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Hermosilla Aguayo V, Martin P, Tian N, Zheng J, Aho R, Losa M, Selleri L. ESCRT-dependent control of craniofacial morphogenesis with concomitant perturbation of NOTCH signaling. Dev Biol 2023; 503:25-42. [PMID: 37573008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial development is orchestrated by transcription factor-driven regulatory networks, epigenetic modifications, and signaling pathways. Signaling molecules and their receptors rely on endo-lysosomal trafficking to prevent accumulation on the plasma membrane. ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) machinery is recruited to endosomal membranes enabling degradation of such endosomal cargoes. Studies in vitro and in invertebrate models established the requirements of the ESCRT machinery in membrane remodeling, endosomal trafficking, and lysosomal degradation of activated membrane receptors. However, investigations during vertebrate development have been scarce. By ENU-induced mutagenesis, we isolated a mouse line, Vps25ENU/ENU, carrying a hypomorphic allele of the ESCRT-II component Vps25, with craniofacial anomalies resembling features of human congenital syndromes. Here, we assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of Vps25 and additional ESCRT-encoding genes during murine development. We show that these genes are ubiquitously expressed although enriched in discrete domains of the craniofacial complex, heart, and limbs. ESCRT-encoding genes, including Vps25, are expressed in both cranial neural crest-derived mesenchyme and epithelium. Unlike constitutive ESCRT mutants, Vps25ENU/ENU embryos display late lethality. They exhibit hypoplastic lower jaw, stunted snout, dysmorphic ear pinnae, and secondary palate clefting. Thus, we provide the first evidence for critical roles of ESCRT-II in craniofacial morphogenesis and report perturbation of NOTCH signaling in craniofacial domains of Vps25ENU/ENU embryos. Given the known roles of NOTCH signaling in the developing cranium, and notably the lower jaw, we propose that the NOTCH pathway partly mediates the craniofacial defects of Vps25ENU/ENU mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Hermosilla Aguayo
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Martin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nuo Tian
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James Zheng
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Aho
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marta Losa
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Akiyama K, Katayama K, Tsuji T, Kunieda T. Characterization of the skeletal fusion with sterility (sks) mouse showing axial skeleton abnormalities caused by defects of embryonic skeletal development. Exp Anim 2014; 63:11-9. [PMID: 24521859 PMCID: PMC4160934 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the axial skeleton is a complex process, consisting of segmentation
and differentiation of somites and ossification of the vertebrae. The autosomal recessive
skeletal fusion with sterility (sks) mutation of the mouse causes
skeletal malformations due to fusion of the vertebrae and ribs, but the underlying defects
of vertebral formation during embryonic development have not yet been elucidated. For the
present study, we examined the skeletal phenotypes of
sks/sks mice during embryonic development and the
chromosomal localization of the sks locus. Multiple defects of the axial
skeleton, including fusion of vertebrae and fusion and bifurcation of ribs, were observed
in adult and neonatal sks/sks mice. In addition, we also
found polydactyly and delayed skull ossification in the
sks/sks mice. Morphological defects, including
disorganized vertebral arches and fusions and bifurcations of the axial skeletal elements,
were observed during embryonic development at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) and E14.5.
However, no morphological abnormality was observed at E11.5, indicating that defects of
the axial skeleton are caused by malformation of the cartilaginous vertebra and ribs at an
early developmental stage after formation and segmentation of the somites. By linkage
analysis, the sks locus was mapped to an 8-Mb region of chromosome 4
between D4Mit331 and D4Mit199. Since no gene has already
been identified as a cause of malformation of the vertebra and ribs in this region, the
gene responsible for sks is suggested to be a novel gene essential for
the cartilaginous vertebra and ribs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouyou Akiyama
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Giampietro PF, Dunwoodie SL, Kusumi K, Pourquié O, Tassy O, Offiah AC, Cornier AS, Alman BA, Blank RD, Raggio CL, Glurich I, Turnpenny PD. Progress in the understanding of the genetic etiology of vertebral segmentation disorders in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1151:38-67. [PMID: 19154516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vertebral malformations contribute substantially to the pathophysiology of kyphosis and scoliosis, common health problems associated with back and neck pain, disability, cosmetic disfigurement, and functional distress. This review explores (1) recent advances in the understanding of the molecular embryology underlying vertebral development and relevance to elucidation of etiologies of several known human vertebral malformation syndromes; (2) outcomes of molecular studies elucidating genetic contributions to congenital and sporadic vertebral malformation; and (3) complex interrelationships between genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of isolated syndromic and nonsyndromic congenital vertebral malformation. Discussion includes exploration of the importance of establishing improved classification systems for vertebral malformation, future directions in molecular and genetic research approaches to vertebral malformation, and translational value of research efforts to clinical management and genetic counseling of affected individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Giampietro
- Department of Medical Genetic Services, Marshfield Clinic, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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Compartmentalised expression of Delta-like 1 in epithelial somites is required for the formation of intervertebral joints. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:68. [PMID: 17572911 PMCID: PMC1924847 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Expression of the mouse Delta-like 1 (Dll1) gene in the presomitic mesoderm and in the caudal halves of somites of the developing embryo is required for the formation of epithelial somites and for the maintenance of caudal somite identity, respectively. The rostro-caudal polarity of somites is initiated early on within the presomitic mesoderm in nascent somites. Here we have investigated the requirement of restricted Dll1 expression in caudal somite compartments for the maintenance of rostro-caudal somite polarity and the morphogenesis of the axial skeleton. We did this by overexpressing a functional copy of the Dll1 gene throughout the paraxial mesoderm, in particular in anterior somite compartments, during somitogenesis in transgenic mice. Results Epithelial somites were generated normally and appeared histologically normal in embryos of two independent Dll1 over-expressing transgenic lines. Gene expression analyses of rostro-caudal marker genes suggested that over-expression of Dll1 without restriction to caudal compartments was not sufficient to confer caudal identity to rostral somite halves in transgenic embryos. Nevertheless, Dll1 over-expression caused dysmorphologies of the axial skeleton, in particular, in morphological structures that derive from the articular joint forming compartment of vertebrae. Accordingly, transgenic animals exhibited missing or reduced intervertebral discs, rostral and caudal articular processes as well as costal heads of ribs. In addition, the midline of the vertebral column did not develop normally. Transgenic mice had open neural arches and split vertebral bodies with ectopic pseudo-growth plates. Endochondral bone formation and ossification in the developing vertebrae were delayed. Conclusion The mice overexpressing Dll1 exhibit skeletal dysmorphologies that are also evident in several mutant mice with defects in somite compartmentalisation. The Dll1 transgenic mice demonstrate that vertebral dysmorphologies such as bony fusions of vertebrae and midline vertebral defects can occur without apparent changes in somitic rostro-caudal marker gene expression. Also, we demonstrate that the over-expression of the Dll1 gene in rostral epithelial somites is not sufficient to confer caudal identity to rostral compartments. Our data suggest that the restricted Dll1 expression in caudal epithelial somites may be particularly required for the proper development of the intervertebral joint forming compartment.
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Katayama K, Furuno A, Akiyama K, Tsuji T, Kunieda T. Characterization of chromosomal inversion of the mouse hairy ears (Eh) mutation associated with cleft palate. Mamm Genome 2007; 18:246-54. [PMID: 17520166 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-007-9015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hairy ears (Eh) mutation in the mouse originated from neutron irradiation experiments and is associated with chromosomal inversion on chromosome 15. Eh/+ mice have small pinna and extra hairs on the pinna but the phenotypic features of Eh/Eh mice are unclear. In this study we found that Eh/Eh mice died shortly after birth and had a cleft palate caused by impaired growth of palate shelves. Because genes located on the breakpoints of inversion are likely to be responsible for the defects associated with chromosomal inversions, we determined the breakpoints of the Eh inversion. We used a new genetic method that uses recombinant chromosomes resulting from crossing over between two overlapping inversions to determine the breakpoints. Koa is a mouse mutation associated with inversion of chromosome 15, which partially overlaps with the Eh inversion. We made Eh +/+ Koa double heterozygotes and obtained the recombinant chromosomes possessing deletion and duplication of the regions flanked by the breakpoints of both inversions, which were generated by crossing over within the overlapped region of these inversions. By defining the deleted regions we identified the breakpoints of the Eh inversion. We then examined the expression of genes in the vicinities of the breakpoints and found ectopic expression of the Hoxc5 gene and a transcript with unknown function in the developing palate of Eh/Eh mice, which is likely to be responsible for the cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Katayama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Weston AD, Ozolins TRS, Brown NA. Thoracic skeletal defects and cardiac malformations: a common epigenetic link? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 78:354-70. [PMID: 17315248 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common birth defects in humans. In addition, cardiac malformations represent the most frequently identified anomaly in teratogenicity experiments with laboratory animals. To explore the mechanisms of these drug-induced defects, we developed a model in which pregnant rats are treated with dimethadione, resulting in a high incidence of heart malformations. Interestingly, these heart defects were accompanied by thoracic skeletal malformations (cleft sternum, fused ribs, extra or missing ribs, and/or wavy ribs), which are characteristic of anterior-posterior (A/P) homeotic transformations and/or disruptions at one or more stages in somite development. A review of other teratogenicity studies suggests that the co-occurrence of these two disparate malformations is not unique to dimethadione, rather it may be a more general phenomenon caused by various structurally unrelated agents. The coexistence of cardiac and thoracic skeletal malformations has also presented clinically, suggesting a mechanistic link between cardiogenesis and skeletal development. Evidence from genetically modified mice reveals that several genes are common to heart development and to formation of the axial skeleton. Some of these genes are important in regulating chromatin architecture, while others are tightly controlled by chromatin-modifying proteins. This review focuses on the role of these epigenetic factors in development of the heart and axial skeleton, and examines the hypothesis that posttranslational modifications of core histones may be altered by some developmental toxicants.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/genetics
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/metabolism
- Abnormalities, Multiple/etiology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/metabolism
- Animals
- Bone and Bones/abnormalities
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Heart Defects, Congenital/etiology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Pregnancy
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Ribs/abnormalities
- Sternum/abnormalities
- Teratogens/toxicity
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Weston
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Center of Emphasis, Drug Safety Research, and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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Keckler SJ, St Peter SD, Valusek PA, Tsao K, Snyder CL, Holcomb GW, Ostlie DJ. VACTERL anomalies in patients with esophageal atresia: an updated delineation of the spectrum and review of the literature. Pediatr Surg Int 2007; 23:309-13. [PMID: 17377826 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-007-1891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The VACTERL complex refers to anomalies of the bony spinal column (V), atresias in the gastrointestinal tract (A), congenital heart lesions (C), tracheoesophageal defects (TE), renal and distal urinary tract anomalies (R) and limb lesions (L). The incidence of each of these components has not been precisely quantified in the recent literature and the full array of anomalies within each systemic class of the VACTERL complex has not been well described. Therefore, we reviewed our most recent 20-year experience of patients born with esophageal atresia to comprehensively delineate and accurately describe the type and incidence of associated lesions. A retrospective review was then conducted on all patients diagnosed with esophageal atresia between 1985 and 2005. Patient demographics recorded included gestational age, weight and gender. The specific types of lesions were carefully cataloged. The outcome measure recorded was survival. One hundred and twelve patients were diagnosed with esophageal atresia were identified during the study period. The gestational age range was 28-41 weeks with an average of 36.5 weeks. Average birth weight was 2,557 g (range 1,107-3,890). A male predominance was seen with 62 males and 50 females. The overall survival was 92.9%. The categorical breakdown of anomalies were vertebral (24.1%), atresia (14.3%), cardiac (32.1%), tracheoesophageal fistula (95.5%), urinary (17.0%), skeletal (16.1%) and other (10.8%). VACTERL anomalies are common in patients with esophageal atresia, however, they appear to have little impact on overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Keckler
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Sewell W, Kusumi K. Genetic analysis of molecular oscillators in mammalian somitogenesis: Clues for studies of human vertebral disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 81:111-20. [PMID: 17600783 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The repeating pattern of the human vertebral column is shaped early in development, by a process called somitogenesis. In this embryonic process, pairs of mesodermal segments called somites are serially laid down along the developing neural tube. Somitogenesis is an iterative process, repeating at regular time intervals until the last somite is formed. This process lays down the vertebrate body axis from head to tail, making for a progression of developmental steps along the rostral-caudal axis. In this review, the roles of the Notch, Wnt, fibroblast growth factor, retinoic acid and other pathways are described during the following key steps in somitogenesis: formation of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and establishment of molecular gradients; prepatterning of the PSM by molecular oscillators; patterning of rostral-caudal polarity within the somite; formation of somite borders; and maturation and resegmentation of somites to form musculoskeletal tissues. Disruption of somitogenesis can lead to severe vertebral birth defects such as spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD). Genetic studies in the mouse have been instrumental in finding mutations in this disorder, and ongoing mouse studies should provide functional insights and additional candidate genes to help in efforts to identify genes causing human spinal birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Sewell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
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Sparrow DB, Chapman G, Turnpenny PD, Dunwoodie SL. Disruption of the somitic molecular clock causes abnormal vertebral segmentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 81:93-110. [PMID: 17600782 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Somites are the precursors of the vertebral column. They segment from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) that is caudally located and newly generated from the tailbud. Somites form in synchrony on either side of the embryonic midline in a reiterative manner. A molecular clock that operates in the PSM drives this reiterative process. Genetic manipulation in mouse, chick and zebrafish has revealed that the molecular clock controls the activity of the Notch and WNT signaling pathways in the PSM. Disruption of the molecular clock impacts on somite formation causing abnormal vertebral segmentation (AVS). A number of dysmorphic syndromes manifest AVS defects. Interaction between developmental biologists and clinicians has lead to groundbreaking research in this area with the identification that spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) is caused by mutation in Delta-like 3 (DLL3), Mesoderm posterior 2 (MESP2), and Lunatic fringe (LFNG); three genes that are components of the Notch signaling pathway. This review describes our current understanding of the somitic molecular clock and highlights how key findings in developmental biology can impact on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sparrow
- Developmental Biology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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