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Zhu G, Song X, Sun Y, Xu Y, Xiao L, Wang Z, Sun Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Geng Z, Qi Q, Wang Y, Wang L, Li J, Zuo L, Hu J. Esculentoside A ameliorates BSCB destruction in SCI rat by attenuating the TLR4 pathway in vascular endothelial cells. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114536. [PMID: 37690527 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Overexpressed MMP-9 in vascular endothelial cells is involved in blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) dysfunction in spinal cord injury (SCI). Esculentoside A (EsA) has anti-inflammatory and cell protective effects. This study aimed to evaluate its effects on neuromotor function in SCI rats, as well as the potential mechanisms. METHODS The therapeutic effect of EsA in SCI rats was investigated using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores, a grid walk test and histological analyses. To assess the protective role of EsA in the BSCB and in oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced hBMECs, the BSCB function, tight junctions (TJ) protein (ZO-1 and claudin-5) expression, structure of the BSCB and Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression were observed via Evans blue (EB) detection, immunofluorescence analyses and western blotting. Molecular docking simulations and additional experiments were performed to explore the potential mechanisms by which EsA maintains the function of the BSCB in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS EsA treatment improved BBB scores, reduced cavity formation and the loss of neuronal cells, demonstrating an improvement in motor function in SCI rats. In vivo experiments showed that EsA decreased the infiltration of blood cells and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and protected the structure of TJs in the rat spinal cord and in OGD/R-induced hBMECs. EsA inhibited the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling, which may be related to the protective effect of EsA against MMP-9-induced BSCB damage. CONCLUSIONS EsA downregulated MMP-9 expression in vascular endothelial cells, protected BSCB function in SCI rats and attenuated TLR4 signalling and thus provide new options for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xue Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yibo Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Linyu Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | | | - Yijie Sun
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | | | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
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Zhang W, Chen H, Xu Z, Zhang X, Tan X, He N, Shen J, Dong J. Liensinine pretreatment reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy to alleviate sepsis acute kidney injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110563. [PMID: 37392573 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Liensinine is mainly derived from alkaloids extracted and isolated from lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn). It possesses anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant, according to contemporary pharmacological investigations. However, the effects and therapeutic mechanisms of liensinine on acute kidney injury (AKI) models of sepsis are unclear. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we established a sepsis kidney injury model by LPS injection of mice treated with liensinine, and stimulation of HK-2 with LPS in vitro and treated with liensinine and inhibitors of p38 MAPK, JNK MAPK. We first found that liensinine significantly reduced kidney injury in sepsis mice, while suppressing excessive inflammatory responses, restoring renal oxidative stress-related biomarkers, reducing increased apoptosis in TUNEL-positive cells and excessive autophagy, and that this process was accompanied by an increase in JNK/ p38-ATF 2 axis. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that lensinine reduced the expression of KIM-1, NGAL, inhibited pro- and anti-inflammatory secretion disorders, regulated the activation of the JNK/p38-ATF 2 axis, and reduced the accumulation of ROS, as well as the reduction of apoptotic cells detected by flow cytometry, and that this process played the same role as that of p38 MAPK, JNK MAPK inhibitors. We speculate that liensinine and p38 MAPK, JNK MAPK inhibitors may act on the same targets and could be involved in the mechanism of alleviating sepsis kidney injury in part through modulation of the JNK/p38-ATF 2 axis. Our study demonstrates that lensinine is a potential drug and thus provides a potential avenue for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Huizhen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222000, China
| | - Zhaoyun Xu
- Blood Transfusion Department, Ganyu District People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222100, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xuelian Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Nana He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jinyang Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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MicroRNA-23a-3p ameliorates acute kidney injury by targeting FKBP5 and NF-κB signaling in sepsis. Cytokine 2022; 155:155898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liver and Kidney Surgical Anatomy to Verify the Effect of miR-221 on Organ Damage in Septic Rats. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:2814431. [PMID: 35186224 PMCID: PMC8856800 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2814431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Related studies have shown that miR-221 has the ability to promote inflammatory response. This experiment mainly discusses the effect of miR-221 on acute liver and kidney injury in septic rats. Method Thirty Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a (1) control group, (2) sepsis group, (3) miR-221 overexpression group, (4) miR-221 inhibition group, (5) HECTD2 inhibition group, and (6) miR-221 overexpression + HECTD2 inhibition group. The sepsis rat model was prepared by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The expression levels of miR-221 and HECTD2 were detected by RT-qPCR. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the liver were detected by the IFCC method. The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected by the creatine oxidase method. The levels of inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. The apoptosis rate of liver and kidney cells was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of p65 protein was detected by western blotting. Result RT-qPCR results showed that the expressions of miR-221 and HECTD2 were upregulated in septic rats (P < 0.05). Compared with group 1, the liver function index, kidney function index, liver and kidney apoptosis rate, serum inflammatory factor level, and p65 protein expression in each group were increased (P < 0.05). Compared with group 2, the liver function index, kidney function index, liver and kidney apoptosis rate, serum inflammatory factor level, and p65 protein expression in groups 4 and 5 were decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with group 2, the expression of HECTD2 was upregulated in group 3 (P < 0.05). Compared with group 3, the liver function index, renal function index, liver and kidney apoptosis rate, serum inflammatory factor level, and p65 protein expression were decreased in group 6 (P < 0.05). Conclusion MiR-221 promotes the expression of HECTD2 in septic rats, and inhibition of miR-221 expression can reduce the degree of liver and kidney injury in septic rats.
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He T, Yang L, Wu D. Effect of interferon regulatory factor 2 on inflammatory response and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:940-951. [PMID: 35088417 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 2 plays an important role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, we explored the effects of IRF2 on apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in AKI C57BL/6 male mouse model and HEK293 cells following LPS treatment. To determine the effect of IRF2, short hairpin RNAs in mice and small interfering RNAs in cells were used to knockdown IRF2 expression. IRF2 expression, apoptosis, and severity of inflammatory and oxidative stress in mice and cells were measured. IRF2 levels were upregulated in LPS-treated mice and cells. IRF2 knockdown suppressed the levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and kidney injury molecule 1 and decreased the renal injury score in mice. Furthermore, IRF2 knockdown inhibited apoptosis and decreased the levels of inflammatory, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), but increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in mice and cells. Furthermore, we found that the Janus kinase (JAK)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway activated by LPS was inhibited by knockdown of IRF2, and enhanced by IRF2 overexpression. IRF2 overexpression increased cell apoptosis, inflammation, and ROS and MDA levels, and decreased SOD levels. However, the effect of IRF2 overexpression was reversed by the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib. Knockdown of IRF2 reduced LPS-induced renal tissue injury in vivo and in vitro through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant stress effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei He
- Department of Nephrology, The Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Daoxu Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
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Wu J, Lei G, Wang T, Dong S, Zhan X. Esculentoside A exerts anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic effects in rat experimental membranous nephropathy by regulating MAPK pathway. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Medicinal properties and anti-inflammatory components of Phytolacca (Shanglu). DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Sadek SA, Hassanein SS, Mohamed AS, Soliman AM, Fahmy SR. Echinochrome pigment extracted from sea urchin suppress the bacterial activity, inflammation, nociception, and oxidative stress resulted in the inhibition of renal injury in septic rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13729. [PMID: 33871886 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and renoprotective effects of echinochrome pigment extracted from sea urchin. The disk diffusion method was used for the antibacterial activity of echinochrome against four different bacterial strains; Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. While, acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced licking, and hot plate latency assays evaluate the analgesic activity. The biochemical and oxidative stress markers of kidneys, as well as the histopathological examination, were measured to evaluate the renoprotective activity of echinochrome for cecal ligation and puncture-induced renal injury in rats. Echinochrome pigment exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against all aforementioned bacterial species besides a powerful anti-inflammatory impact in vitro by the effective stabilization of the RBCs membrane and in vivo by decrease levels of serum IL6 and TNF-α. What's more, echinochrome showed a notable analgesic efficacy as well as an enhancement of the kidney's biochemical markers, oxidative stress status, and histopathological screening. Ech attenuated cecal ligation and puncture-induced renal injury by improving renal biomarkers, suppressing reactive oxygen species propagation as well as its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Sea urchins are rich in pharmacologically important quinone pigments, specifically echinochrome. The current study aimed to evaluate the role of echinochrome as a renal protective remedy in sepsis and clarify its biological activities. Echinochrome exhibited antibacterial activity in vitro against Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Our results revealed that echinochrome protects the kidney against damage caused by sepsis in rats. Echinochrome can use in the treatment of sepsis as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A Sadek
- Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sarah S Hassanein
- Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman S Mohamed
- Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amel M Soliman
- Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sohair R Fahmy
- Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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He T, Liu C, Li M, Wang M, Liu N, Zhang D, Han S, Li W, Chen S, Yuan R, Huang J. Integrating non-targeted metabolomics and toxicology networks to study the mechanism of Esculentoside A-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-15. [PMID: 33788351 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Esculentoside A (EsA) is a kind of triterpenoid saponins from the root tuber of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. It has extensive medicinal activity, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and cell proliferation inhibition. However, some researches suggested that EsA can cause hepatotoxicity, whose mechanism is not precise. To ensure the safety and reliability in the clinical use of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb., it is necessary to establish a rapid and accurate method to evaluate the toxicity, analyze and verify the toxicity mechanism of EsA. Therefore, this research explored the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by EsA in rats and analyzed endogenous metabolites' changes in rat plasma by combining network toxicology with non-targeted metabolomics. We obtained 58 critical targets of EsA induced hepatotoxicity in rats based on the strategy of network toxicology, including albumin, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, Caspase-3, etc. Many important pathways were obtained by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, such as HIF-1 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and other concerning pathways. Sixteen biomarkers, including 5-hydroxykynurenamine, N-acetylserotonin, palmitic acid, etc., were screened from rat plasma using Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), mainly involve Glycerophospholipid metabolism, Tryptophan metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. Further analysis showed that EsA may induce liver injury by activating oxidative stress and energy metabolism disorders, triggering inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Mingshuang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Yuan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmei Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Liangxiang Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, China
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Wen Q, Lau N, Weng H, Ye P, Du S, Li C, Lv J, Li H. Chrysophanol Exerts Anti-inflammatory Activity by Targeting Histone Deacetylase 3 Through the High Mobility Group Protein 1-Nuclear Transcription Factor-Kappa B Signaling Pathway in vivo and in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:623866. [PMID: 33569375 PMCID: PMC7868569 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.623866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysophanol (Chr) is the main monomer isolated from Rheum rhabarbarum. This study aimed to identify the potential in vitro and in vivo cytoprotective effects of Chr on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered acute lung injury (ALI). We used an ALI-murine model and constructed an inflammatory macrophage in vitro cell model to determine the cellular mechanisms involved in Chr-mediated activity. To observe the vital role of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in abolishing inflammation action, HDAC3 was downregulated using small interfering RNA. Analysis of the expression of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and molecules of its downstream signaling pathway were assessed in vitro and in lung tissue samples using the mouse model. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1), and interleukin-16 in supernatants and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A reporter gene assay measured HMGB1 activity, and NF-κB p65 and HMGB1 intracellular localization was determined by immunofluorescence detection on histological lung samples from Chr-treated mice. The protein interactions between HMGB1, HDAC3, and NF-κB p65 were tested by co-immunoprecipitation. Chr treatment relieved LPS-induced lung lesions. Chr also enhanced superoxide dismutase levels in ALI mice. Chr reduced the LPS-induced protein expression of NF-κB and its related pathway molecules in both in vivo and in vitro models. Moreover, Chr downregulated LPS-enhanced HMGB1 expression, acetylation, and nuclear nucleocytoplasmic translocation. However, HDAC3 knockdown substantially reduced Chr-mediated HDAC3/NF-κB expression. Furthermore, Chr enhanced HMGB1/HDAC3/NF-κB p65 complex interaction, whereas HDAC3 knockdown reduced Chr-mediated HMGB1/HDAC3/NF-κB p65 formation. This study showed that the protective effects induced by Chr were associated with the regulation of the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway via HDAC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wen
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ngaikeung Lau
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huandi Weng
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Du
- Shenzhen Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Nursing Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. Esculentosides: Insights into the potential health benefits, mechanisms of action and molecular targets. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153343. [PMID: 33002830 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esculentosides and related phytolaccosides form a group of oleanene-type saponins isolated from plants of the Phytolaccaceae family, essentially Phytolacca esculenta, P. americana and P. acinosa. This chemical family offers a diversity of glycosylated compounds, including molecules with a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide unit at position C-3, and with or without a glucose residue at position C-28. The esculentosides, which derive essentially from the sapogenin jaligonic acid or its 30-methyl ester phytolaccagenin, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antifungal and anticancer activities. PURPOSE The objective of the review was to identify the 26 esculentosides (ES) and phytolaccosides known to date, including 16 monodesmosidic and 10 bidesmosidic saponins, and to review their pharmacological properties and molecular targets. METHODOLOGY The retrieval of potentially relevant studies was done by systematically searching of scientific databases like Google Scholar and PubMed in January-May 2020. The main keywords used as search terms were related to esculentosides, phytolaccosides and Phytolaccaceae. The systematic search retrieved about 110 papers that were potentially relevant and after an abstract-based selection, 68 studies were analyzed in details and discussed. RESULTS The structural relationship between the compounds and their sapogenin precursors has been studied. In addition, the pharmacological properties of the main ES, such as ES-A, -B and -H, have been analyzed to highlight their mode of action and potential targets. ES-A is a potent inhibitor of the release of cytokines and this anti-inflammatory activity contributes to the anticancer effects observed in vitro and in vivo. Potential molecular targets of ES-A/B include the enzymes cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and casein kinase 2 (CK2). In addition, the targeting of the protein high-mobility group box 1 (HGMB1) by ES-A/B is proposed, based on molecular modeling and the structural analogy with the related saponin glycyrrhizin, a potent HGMB1 alarmin inhibitor. CONCLUSION More work is needed to properly characterize the molecular targets but otherwise compounds like ES-A and ES-H emerge as potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents and ES-B as an antifungal agent. A preclinical development of these three compounds should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, INFINITE - U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006, Lille, France
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Kostakoglu U, Mercantepe T, Yilmaz HK, Tumkaya L, Batcik S, Pinarbas E, Uydu HA. The Protective Effects of Perindopril Against Acute Kidney Damage Caused by Septic Shock. Inflammation 2020; 44:148-159. [PMID: 32803666 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) resulting from septic shock caused by sepsis is an important health problem encountered at rates of 55-73%. Increasing oxidative stress and inflammation following sepsis is a widely observed condition with rising mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to determine whether perindopril (PER) can prevent sepsis-associated AKI with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. The control group received an oral saline solution only for 4 days. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis only was applied to the CLP group, while the CLP + PER (2 mg/kg) received CLP-induced sepsis together with 2 mg/kg PER via the oral route for 4 days before induction of sepsis. Finally, all rats were euthanized by anesthesia and sacrificed. TBARS, total SH levels and NF-κβ, TNF-α, and Caspase-3 expression were then calculated for statistical analysis. TBARS, total SH, NF-kβ/p65, TNF-a, and Caspase-3 levels increased in the CLP group. In contrast, oral administration of PER (2 mg/kg) to septic rats reduced TBARS levels and NF-kβ/p65, TNF-α, and Caspase-3 immunopositivity at biochemical analysis. PER treatment appears to be a promising method for preventing sepsis-induced acute kidney injury through its antioxidant anti-inflammation and anti-apoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Kostakoglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey.
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Hulya Kilic Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sule Batcik
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Esra Pinarbas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Avni Uydu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
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Kostakoglu U, Topcu A, Atak M, Tumkaya L, Mercantepe T, Uydu HA. The protective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor against cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis via oxidative stress and inflammation. Life Sci 2019; 241:117051. [PMID: 31733315 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sepsis is a severe public health problem affecting millions of individuals, with global mortality rates caused by lower respiratory tract infections are approximately 2.38 million people a year die from respiratory failure caused by infection. Although ACE is known to contribute to damage in septicemia, the pathophysiological mechanisms of sepsis remain unclear. While mortality can be significantly reduced through effective and sensitive antibiotic therapy, antibiotic resistance restricts the use of these drugs, and the investigation of novel agents and targets is therefore essential. Our aim was to determine whether Perindopril (PER) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capable of preventing these adverse conditions resulting in injury in previous studies. MAIN METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into the control group, received oral saline solution alone for four days. the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group, underwent only cecal ligation and puncture induced sepsis, while the CLP + PER (2 mg/kg) underwent cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis together with oral administration of 2 mg/kg PER for four days before induction of sepsis. KEY FINDINGS Malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kβ/p65) levels increased in the CLP group. On the other hand, PER (2 mg/kg) oral administration to septic rats decreased MDA, TNF-α and increase glutathione (GSH) in the lung tissue. In addition, PER administration also decreased the lung tissue NF-κB and Caspase-3 immunopositivity against sepsis. SIGNIFICANCE PER treatment may represent a promising means of preventing sepsis-induced lung injury via antioxidant and anti-inflammation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Kostakoglu
- Department of Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Topcu
- Department of Pharmacology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Medicine, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Atak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Avni Uydu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
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MicroRNA-191-5p diminished sepsis-induced acute kidney injury through targeting oxidative stress responsive 1 in rat models. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190548. [PMID: 31362998 PMCID: PMC6692571 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no effective treatment for septic acute kidney injury (AKI), which is considered a major public health concern in today’s world. Here, we studied the functions of miR-191-5p in septic AKI. MiR-191-5p mimic or mimic control was injected into rats from caudal vein before cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. Part of kidney tissues was stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) for histological examination. The levels of serum cytokines were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For cell transfection, renal cells were isolated from the kidneys of CLP rat model injected with mimic control and miR-191-5p mimic. With TargetScan prediction, serine/threonine-protein kinase OSR1 was identified as a target of miR-191-5p. Oxidative stress responsive 1 (OXSR1) overexpression vector was transfected into renal cells. Cell viability and apoptosis rate were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry, respectively. We additionally measured the phosphorylation levels of p38 and p65. We found that the injection of miR-191-5p mimic could observably inhibit renal injury scores, and inhibit inflammatory cytokine productions and apoptotic protein levels in septic rats. After being transfected with OXSR1, the apoptosis rates and expressions of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), down-regulated Bax and Cleaved caspase-3 (C caspase-3) indicated overexpressed OXSR1 contributed to cell apoptosis. The up-regulated protein levels of p-p38 and p-p65 may suggest the involvement of p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in the functions of OXSR1. Our results showed that the protective effects of miR-191-5p on kidney tissues of septic rats may rely on the repression of OXSR1.
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Wang L, Liu N, Xue X, Zhou S. The Effect of Overexpression of the Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 1 (EZH1) Gene on Aristolochic Acid-Induced Injury in HK-2 Human Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:801-810. [PMID: 30688289 PMCID: PMC6362760 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) involves the renal tubular epithelium. The enhancer of zeste homolog 1 (EZH1) gene has a role in cell development and differentiation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of overexpression of the EZH1 gene on aristolochic acid-induced injury in HK-2 human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells in vitro. Material/Methods The HK-2 cells were cultured and treated with aristolochic acid and the effects of aristolochic acid-injury were evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Overexpression of EZH1 used gene plasmid transfection into HK-2 cells. The cell apoptosis rate and levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to determine the expressions of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), apoptosis-related genes, and the downstream target genes of NF-κB signaling pathway, including NFKBIA, CXCL8, and cyclin D1. Results Aristolochic acid inhibited HK-2 cell viability, induced cell apoptosis, increased the levels of ROS and inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and activated the NF-κB pathway. Overexpression the EZH1 gene inhibited HK-2 cell apoptosis, reduced ROS levels, and down-regulated the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Bax and Cyt C mRNA and protein, and increased the expressions of Bcl-2 and NFKBIA, CXCL8 and cyclin D1, indicating that overexpression of EZH1 suppressed NF-κB signaling in aristolochic acid-injured HK-2 cells. Conclusions Overexpression of EZH1 reduced HK-2 cell injury induced by aristolochic acid in vitro by inhibition of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyan Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Shujun Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Li HD, Meng XM, Huang C, Zhang L, Lv XW, Li J. Application of Herbal Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:376. [PMID: 31057404 PMCID: PMC6482429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid loss of renal function, which may further develop into chronic kidney damage (CKD) or even end-stage renal disease (ESRD). AKI is a global health problem associated with high morbidity and costly treatments, and there is no specific or effective strategy to treat AKI. In recent years, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has attracted more attention, with lines of evidence showing that application of TCM improved AKI, and the mechanisms of action for some TCMs have been well illustrated. However, reviews summarizing the progress in this field are still lacking. In this paper, we reviewed TCM preparations and TCM monomers in the treatment of AKI over the last 10 years, describing their renal protective effects and mechanisms of action, including alleviating inflammation, programmed cell death, necrosis, and reactive oxygen species. By focusing on the mechanisms of TCMs to improve renal function, we provide effective complementary evidence to promote the development of TCMs to treat AKI. Moreover, we also summarized TCMs with nephrotoxicity, which provides a more comprehensive understanding of TCMs in the treatment of AKI. This review may provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of TCMs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Di Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Li, ;
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MiR-590-3p Attenuates Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 6 in Septic Mice. Inflammation 2018; 42:637-649. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Ding Y, Liu P, Chen ZL, Zhang SJ, Wang YQ, Cai X, Luo L, Zhou X, Zhao L. Emodin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Liver Injury via Inhibiting the TLR4 Signaling Pathway in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:962. [PMID: 30186181 PMCID: PMC6113398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Emodin is an anthraquinone with potential anti-inflammatory properties. However, the possible molecular mechanisms and protective effects of emodin are not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms and protective effects of emodin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) via the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in the Raw264.7 cell line and in Balb/c mice. Methods: This study established an inflammatory cellular model and induced an ALI animal model. TLR4 was overexpressed by lentivirus and downregulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology. The mRNA and protein levels of TLR4 and downstream molecules were detected in cells and liver tissue. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in supernatant and serum were determined by ELISA. The distribution and expression of mannose receptor C type 1 (CD206) and arginase 1 (ARG1) in the liver were tested by immunofluorescence. Mouse liver function and histopathological observations were assessed. Results: Administration of emodin reduced the protein and/or mRNA levels of TLR4 and its downstream molecules following LPS challenge in Raw264.7 cells and in an animal model. Additionally, emodin suppressed the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in cell culture supernatant and serum. The inhibitory effect of emodin was also confirmed in RAW264.7 cells, in which TLR4 was overexpressed or knocked down. Additionally, ARG1 and CD206 were elevated in the emodin groups. Emodin also decreased serum ALT and AST levels and alleviated the liver histopathological damage induced by LPS. Conclusion: Emodin showed excellent hepatoprotective effects against LPS-induced ALI, possibly by inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Jun Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Qin Wang
- Graduate School of Jinzhou Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Luo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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