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Mohammadi S, Naseri M, Faridi N, Zareie P, Zare L, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Bathaie SZ. Saffron carotenoids reversed the UCMS-induced depression and anxiety in rats: Behavioral and biochemical parameters, and hippocampal BDNF/ERK/CREB and NR2B signaling markers. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:154989. [PMID: 37506574 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a debilitating condition that affects the mind and the individual's body. The improving effects of saffron on depression and anxiety have long been discussed, with limited information about the molecular mechanism of action. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Investigating the effect of saffron carotenoids, Crocin and Crocetin, on depression and anxiety in rats by emphasizing some signaling pathways involved. STUDY DESIGN Depression and anxiety were induced in rats via unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). Then different rat groups were treated with Crocin, Crocetin, Fluoxetine, and vehicle. Behavioral tests were done before and after treatment. METHODS The serum Serotonin and Corticosterone and the expression of some hippocampal signaling proteins were studied. Furthermore, bioinformatics tools were used to predict the interactions of Crocin/ Crocetin with the Serotonin transporter and NMDA receptor subunit NR2B. Then, the patch-clamp was used to study the interaction of Crocetin with the NMDA receptor. RESULTS Various behavioral tests confirmed the induction of depression and the improvement of depression by these natural carotenoids. In addition, Crocin/ Crocetin significantly increased the decreased serum Serotonin and reduced the increased serum Corticosterone in the depressed groups. They also increased or caused a trend of increase in the CREB, ERK, BAD, BDNF, p11, and 5-HT1B expression in the hippocampus of the depressed groups. In addition, there were an increase or a trend in p-CREB/CREB, p-ERK1/2 /ERK1/2, and p-BAD/BAD ratios in the Crocin/ Crocetin treated depressed groups. However, the NR2B and FOXO3a expression showed a trend of decrease in depressed groups after treatment. The bioinformatics data indicated that Crocin/ Crocetin could bind to the Serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. Both carotenoids bind to the same site as Fluoxetine in the SLC6A4. However, they bound to different sites on the NR2B. So, Crocetin binds to NR2B at the same site as Ifenprodil. But Crocin bound to another site. The whole cell patch-clamp recording on the normal rat hippocampus revealed a significant decrease in the NMDA peak amplitude after Crocetin treatment, indicating its inhibitory effect on this receptor. CONCLUSION The antidepressant activities of Crocin/ Crocetin are possibly due to their effects on Serotonin and Corticosterone serum concentrations, NR2B expression, and the downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, these natural carotenoids, like Fluoxetine, induced an increasing tendency in p11 and 5HT1B in depressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nassim Faridi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Zareie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Zahra Bathaie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Natural Products and Medicinal Plants, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
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Guo M, Sun L. From rodents to humans: Rodent behavioral paradigms for social behavioral disorders. Brain Circ 2023; 9:154-161. [PMID: 38020957 PMCID: PMC10679632 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_48_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Social cognition guides social behavior. Subjects with proper social cognition should be able to: (1) have reasonable social motivation, (2) recognize other people and infer their intentions, and (3) weigh social hierarchies and other values. The choice of appropriate behavioral paradigms enables the use of rodents to study social behavior disorders in humans, thus enabling research to go deeper into neural mechanisms. This paper reviews commonly used rodent behavioral paradigms in studies of social behavior disorders. We focused specifically on sorting out ways to transfer the study of human social behavior to rodents through behavioral paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Bella A, Diego AM, Finn DP, Roche M. Stress-induced changes in nociceptive responding post-surgery in preclinical rodent models. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1106143. [PMID: 36703943 PMCID: PMC9871907 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1106143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic post-surgical pain affects up to 85% of individuals depending on the type of surgery, the extent of inflammation, tissue and/or nerve damage. Pre-surgical stress is associated with greater pain intensity, prolonged recovery and is one of the main risk factors for the development of chronic post-surgical pain. Clinically valid animal models provide an important means of examining the mechanisms underlying the effects of stress on post-surgical pain and identifying potential novel therapeutic targets. This review discusses the current data from preclinical animal studies examining the effect of stress on post-surgical pain, the potential underlying mechanisms and gaps in the knowledge that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadni Bella
- Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alba M. Diego
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P. Finn
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Centre for Pain Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,Correspondence: Michelle Roche
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Zhou R, Wang Z, Zhou B, Yu Z, Wu C, Hou J, Cheng K, Liu TC. Estrogen receptors mediate the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise: A possible new mechanism. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1040828. [PMID: 36570542 PMCID: PMC9780551 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to examine whether aerobic exercise exerts mood-modulating effects through an estrogen signaling mechanism. Method The experiment was divided into two parts. The first part is to compare the three modeling methods to obtain the most obvious method of depression-like phenotype for further study in the second part. The first part of ovariectomized rats (age, 13 weeks) was tested when rats were 14 or 22 weeks old or in the sixth week after 3 weeks of chronic restraint stress. The second part was to treat the animals with the most obvious depression-like phenotype in different ways, placebo treatment or estradiol (E2) replacement therapy was administered, aerobic training, or estrogen receptor antagonist treatment. The cognitive (Barnes maze and 3-chamber social tests), anxiety-like (open-field and elevated plus maze tests) and depression-like (sucrose preference and forced swim tests) behaviors of rats in both parts were analyzed to study the effects of estrogen depletion and aerobic exercise. Results Rats did not develop depressive symptoms immediately after ovariectomy, however, the symptoms became more pronounced with a gradual decrease in ovarian hormone levels. Compared with the placebo or control groups, the exercise and E2 groups showed improved performance in all behavioral test tasks, and the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise were comparable to those of estrogen. Moreover, the estrogen receptor antagonist has markedly inhibited the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise. Conclusion Estrogen receptors may mediate the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise. In addition, an increasingly fragile ovarian hormonal environment may underlies chronic restraint stress-induced depression.
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Eskandari F, Salimi M, Hedayati M, Zardooz H. Maternal separation induced resilience to depression and spatial memory deficit despite intensifying hippocampal inflammatory responses to chronic social defeat stress in young adult male rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 425:113810. [PMID: 35189174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Early life adversity has been suggested to affect neuroendocrine responses to subsequent stressors and accordingly vulnerability for behavioral disorders. This is the first work to study the effects of maternal separation (MS) stress on the co-occurrence of depression and cognitive impairments along with hippocampal inflammatory response under chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) in young adult male rats. During the first two postnatal weeks, the male pups were either exposed to MS or left undisturbed with their mothers (Std). Subsequently, starting on postnatal day 50, the animals of each group were either left undisturbed in the standard group housing (Con) or underwent CSDS for three weeks. Totally, there were four groups (n = 10/group), namely Std-Con, Ms-Con, Std-CSDS, and MS-CSDS. Pup retrieval test was performed on daily basis from PND1 to PND14. During the last week of the CSDS exposure, in the light phase, the behavioral tests and the retro-orbital blood sampling were performed to assess basal plasma corticosterone levels. Afterwards, the hippocampus of the animals was removed to measure the interleukin 1β (IL-1β) content. Exposure to CSDS increased the plasma corticosterone levels and induced social avoidance along with memory deficit. Maternal separation intensified hippocampal IL-1β contents as well as the plasma corticosterone levels in response to CSDS. Meanwhile, it facilitated the spatial learning and potentiated resilience to social avoidance and memory deficit. In conclusion, although maternal separation increased the basal plasma corticosterone levels, it could facilitate the learning process and induce resilience to the onset of depression and memory deficit in response to CSDS, probably through the compensatory increase in maternal care and the induction of mild hippocampal inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Eskandari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Salimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang SD, Wang X, Zhao Y, Xue BH, Wang XT, Chen YX, Zhang ZQ, Tian YR, Xie F, Qian LJ. Homocysteine-Induced Disturbances in DNA Methylation Contribute to Development of Stress-Associated Cognitive Decline in Rats. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:887-900. [PMID: 35435568 PMCID: PMC9352847 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is generally accepted as the main risk factor in the development of cognitive decline; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous data have demonstrated that the levels of homocysteine (Hcy) are significantly elevated in the plasma of stressed animals, which suggests that Hcy is associated with stress and cognitive decline. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the cognitive function, plasma concentrations of Hcy, and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) levels in rats undergoing chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS). The results showed that decreased cognitive behavioral performance and decreased BDNF transcription and protein expression were correlated with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) levels in stressed rats. Diet-induced HHcy mimicked the cognitive decline and BDNF downregulation in the same manner as CUMS, while Hcy reduction (by means of vitamin B complex supplements) alleviated the cognitive deficits and BDNF reduction in CUMS rats. Furthermore, we also found that both stress and HHcy disturbed the DNA methylation process in the brain and induced DNA hypermethylation in the BDNF promoter. In contrast, control of Hcy blocked BDNF promoter methylation and upregulated BDNF levels in the brain. These results imply the possibility of a causal role of Hcy in stress-induced cognitive decline. We also used ten-eleven translocation (TET1), an enzyme that induces DNA demethylation, to verify the involvement of Hcy and DNA methylation in the regulation of BDNF expression and the development of stress-related cognitive decline. The data showed that TET1-expressing viral injection into the hippocampus inhibited BDNF promoter methylation and significantly mitigated the cognitive decline in HHcy rats. Taken together, novel evidence from the present study suggests that Hcy is likely involved in chronic stress-induced BDNF reduction and related cognitive deficits. In addition, the negative side-effects of HHcy may be associated with Hcy-induced DNA hypermethylation in the BDNF promoter. The results also suggest the possibility of Hcy as a target for therapy and the potential value of vitamin B intake in preventing stress-induced cognitive decline.
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Alinaghipour A, Ashabi G, Riahi E, Soheili M, Salami M, Nabavizadeh F. Effects of nano-curcumin on noise stress-induced hippocampus-dependent memory impairment: behavioral and electrophysiological aspects. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:461-469. [DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Wang H, Huang H, Jiang N, Zhang Y, Lv J, Liu X. Tenuifolin ameliorates chronic restraint stress-induced cognitive impairment in C57BL/6J mice. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1402-1412. [PMID: 35129236 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The general consensus is that stress affects the central nervous system and can lead to cognitive problems. The root of Polygala tenuifolia (P. tenuifolia) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used for improving brain function. Tenuifolin (TEN) is the major constituent of P. tenuifolia and has a promising neuroprotective property. The purpose of this study was to investigate the alleviating effect of TEN on cognitive impairment induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS) and its mechanism. Our results showed that CRS exposure resulted in impaired cognitive performance in C57BL/6J mice, as indicated by decreased responses in Y-maze, novel objects recognition, and step-through passive avoidance tests. TEN treated daily orally (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 30 days reversed these behavior changes. Meanwhile, TEN could significantly regulate interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels in the hippocampus. TEN inhibited the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B-mediated inflammation, as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone levels in serum. Most importantly, we found that TEN also upregulated the expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tropomyosin kinase B, glucocorticoid receptor, glutamate receptor 1, and synapse-associated proteins. Collectively, these data suggest that TEN has a potential improvement effect on memory loss caused by CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Lv
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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10
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Hatton‐Jones K, Cox AJ, Peart JN, Headrick JP, du Toit E. Stress-induced body weight loss and improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors do not translate to improved myocardial ischemic tolerance in western diet-fed mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15170. [PMID: 35076176 PMCID: PMC8787728 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although both diet-induced obesity and psychological stress are recognized as significant independent contributors to cardiometabolic and behavioral disorders, our understanding of how these two disorders interact and influence cardiometabolic risk and myocardial ischemic tolerance is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the combined effects of an obesogenic diet and psychological stress on cardiometabolic risk factors (body weight, dyslipidemia, insulin sensitivity) and postischemic cardiovascular outcomes. C57Bl/6J mice (n = 48) were subject to a combination of 22 weeks of western diet (WD) feeding and chronic restraint stress (CRS) for the last 4 weeks. Metabolic and behavioral changes were assessed using glucose tolerance tests and open field tests (OFTs), respectively. After 22 weeks, cardiac function and ischemic tolerance were assessed in Langendorff perfused hearts. WD feeding increased body weight and worsened blood lipids and insulin sensitivity. WD-fed mice also exhibited reduced exploratory behavior within the OFT. CRS reduced body weight and increased locomotion in both dietary groups and had differential effects on fasting glucose metabolism in the two dietary groups while not impacting non-fasting insulin. Although the WD only marginally reduced reperfusion left ventricular developed pressure recovery, CRS worsened reperfusion diastolic dysfunction in both dietary groups. Interestingly, despite WD+CRS animals exhibiting improved cardiometabolic parameters compared to the WD group, these changes did not translate to marked improvements to postischemic cardiac outcomes. In conclusion, in this study, combined WD feeding and CRS did not act synergistically to worsen cardiometabolic risk factors but instead improved them. Despite these cardiometabolic improvements, WD+CRS increased reperfusion end diastolic pressure which may be indicative of worsened ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Hatton‐Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - Amanda J. Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jason N. Peart
- School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - John P. Headrick
- School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - Eugene F. du Toit
- School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
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11
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Lopez J, Bagot RC. Defining Valid Chronic Stress Models for Depression With Female Rodents. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:226-235. [PMID: 33965195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Women are twice as likely to experience depression than men, yet until recently, preclinical studies in rodents have focused almost exclusively on males. As interest in sex differences and sex-specific mechanisms of stress susceptibility increases, chronic stress models for inducing depression-relevant behavioral and physiological changes in male rodents are being applied to females, and several new models have emerged to include both males and females, yet not all models have been systematically validated in females. An increasing number of researchers seek to include female rodents in their experimental designs, asking the question "what is the ideal chronic stress model for depression in females?" We review criteria for assessing female model validity in light of key research questions and the fundamental distinction between studying sex differences and studying both sexes. In overviewing current models, we explore challenges inherent to establishing an ideal female chronic stress model, with particular emphasis on the need for standardization and adoption of validated behavioral tests sensitive to stress effects in females. Taken together, these considerations will empower female chronic stress models to provide a better understanding of stress susceptibility and allow the development of efficient sex-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Lopez
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rosemary C Bagot
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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12
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Stress-induced sleep-like inactivity modulates stress susceptibility in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19800. [PMID: 33188274 PMCID: PMC7666172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe environmental and social stress induces dysregulation of sleep along with mood and cognitive disturbances. However, the role and mechanism of this sleep dysregulation remain elusive. Here we evaluated sleep-like inactivity measured by voluntary movements and its relationship to social behaviors in mice without or with social defeat stress as well as the stressed mice with subsequent sleep deprivation. Social defeat stress immediately induced sleep-like inactivity with decreased body temperature. In the social interaction test, the control mice showed high social interest and its correlation with social sniffing intensity, the latter of which indicates positive valence of social sniffing. After the stress, these social characteristics were maintained in stress-resilient mice, but disrupted in stress-susceptible mice, leading to social avoidance. Sleep deprivation after the stress decreased social sniffing intensity along with reduced social interest, but enhanced the exploratory activity with the positive valence of social sniffing. We also found by c-Fos immunohistochemistry that the stress activated sleep-related brain regions, the dorsomedial hypothalamus and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Collectively, these findings show that stress activates sleep-related brain regions and induces sleep-like inactivity, contributing to multiple roles of stress-induced sleep for social behaviors.
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13
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Rodriguez G, Moore SJ, Neff RC, Glass ED, Stevenson TK, Stinnett GS, Seasholtz AF, Murphy GG, Cazares VA. Deficits across multiple behavioral domains align with susceptibility to stress in 129S1/SvImJ mice. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100262. [PMID: 33344715 PMCID: PMC7739066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute physical or psychological stress can elicit adaptive behaviors that allow an organism maintain homeostasis. However, intense and/or prolonged stressors often have the opposite effect, resulting in maladaptive behaviors and curbing goal-directed action; in the extreme, this may contribute to the development of psychiatric conditions like generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder. While treatment of these disorders generally focuses on reducing reactivity to potentially threatening stimuli, there are in fact impairments across multiple domains including valence, arousal, and cognition. Here, we use the genetically stress-susceptible 129S1 mouse strain to explore the effects of stress across multiple domains. We find that 129S1 mice exhibit a potentiated neuroendocrine response across many environments and paradigms, and that this is associated with reduced exploration, neophobia, decreased novelty- and reward-seeking, and spatial learning and memory impairments. Taken together, our results suggest that the 129S1 strain may provide a useful model for elucidating mechanisms underlying myriad aspects of stress-linked psychiatric disorders as well as potential treatments that may ameliorate symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rodriguez
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, USA
| | - S J Moore
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, USA.,Michigan Neuroscience Institute, USA
| | - R C Neff
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, USA
| | - E D Glass
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, USA.,Michigan Neuroscience Institute, USA
| | | | | | - A F Seasholtz
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - G G Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, USA.,Michigan Neuroscience Institute, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, USA
| | - V A Cazares
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, USA.,Michigan Neuroscience Institute, USA.,Department of Psychology, Williams College, MA, USA
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14
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Rein B, Ma K, Yan Z. A standardized social preference protocol for measuring social deficits in mouse models of autism. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3464-3477. [PMID: 32895524 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication deficits and other behavioral abnormalities. The three-chamber social preference test is often used to assess social deficits in mouse models of ASD. However, varying and often contradicting phenotypic descriptions of ASD mouse models can be found in the scientific literature, and the substantial variability in the methods used by researchers to assess social deficits in mice could be a contributing factor. Here we describe a standardized three-chamber social preference protocol, which is sensitive and reliable at detecting social preference deficits in several mouse models of ASD. This protocol comprises three phases that can all be completed within 1 d. The test mouse is first habituated to the apparatus containing two empty cups in the side chambers, followed by the pre-test phase in which the mouse can interact with two identical inanimate objects placed in the cups. During the test phase, the mouse is allowed to interact with a social stimulus (an unfamiliar wild-type (WT) mouse) contained in one cup and a novel non-social stimulus contained in the other cup. The protocol is thus designed to assess preference between social and non-social stimuli under conditions of equal salience. The broad implementation of the three-chamber social preference protocol presented here should improve the accuracy and consistency of assessments for social preference deficits associated with ASD and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kaijie Ma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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15
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Ike KG, de Boer SF, Buwalda B, Kas MJ. Social withdrawal: An initially adaptive behavior that becomes maladaptive when expressed excessively. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:251-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gao TT, Wang Y, Liu L, Wang JL, Wang YJ, Guan W, Chen TT, Zhao J, Jiang B. LIMK1/2 in the mPFC Plays a Role in Chronic Stress-Induced Depressive-Like Effects in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:821-836. [PMID: 32827213 PMCID: PMC7770523 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is one of the most common forms of mental illness and also a leading cause of disability worldwide. Developing novel antidepressant targets beyond the monoaminergic systems is now popular and necessary. LIM kinases, including LIM domain kinase 1 and 2 (LIMK1/2), play a key role in actin and microtubule dynamics through phosphorylating cofilin. Since depression is associated with atrophy of neurons and reduced connectivity, here we speculate that LIMK1/2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of depression. METHODS In this study, the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), chronic restraint stress (CRS), and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) models of depression, various behavioral tests, stereotactic injection, western blotting, and immunofluorescence methods were adopted. RESULTS CUMS, CRS, and CSDS all significantly enhanced the phosphorylation levels of LIMK1 and LIMK2 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) but not the hippocampus of mice. Administration of fluoxetine, the most commonly used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in clinical practice, fully reversed the effects of CUMS, CRS, and CSDS on LIMK1 and LIMK2 in the mPFC. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of LIMK1 and LIMK2 in the mPFC by LIMKi 3 infusions notably prevented the pro-depressant effects of CUMS, CRS, and CSDS in mice. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these results suggest that LIMK1/2 in the mPFC has a role in chronic stress-induced depressive-like effects in mice and could be a novel pharmacological target for developing antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Provincial key laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Provincial key laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Provincial key laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Provincial key laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Provincial key laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Provincial key laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Provincial key laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China,Provincial key laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Jiangsu, China,Correspondence: Bo Jiang, MD, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, No. 19 QiXiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China ()
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Treadmill Exercise Buffers Behavioral Alterations Related to Ethanol Binge-Drinking in Adolescent Mice. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090576. [PMID: 32825478 PMCID: PMC7563508 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The binge-drinking pattern of EtOH consumption, which is frequently observed in adolescents, is known to induce several neurobehavioral alterations, but protection strategies against these impairments remain scarcely explored. We aimed to study the protective role of treadmill physical exercise on the deficits caused after repeated cycles of binge-like EtOH exposure in the cognition, motivation, exploration, and emotion of C57BL/6J mice from adolescence to adulthood. Animals were divided into four groups: control group, exercised group, EtOH group, and exercised + EtOH group (20% in tap water). The exercise was performed for 20 min, 5 days/week at 20 cm/s. Then, animals were submitted to several behavioral tasks. Compared to binge-drinking mice, the exercised + EtOH group exhibited diminished anxiolytic-related behaviors in the elevated plus-maze, enhanced exploratory activity in the open field, reduced preference for alcohol odor when another rewarding stimulus was present (social stimulus) and lower latency to start self-cleaning behaviors in the sucrose splash test. In contrast, other measurements such as habituation learning and working memory were not improved by exercise. Besides, exercise was not able to reduce alcohol consumption across the weeks. In conclusion, physical activity during adolescence and early adulthood could buffer certain neurobehavioral alterations associated with binge-drinking, despite not reducing the quantity of consumed alcohol.
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Alves Freire Ribeiro AC, Batista TH, Trujillo Rojas VC, Giusti-Paiva A, Cardoso Vilela F. Metabolic syndrome accentuates post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and glial activation. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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