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Wang J, Li K, Hao D, Li X, Zhu Y, Yu H, Chen H. Pulmonary fibrosis: pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e744. [PMID: 39314887 PMCID: PMC11417429 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease characterized by extensive alterations of cellular fate and function and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, leading to lung tissue scarring and impaired respiratory function. Although our understanding of its pathogenesis has increased, effective treatments remain scarce, and fibrotic progression is a major cause of mortality. Recent research has identified various etiological factors, including genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and lifestyle factors, which contribute to the onset and progression of PF. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms by which these factors interact to drive fibrosis are not yet fully elucidated. This review thoroughly examines the diverse etiological factors, cellular and molecular mechanisms, and key signaling pathways involved in PF, such as TGF-β, WNT/β-catenin, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. It also discusses current therapeutic strategies, including antifibrotic agents like pirfenidone and nintedanib, and explores emerging treatments targeting fibrosis and cellular senescence. Emphasizing the need for omni-target approaches to overcome the limitations of current therapies, this review integrates recent findings to enhance our understanding of PF and contribute to the development of more effective prevention and management strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Wang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineHaihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of TuberculosisHaihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjin Institute of Respiratory DiseasesTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Kuan Li
- Department of Respiratory MedicineHaihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of TuberculosisHaihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - De Hao
- Department of Respiratory MedicineHaihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Respiratory MedicineHaihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of TuberculosisHaihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryNankai University Affiliated Third Central HospitalTianjinChina
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Central Hospital of TianjinTianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical DiseasesArtificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of TianjinTianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Hongzhi Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Respiratory MedicineHaihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of TuberculosisHaihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjin Institute of Respiratory DiseasesTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe HospitalTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
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Ercan G, Saylav Bora E, Çınaroğlu OS, Karaali R, Erbas O. Hydroxychloroquine attenuates sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in rats. ULUS TRAVMA ACIL CER 2024; 30:465-471. [PMID: 38967533 PMCID: PMC11331349 DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2024.98855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates the effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on a sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model in rats, initiated by a fecal intraperitoneal injection procedure (FIP). METHODS Three groups were established: control (n=8), FIP + saline (n=7), and FIP + HCQ (20 mg/kg/day) (n=9). Blood samples were collected for arterial blood gas and biochemical analyses, and bilateral pneumonectomy was performed for histopathologic examination. RESULTS In the FIP + saline group, PaO2 decreased and PaCO2 increased, whereas these levels normalized in the FIP + HCQ group compared to the control (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). Histopathological scores for alveolar congestion, perivascular/interstitial edema, hemorrhage in alveolar tissue, leukocyte infiltration or aggregation in air spaces/vascular walls, and alveolar wall/hyaline membrane thickness increased in the FIP + saline group compared to the control group (p<0.01). These scores decreased in the FIP + HCQ group compared to the FIP + saline group (p<0.01). HCQ reversed the sepsis-induced increase in malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and lactic acid. CONCLUSION HCQ may be an effective and safe option to mitigate the severe progression of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Ercan
- Department of General Surgery, Sultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul Provincial Directorate of Health, Istanbul-Türkiye
| | - Ejder Saylav Bora
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir-Türkiye
| | - Osman Sezer Çınaroğlu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir-Türkiye
| | - Rezan Karaali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir Demokrasi University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir-Türkiye
| | - Oytun Erbas
- Department of Physiology, Demiroğlu University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul-Türkiye
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Cheng P, Chen Y, Wang J, Han Z, Hao D, Li Y, Feng F, Duan X, Chen H. PM 2.5 induces a senescent state in mouse AT2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123686. [PMID: 38431248 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
PM2.5 is known to induce lung injury, but its toxic effects on lung regenerative machinery and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, primary mouse alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells, considered stem cells in the gas-exchange barrier, were sorted using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. By developing microfluidic technology with constricted microchannels, we observed that both passage time and impedance opacities of mouse AT2 cells were reduced after PM2.5, indicating that PM2.5 induced a more deformable mechanical property and a higher membrane permeability. In vitro organoid cultures of primary mouse AT2 cells indicated that PM2.5 is able to impair the proliferative potential and self-renewal capacity of AT2 cells but does not affect AT1 differentiation. Furthermore, cell senescence biomarkers, p53 and γ-H2A.X at protein levels, P16ink4a and P21 at mRNA levels were increased in primary mouse AT2 cells after PM2.5 stimulations as shown by immunofluorescent staining and quantitative PCR analysis. Using several advanced single-cell technologies, this study sheds light on new mechanisms of the cytotoxic effects of atmospheric fine particulate matter on lung stem cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyong Cheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yongqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jianhai Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ziyu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - De Hao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University School of Public Health, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Tianjin University Medicine, Tianjin, 300350, China; College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Stopel A, Lev C, Dahari S, Adibi O, Armon L, Gonen N. Towards a "Testis in a Dish": Generation of Mouse Testicular Organoids that Recapitulate Testis Structure and Expression Profiles. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:1024-1041. [PMID: 38250158 PMCID: PMC10797687 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.89480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The testis is responsible for sperm production and androgen synthesis. Abnormalities in testis development and function lead to disorders of sex development and male infertility. Currently, no in vitro system exists for modelling the testis. Here, we generated testis organoids from neonatal mouse primary testicular cells using transwell inserts and show that these organoids generate tubule-like structures and cellular organization resembling that of the in vivo testis. Gene expression analysis of organoids demonstrates a profile that recapitulates that observed in in vivo testis. Embryonic testicular cells, but not adult testicular cells are also capable of forming organoids. These organoids can be maintained in culture for 8-9 weeks and shows signs of entry into meiosis. We further developed defined media compositions that promote the immature versus mature Sertoli cell and Leydig cell states, enabling organoid maturation in vitro. These testis organoids are a promising model system for basic research of testes development and function, with translational applications for elucidation and treatment of developmental sex disorders and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nitzan Gonen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
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Hashimoto R, Tamura T, Watanabe Y, Sakamoto A, Yasuhara N, Ito H, Nakano M, Fuse H, Ohta A, Noda T, Matsumura Y, Nagao M, Yamamoto T, Fukuhara T, Takayama K. Evaluation of Broad Anti-Coronavirus Activity of Autophagy-Related Compounds Using Human Airway Organoids. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2276-2287. [PMID: 36946991 PMCID: PMC10041349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
To deal with the broad spectrum of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that threaten human health, it is essential to not only drugs develop that target viral proteins but also consider drugs that target host proteins/cellular processes to protect them from being hijacked for viral infection and replication. To this end, it has been reported that autophagy is deeply involved in coronavirus infection. In this study, we used airway organoids to screen a chemical library of autophagic modulators to identify compounds that could potentially be used to fight against infections by a broad range of coronaviruses. Among the 80 autophagy-related compounds tested, cycloheximide and thapsigargin reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection efficiency in a dose-dependent manner. Cycloheximide treatment reduced the infection efficiency of not only six SARS-CoV-2 variants but also human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E and HCoV-OC43. Cycloheximide treatment also reversed viral infection-induced innate immune responses. However, even low-dose (1 μM) cycloheximide treatment altered the expression profile of ribosomal RNAs; thus, side effects such as inhibition of protein synthesis in host cells must be considered. These results suggest that cycloheximide has broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus activity in vitro and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Hashimoto
- Center
for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yukio Watanabe
- Center
for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sakamoto
- Center
for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Yasuhara
- Center
for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hayato Ito
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakano
- Laboratory
of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory
of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Fuse
- Center
for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Ohta
- Center
for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Laboratory
of Ultrastructural Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory
of Ultrastructural Virology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Matsumura
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Miki Nagao
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center
for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Medical-risk
Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN
Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Institute
for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- Laboratory
of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for
Medical Research and Development
(AMED), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center
for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawaharacho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for
Medical Research and Development
(AMED), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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