistar/ST rats developed unilateral thyroid dysgenesis and may be novel and useful animal models for thyroid hemiagenesis in humans and for morphogenesis of pharyngeal pouch-derived organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Nakamura
- Section of Biomedical Science, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tomoji Yoshiyasu
- Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideki Hattori
- Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Osamu Tatsumi
- Section of Biomedical Science, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nagasaki
- Section of Biological Safety Research, Tama Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
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Alexandrovich Basov A, Anatolyevna Elkina А, Alexandrovich Samkov A, Nikolaevich Volchenko N, Victorovich Moiseev A, Viacheslavovna Fedulova L, Gennadievich Baryshev M, Sergeevich Dzhimak S. Influence of Deuterium-Depleted Water on the Isotope D/H Composition of Liver Tissue and Morphological Development of Rats at Different Periods of Ontogenesis. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2019; 23. [PMID: 30220191 PMCID: PMC6707107 DOI: 10.29252/.23.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the reaction of organism of laboratory animals on deuterium-depleted drinking diet. To assess the cell energy metabolism, the effect of a liquid medium with different deuterium contents on isolated liver mitochondria of random bred rats and Wistar rats was studied. Methods This experimental study on the effect of deuterium-depleted drinking water (DDW) on 16-week-old male Wistar rats lasted for four weeks. Energy metabolism of mitochondria was examined through the production of hydrogen peroxide using an Amplex® Red Hydrogen Peroxide/Peroxidase Assay Kit. Results Modification of isotope (deuterium-protium [D/H]) composition of rats’ blood and organ tissues with DDW (-705‰), introduced into rats’ diet within four weeks, led to the formation of isotope D/H gradient between blood plasma and organ tissues and affected isotope D/H exchange reactions on the adaptive processes. The isolated liver mitochondria from the random bred rats consumed DDW presented a maximum increase in H2O2 production during the incubation in DDW medium. This increased level of H2O2 production was higher in the isolated liver mitochondria of the rats consuming natural deuterium content drinking water (-24‰). Conclusion The obtained results indicate the possibility of nutritional correction of isotope D/H metabolism in blood by means of products with modified isotope composition, as well as the prospects of using isotope exchange reactions in case of imbalance in function of the body's defense systems in different generations of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Alexandrovich Basov
- Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation, Russia;,Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation, Russia
| | - Аnna Anatolyevna Elkina
- Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation, Russia; ,Corresponding Author: Аnna Anatolyevna Elkina, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation, Russia; Tel.: (+7-91) 80688381; Fax: (+8-861) 2199519; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Liliya Viacheslavovna Fedulova
- The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Russia
| | | | - Stepan Sergeevich Dzhimak
- Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation, Russia; ,The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Russia
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Adipocytes and intestinal epithelium dysfunctions linking obesity to inflammation induced by high glycemic index pellet-diet in Wistar rats. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180304. [PMID: 29950343 PMCID: PMC6019358 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the inflammatory effect of a pellet-diet with high glycemic index and load (HGLI) on the histological organization of adipocytes, intestinal epithelium, and fat in liver and pancreas in adult male Wistar rats. Two groups (n=10) received for 17 weeks: (1) HGLI diet or (2) Standard diet (Labina®). Histological analyses of adipose tissue, jejunum, liver, and pancreas were performed. Stereology analysis, visceral adiposity index, gene expression, and immunohistochemistry of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in visceral adipose tissue and plasma TNF-α were also assessed. The HGLI diet-induced hypertrophy of adipocytes with adipocyte volume density equal to 97.0%, cross-sectional area of adipocytes equivalent to 1387 µm² and a total volume of adipocytes of 6.97 cm³ an elevation of 8%, 25%, and 58%, respectively. Furthermore, the HGLI diet increased liver and pancreatic fat deposition, altered and inflamed the intestinal epithelia, and increased TNF-α gene expression (P=0.014) with a positive immunostaining in visceral adipose tissue and high plasma TNF-α in comparison with standard diet. The results suggest that this diet was able to generate changes commonly caused to solid diets with high fat or fructose-rich beverages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature concerning the properties of low-cost, sucrose-rich pellet-diet presenting high glycemic index and high glycemic load efficient on the development of obesity complications in Wistar rats that were subjected to diet-induced obesity. Therefore, the HGLI pellet-diet may be considered an effective tool to be used by the scientific community in experimental research.
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Someya Y, Ami Y, Takai-Todaka R, Fujimoto A, Haga K, Murakami K, Fujii Y, Shirato H, Oka T, Shimoike T, Katayama K, Wakita T. Evaluation of the use of various rat strains for immunogenic potency tests of Sabin-derived inactivated polio vaccines. Biologicals 2018; 52:12-17. [PMID: 29475730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Slc:Wistar rats have been the only strain used in Japan for purpose of evaluating a national reference vaccine for the Sabin-derived inactivated polio vaccine (sIPV) and the immunogenicity of sIPV-containing products. However, following the discovery that the Slc:Wistar strain was genetically related to the Fischer 344 strain, other "real" Wistar strains, such as Crlj:WI, that are available worldwide were tested in terms of their usefulness in evaluating the immunogenicity of the past and current lots of a national reference vaccine. The response of the Crlj:WI rats against the serotype 1 of sIPV was comparable to that of the Slc:Wistar rats, while the Crlj:WI rats exhibited a higher level of response against the serotypes 2 and 3. The immunogenic potency units of a national reference vaccine determined using the Slc:Wistar rats were reproduced on tests using the Crlj:WI rats. These results indicate that a titer of the neutralizing antibody obtained in response to a given dose of sIPV cannot be directly compared between these two rat strains, but that, more importantly, the potency units are almost equivalent for the two rat strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Someya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Fujii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Haruko Shirato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimoike
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Nakanishi S, Kuramoto T, Kashiwazaki N, Yokoi N. Genetic profiling of two phenotypically distinct outbred rats derived from a colony of the Zucker fatty rats maintained at Tokyo Medical University. Exp Anim 2017; 66:91-98. [PMID: 27795491 PMCID: PMC5411295 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zucker fatty (ZF) rat is an outbred rat and a well-known model of obesity without diabetes, harboring a missense mutation (fatty, abbreviated as fa) in the leptin receptor gene (Lepr). Slc:Zucker (Slc:ZF) outbred rats exhibit obesity while Hos:ZFDM-Leprfa (Hos:ZFDM) outbred rats exhibit obesity and type 2 diabetes. Both outbred rats have been derived from an outbred ZF rat colony maintained at Tokyo Medical University. So far, genetic profiles of these outbred rats remain unknown. Here, we applied a simple genotyping method using Ampdirect reagents and FTA cards (Amp-FTA) in combination with simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLP) markers to determine genetic profiles of Slc:ZF and Hos:ZFDM rats. Among 27 SSLP marker loci, 24 loci (89%) were fixed for specific allele at each locus in Slc:ZF rats and 26 loci (96%) were fixed in Hos:ZFDM rats, respectively. This indicates the low genetic heterogeneity in both colonies of outbred rats. Nine loci (33%) showed different alleles between the two outbred rats, suggesting considerably different genetic profiles between the two outbred rats in spite of the same origin. Additional analysis using 72 SSLP markers further supported these results and clarified the profiles in detail. This study revealed that genetic profiles of the Slc:ZF and Hos:ZFDM outbred rats are different for about 30% of the SSLP marker loci, which is the underlying basis for the phenotypic difference between the two outbred rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakanishi
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuramoto
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naomi Kashiwazaki
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
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