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Bomhard EM. The toxicology of gallium oxide in comparison with gallium arsenide and indium oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103437. [PMID: 32565349 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium oxide (In2O3) are used in electronic industries at high and increasing tonnages since decades. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is an emerging wide-bandgap transparent conductive oxide with as yet little industrial use. Since GaAs has received critical attention due to the arsenic ion, it seemed reasonable to compare its toxicology with the respective endpoints of Ga2O3 and In2O3 toxicology in order to find out if and to what extent arsenic contributes. In addition, the toxicology of Ga2O3 has not yet been adequately reviewed, Therefore, this review provides the first evaluation of all available toxicity data on Ga2O3. The acute toxicity of all three compounds is rather low. Subchronic inhalation studies in rats and mice revealed persistent pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and/or alveolar histiocytic infiltrates down to the lowest tested concentration in rats and mice, i.e. 0.16 mg Ga2O3/m3. These are also the predominant effects after GaAs and In2O3 exposure at similarly low levels, i.e. 0.1 mg/m3 each. Subchronic Ga2O3 exposure caused a minimal microcytic anemia with erythrocytosis in rats (at 6.4 mg/m3 and greater) and mice (at 32 and 64 mg/m3), a decrease in epididymal sperm motility and concentration as well as testicular degeneration at 64 mg/m3. At comparable concentrations the hematological effects and male fertility of GaAs were much stronger. The stronger effects of GaAs are due to its better solubility and presumed higher bioavailability. The database for In2O3 is too small and subchronic testing was at very low levels to allow conclusive judgements if blood/blood forming or degrading and male fertility organs/tissues would also be targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst M Bomhard
- REACh ChemConsult GmbH, Strehlener Str. 14, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Li L, Chen Y, Xu G, Liu D, Yang Z, Chen T, Wang X, Jiang W, Xue D, Lin G. In vivo Comparison of the Biodistribution and Toxicity of InP/ZnS Quantum Dots with Different Surface Modifications. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1951-1965. [PMID: 32256071 PMCID: PMC7093098 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s241332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) have shown a broad application prospect in the fields of biophotonics and nanomedicine. However, the potential toxicity of InP QDs has not been systematically evaluated. In particular, the effects of different surface modifications on the biodistribution and toxicity of InP QDs are still unknown, which hinders their further developments. The present study aims to investigate the biodistribution and in vivo toxicity of InP/ZnS QDs. METHODS Three kinds of InP/ZnS QDs with different surface modifications, hQDs (QDs-OH), aQDs (QDs-NH2), and cQDs (QDs-COOH) were intravenously injected into BALB/c mice at the dosage of 2.5 mg/kg BW or 25 mg/kg BW, respectively. Biodistribution of three QDs was determined through cryosection fluorescence microscopy and ICP-MS analysis. The subsequent effects of InP/ZnS QDs on histopathology, hematology and blood biochemistry were evaluated at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post-injection. RESULTS These types of InP/ZnS QDs were rapidly distributed in the major organs of mice, mainly in the liver and spleen, and lasted for 28 days. No abnormal behavior, weight change or organ index were observed during the whole observation period, except that 2 mice died on Day 1 after 25 mg/kg BW hQDs treatment. The results of H&E staining showed that no obvious histopathological abnormalities were observed in the main organs (including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain) of all mice injected with different surface-functionalized QDs. Low concentration exposure of three QDs hardly caused obvious toxicity, while high concentration exposure of the three QDs could cause some changes in hematological parameters or biochemical parameters related to liver function or cardiac function. More attention needs to be paid on cQDs as high-dose exposure of cQDs induced death, acute inflammatory reaction and slight changes in liver function in mice. CONCLUSION The surface modification and exposure dose can influence the biological behavior and in vivo toxicity of QDs. The surface chemistry should be fully considered in the design of InP-based QDs for their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmeng Liu
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dahui Xue
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518055, People’s Republic of China
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Jiang W, Wang X, Osborne OJ, Du Y, Chang CH, Liao YP, Sun B, Jiang J, Ji Z, Li R, liu X, Lu J, Lin S, Meng H, Xia T, Nel AE. Pro-Inflammatory and Pro-Fibrogenic Effects of Ionic and Particulate Arsenide and Indium-Containing Semiconductor Materials in the Murine Lung. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1869-1883. [PMID: 28177603 PMCID: PMC5543990 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the toxicological potential of GaAs and InAs particulates in cells is size- and dissolution-dependent, tending to be more pronounced for nano- vs micron-sized particles. Whether the size-dependent dissolution and shedding of ionic III-V materials also apply to pulmonary exposure is unclear. While it has been demonstrated that micron-sized III-V particles, such as GaAs and InAs, are capable of inducing hazardous pulmonary effects in an occupational setting as well as in animal studies, the effect of submicron particles (e.g., the removal of asperities during processing of semiconductor wafers) is unclear. We used cytokine profiling to compare the pro-inflammatory effects of micron- and nanoscale GaAs and InAs particulates in cells as well as the murine lung 40 h and 21 days after oropharyngeal aspiration. Use of cytokine array technology in macrophage and epithelial cell cultures demonstrated a proportionally higher increase in the levels of matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) by nanosized (n) GaAs and n-InAs as well as As(III). n-GaAs and n-InAs also triggered higher neutrophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice than micronscale particles 40 h post-aspiration, along with increased production of EMMPRIN and MIF. In contrast, in animals sacrificed 21 days after exposure, only n-InAs induced fibrotic lung changes as determined by increased lung collagen as well as increased levels of TGF-β1 and PDGF-AA in the BALF. A similar trend was seen for EMMPRIN and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP-9) levels in the BALF. Nano- and micron-GaAs had negligible subacute effects. Importantly, the difference between the 40 h and 21 days data appears to be biopersistence of n-InAs, as demonstrated by ICP-OES analysis of lung tissue. Interestingly, an ionic form of In, InCl3, also showed pro-fibrogenic effects due to the formation of insoluble In(OH)3 nanostructures. All considered, these data indicate that while nanoscale particles exhibit increased pro-inflammatory effects in the lung, most effects are transient, except for n-InAs and insoluble InCl3 species that are biopersistent and trigger pro-fibrotic effects. These results are of potential importance for the understanding the occupational health effects of III-V particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Olivia J. Osborne
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yingjie Du
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ruibin Li
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiangsheng liu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jianqin Lu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Sijie Lin
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, 200092
| | - Huan Meng
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - André E. Nel
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Address correspondence to: André E. Nel, M.D./Ph.D., Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 52-175 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1680, USA, Tel: (310) 825-6620, Fax: (310) 206-8107,
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Bomhard EM. Particle-induced Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis and Subsequent Inflammation and Fibrosis: A Toxicologic and Pathologic Review. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:389-401. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316688959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review analyzes the published data on cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in workers inhaling crystalline aluminum, indium, silicon, and titanium particles and possible sequelae, that is, inflammation and fibrosis, and compares these findings with those from animal experiments. In inhalation studies in rodents using crystalline indium and gallium compounds, pronounced PAP followed by inflammation and fibrosis down to very low concentration ranges have been reported. Crystalline aluminum, silicon, and titanium compounds also induced comparable pulmonary changes in animals, though at higher exposure levels. Laboratory animal species appear to react to the induction of PAP with varying degrees of sensitivity. The sensitivity of humans to environmental causes of PAP seems to be relatively low. Up to now, no cases of PAP, or other pulmonary diseases in humans, have been described for gallium compounds. However, a hazard potential can be assumed based on the results of animal studies. Specific particle properties, responsible for the induction of PAP and its sequelae, have not been identified. This review provides indications that, both in animal studies and in humans, PAP is not often recognized due to the absence of properly directed investigation or is concealed behind other forms of lung pathology.
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Akyıl D, Eren Y, Konuk M, Tepekozcan A, Sağlam E. Determination of mutagenicity and genotoxicity of indium tin oxide nanoparticles using the Ames test and micronucleus assay. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:1720-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233715579804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of indium tin oxide (ITO) nanomaterial were assessed using two standard genotoxicity assays, the Salmonella reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and the in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay. Seven different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 µg/plate) of this nanomaterial were tested using the Ames test on the TA98 and TA100 strains in the presence and absence of the S9 mixture. At all the concentrations tested, this substance did not significantly increase the number of revertant colonies compared with the control with or without S9 mixture. The genotoxic effects of ITO were investigated in human peripheral lymphocytes treated with 125, 250, 500, and 750 µg/ml concentrations of this substance for 24- and 48-h treatment periods using an MN test. Nuclear division index (NDI) was also calculated in order to determine the cytotoxicity of ITO. It was determined that ITO increased MN frequency in the 750 µg/ml concentration in 24- and 48-h treatments. In addition, ITO dose dependently decreased the NDI significantly for two treatment periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Akyıl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Yasin Eren
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Konuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Altunizade, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Tepekozcan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Esra Sağlam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Altunizade, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jiang W, Lin S, Chang CH, Ji Z, Sun B, Wang X, Li R, Pon N, Xia T, Nel AE. Implications of the Differential Toxicological Effects of III-V Ionic and Particulate Materials for Hazard Assessment of Semiconductor Slurries. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12011-12025. [PMID: 26549624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Because of tunable band gaps, high carrier mobility, and low-energy consumption rates, III-V materials are attractive for use in semiconductor wafers. However, these wafers require chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) for polishing, which leads to the generation of large quantities of hazardous waste including particulate and ionic III-V debris. Although the toxic effects of micron-sized III-V materials have been studied in vivo, no comprehensive assessment has been undertaken to elucidate the hazardous effects of submicron particulates and released III-V ionic components. Since III-V materials may contribute disproportionately to the hazard of CMP slurries, we obtained GaP, InP, GaAs, and InAs as micron- (0.2-3 μm) and nanoscale (<100 nm) particles for comparative studies of their cytotoxic potential in macrophage (THP-1) and lung epithelial (BEAS-2B) cell lines. We found that nanosized III-V arsenides, including GaAs and InAs, could induce significantly more cytotoxicity over a 24-72 h observation period. In contrast, GaP and InP particulates of all sizes as well as ionic GaCl3 and InCl3 were substantially less hazardous. The principal mechanism of III-V arsenide nanoparticle toxicity is dissolution and shedding of toxic As(III) and, to a lesser extent, As(V) ions. GaAs dissolves in the cell culture medium as well as in acidifying intracellular compartments, while InAs dissolves (more slowly) inside cells. Chelation of released As by 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid interfered in GaAs toxicity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that III-V arsenides, GaAs and InAs nanoparticles, contribute in a major way to the toxicity of III-V materials that could appear in slurries. This finding is of importance for considering how to deal with the hazard potential of CMP slurries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sijie Lin
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ruibin Li
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nanetta Pon
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - André E Nel
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Tanaka A, Hirata M, Matsumura N, Kiyohara Y. Tissue distribution of indium after repeated intratracheal instillations of indium‐tin oxide into the lungs of hamsters. J Occup Health 2015; 57:189-92. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0123-br] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Miyuki Hirata
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Nagisa Matsumura
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Yutaka Kiyohara
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
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Gwinn WM, Qu W, Bousquet RW, Price H, Shines CJ, Taylor GJ, Waalkes MP, Morgan DL. Macrophage solubilization and cytotoxicity of indium-containing particles as in vitro correlates to pulmonary toxicity in vivo. Toxicol Sci 2014; 144:17-26. [PMID: 25527823 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-solubilized indium-containing particles (ICPs) were previously shown in vitro to be cytotoxic. In this study, we compared macrophage solubilization and cytotoxicity of indium phosphide (InP) and indium-tin oxide (ITO) with similar particle diameters (∼ 1.5 µm) and then determined if relative differences in these in vitro parameters correlated with pulmonary toxicity in vivo. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with InP or ITO particles and cytotoxicity was assayed at 24 h. Ionic indium was measured in 24 h culture supernatants. Macrophage cytotoxicity and particle solubilization in vitro were much greater for InP compared with ITO. To correlate changes in vivo, B6C3F1 mice were treated with InP or ITO by oropharyngeal aspiration. On Days 14 and 28, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) fluids were collected and assayed for total leukocytes. Cell differentials, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and protein levels were also measured in BAL. All lavage parameters were greatly increased in mice treated with InP compared with ITO. These data suggest that macrophage solubilization and cytotoxicity of some ICPs in vitro are capable of predicting pulmonary toxicity in vivo. In addition, these differences in toxicity were observed despite the two particulate compounds containing similar amounts of indium suggesting that solubilization, not total indium content, better reflects the toxic potential of some ICPs. Soluble InCl3 was shown to be more cytotoxic than InP to macrophages and lung epithelial cells in vitro further suggesting that ionic indium is the primary cytotoxic component of InP.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Gwinn
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Wei Qu
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Ronald W Bousquet
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Herman Price
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Cassandra J Shines
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Genie J Taylor
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Michael P Waalkes
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Tanaka A, Hirata M. [Health effects of solar cell component material. Toxicity of indium compounds to laboratory animals determined by intratracheal instillations]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 68:83-7. [PMID: 23718969 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.68.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the increasing interest being paid to the issue of the global environment, the production of solar cells has increased rapidly in recent years. Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) is a new efficient thin film used in some types of solar cell. Indium is a constitutive element of CIGS thin-film solar cells. It was thought that indium compounds were not harmful until the beginning of the 1990s because there was little information regarding the adverse health effects on humans or animals arising from exposure to indium compounds. After the mid-1990s, data became available indicating that indium compounds can be toxic to animals. In animal studies, it has been clearly demonstrated that indium compounds cause pulmonary toxicity and that the dissolution of indium compounds in the lungs is considerably slow, as shown by repeated intratracheal instillations in experimental animals. Thus, it is necessary to pay much greater attention to human exposure to indium compounds, and precautions against possible exposure to indium compounds are paramount with regard to health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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Hines CJ, Roberts JL, Andrews RN, Jackson MV, Deddens JA. Use of and occupational exposure to indium in the United States. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:723-733. [PMID: 24195539 PMCID: PMC4476525 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.836279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indium use has increased greatly in the past decade in parallel with the growth of flat-panel displays, touchscreens, optoelectronic devices, and photovoltaic cells. Much of this growth has been in the use of indium tin oxide (ITO). This increased use has resulted in more frequent and intense exposure of workers to indium. Starting with case reports and followed by epidemiological studies, exposure to ITO has been linked to serious and sometimes fatal lung disease in workers. Much of this research was conducted in facilities that process sintered ITO, including manufacture, grinding, and indium reclamation from waste material. Little has been known about indium exposure to workers in downstream applications. In 2009-2011, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) contacted 89 potential indium-using companies; 65 (73%) responded, and 43 of the 65 responders used an indium material. Our objective was to identify current workplace applications of indium materials, tasks with potential indium exposure, and exposure controls being used. Air sampling for indium was either conducted by NIOSH or companies provided their data for a total of 63 air samples (41 personal, 22 area) across 10 companies. Indium exposure exceeded the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.1 mg/m(3) for certain methods of resurfacing ITO sputter targets, cleaning sputter chamber interiors, and in manufacturing some inorganic indium compounds. Indium air concentrations were low in sputter target bonding with indium solder, backside thinning and polishing of fabricated indium phosphide-based semiconductor devices, metal alloy production, and in making indium-based solder pastes. Exposure controls such as containment, local exhaust ventilation (LEV), and tool-mounted LEV can be effective at reducing exposure. In conclusion, occupational hygienists should be aware that the manufacture and use of indium materials can result in indium air concentrations that exceed the NIOSH REL. Given recent findings of adverse health effects in workers, research is needed to determine if the current REL sufficiently protects workers against indium-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J. Hines
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Ronnee N. Andrews
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - James A. Deddens
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Jewett SA, Ivanisevic A. Wet-chemical passivation of InAs: toward surfaces with high stability and low toxicity. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1451-9. [PMID: 22716947 DOI: 10.1021/ar200282f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In a variety of applications where the electronic and optical characteristics of traditional, siliconbased materials are inadequate, recently researchers have employed semiconductors made from combinations of group III and V elements such as InAs. InAs has a narrow band gap and very high electron mobility in the near-surface region, which makes it an attractive material for high performance transistors, optical applications, and chemical sensing. However, silicon-based materials remain the top semiconductors of choice for biological applications, in part because of their relatively low toxicity. In contrast to silicon, InAs forms an unstable oxide layer under ambient conditions, which can corrode over time and leach toxic indium and arsenic components. To make InAs more attractive for biological applications, researchers have investigated passivation, chemical and electronic stabilization, of the surface by adlayer adsorption. Because of the simplicity, low cost, and flexibility in the type of passivating molecule used, many researchers are currently exploring wet-chemical methods of passivation. This Account summarizes much of the recent work on the chemical passivation of InAs with a particular focus on the chemical stability of the surface and prevention of oxide regrowth. We review the various methods of surface preparation and discuss how crystal orientation affects the chemical properties of the surface. The correct etching of InAs is critical as researchers prepare the surface for subsequent adlayer adsorption. HCl etchants combined with a postetch annealing step allow the tuning of the chemical properties in the near-surface region to either arsenic- or indium-rich environments. Bromine etchants create indium-rich surfaces and do not require annealing after etching; however, bromine etchants are harsh and potentially destructive to the surface. The simultaneous use of NH(4)OH etchants with passivating molecules prevents contact with ambient air that can occur during sample transfer between solutions. The passivation of InAs is dominated by sulfur-based molecules, which form stable In-S bonds on the InAs surface. Both sulfides and alkanethiols form well-defined monolayers on InAs and are dominated by In-S interactions. Sulfur-passivated InAs surfaces prevent regrowth of the surface oxide layer and are more stable in air than unpassivated surfaces. Although functionalization of InAs with sulfur-based molecules effectively passivates the surface, future sensing applications may require the adsorption of functional biomolecules onto the InAs surface. Current research in this area focuses on the passivation abilities of biomolecules such as collagen binding peptides and amino acids. These biomolecules can physically adsorb onto InAs, and they demonstrate some passivation ability but not to the extent of sulfur-based molecules. Because these adsorbents do not form covalent bonds with the InAs surface, they do not effectively block oxide regrowth. A mixed adlayer containing a biomolecule and a thiol on the InAs surface provides one possible solution: these hybrid surfaces enhance passivation but also maintain the presence of a biomolecule on the surface. Such surface functionalization strategies on InAs could provide long-term stability and make these surfaces suitable for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Jewett
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Albena Ivanisevic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering NCSU/UNC-CH, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Tanaka A, Hirata M, Shiratani M, Koga K, Kiyohara Y. Subacute Pulmonary Toxicity of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide Following Intratracheal Instillations into the Lungs of Rats. J Occup Health 2012; 54:187-95. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.11-0164-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Miyuki Hirata
- Department of Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Masaharu Shiratani
- Department of ElectronicsGraduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Kazunori Koga
- Department of ElectronicsGraduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Yutaka Kiyohara
- Department of Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityJapan
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14
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Zan F, Ren J. Gas-liquid phase synthesis of highly luminescent InP/ZnS core/shell quantum dots using zinc phosphide as a new phosphorus source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13982g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Hasegawa G, Shimonaka M, Ishihara Y. Differential genotoxicity of chemical properties and particle size of rare metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:72-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Go Hasegawa
- Department of Public Health; School of Medicine; Kurume University; 67 Asahimachi; Kurume; Fukuoka; 830-0011; Japan
| | - Motoyuki Shimonaka
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo University of Science; 1-3 Kagurazaka; Shinjuku-ku; Tokyo; 162-8601; Japan
| | - Yoko Ishihara
- Department of Public Health; School of Medicine; Kurume University; 67 Asahimachi; Kurume; Fukuoka; 830-0011; Japan
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Hoet P, De Graef E, Swennen B, Seminck T, Yakoub Y, Deumer G, Haufroid V, Lison D. Occupational exposure to indium: what does biomonitoring tell us? Toxicol Lett 2011; 213:122-8. [PMID: 21771645 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The industrial uses of indium, a rare metal with no known physiological role in humans, have increased dramatically over the past 15 years. The results of animal toxicity studies showing pulmonary and systemic effects as well as some reports in workers have created a growing concern about the possible occurrence of toxic effects in exposed workers. Validated biomarkers to assess exposure to indium are not available. OBJECTIVES This work aimed at investigating the kinetics of indium in urine (In-U) and plasma (In-Pl) in workers manufacturing In ingots and mainly exposed to hardly water-soluble In compounds. All nine workers from the In department of a large metallurgical concern participated in the study as well as 5 retired workers and 20 controls. METHODS Personal breathing zone air was collected throughout the work shift on Monday and Friday. Blood and urine samples were collected, before and after the shift, on the same day as the air sampling and on preshift the next Monday after a non-working week-end. Moreover, rats were given either InCl(3) by intraperitoneal injection or In(2)O(3) by pharyngeal aspiration, In was followed in plasma during 120 days and measured in tissues 120 days after exposure. RESULTS Higher In-Pl and In-U concentrations were found in both current (range 0.32-12.61 μg/L plasma; 0.22-3.50 μg/g creat) and former (0.03-4.38 μg/L plasma; 0.02-0.69 μg/g creat) workers compared with controls (<0.03 μg/L plasma; <0.02 μg/g creat). Both biological parameters were highly correlated but no correlation was found between In-air (10-1030 μg/m(3)) and In-Pl or In-U. Normalizing In-U by the urinary creatinine concentration reduced the inter- (from 90% to 70%) and intra-individual variability (from 54% to 35%). In-Pl remained remarkably stable along the working week (inter- and intra-individual variability: 89% and 10%, respectively). Neither In-U nor In-Pl significantly increased during the day or the week. A week-end without occupational exposure was not sufficient to reach the background In-Pl and In-U levels measured in controls. The results of the experimental investigations confirmed the hypothesis that inhalation of hardly soluble In compounds may cause accumulation of In in the body leading to a prolonged "endogenous exposure" from both a lung depot of "insoluble" particles that are progressively absorbed and from a retention depot in other internal organs. CONCLUSION This study shows that in workers exposed to hardly soluble In compounds, In-U and In-Pl are very sensitive to detect exposure and mainly reflect long-term exposure. In-Pl levels are particularly stable for a given individual. In-U might be more influenced than In-Pl by recent exposure. Both parameters remained high years after withdrawal from exposure, indicating a possible endogenous exposure and a prolonged risk of pulmonary and systemic diseases even after work exposure has ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Hoet
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.
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Chibli H, Carlini L, Park S, Dimitrijevic NM, Nadeau JL. Cytotoxicity of InP/ZnS quantum dots related to reactive oxygen species generation. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:2552-9. [PMID: 21509403 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as a presumably less hazardous alternative to cadmium-based particles, but their cytotoxicity has not been well examined. Although their constituent elements are of very low toxicity to cells in culture, they nonetheless exhibit phototoxicity related to generation of reactive oxygen species by excited electrons and/or holes interacting with water and molecular oxygen. Using spin-trap electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and reporter assays, we find a considerable amount of superoxide and a small amount of hydroxyl radical formed under visible illumination of biocompatible InP QDs with a single ZnS shell, comparable to what is seen with CdTe. A double thickness shell reduces the reactive oxygen species concentration approximately two-fold. Survival assays in five cell lines correspondingly indicate a distinct reduction in toxicity with the double-shell InP QDs. Toxicity varies significantly across cell lines according to the efficiency of uptake, being overall significantly less than what is seen with CdTe or CdSe/ZnS. This indicates that InP QDs are a useful alternative to cadmium-containing QDs, while remaining capable of electron-transfer processes that may be undesirable or which may be exploited for photosensitization applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Chibli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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Rosenberg JT, Kogot JM, Lovingood DD, Strouse GF, Grant SC. Intracellular bimodal nanoparticles based on quantum dots for high-field MRI at 21.1 T. Magn Reson Med 2011; 64:871-82. [PMID: 20575090 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multimodal, biocompatible contrast agents for high magnetic field applications represent a new class of nanomaterials with significant potential for tracking of fluorescence and MR in vitro and vivo. Optimized for high-field MR applications-including biomedical imaging at 21.1 T, the highest magnetic field available for MRI-these nanoparticles capitalize on the improved performance of chelated Dy(3+) with increasing magnetic field coupled to a noncytotoxic Indium Phosphide/Zinc Sulfide (InP/ZnS) quantum dot that provides fluorescence detection, MR responsiveness, and payload delivery. By surface modifying the quantum dot with a cell-penetrating peptide sequence coupled to an MR contrast agent, the bimodal nanomaterial functions as a self-transfecting high-field MR/optical contrast agent for nonspecific intracellular labeling. Fluorescent images confirm sequestration in perinuclear vesicles of labeled cells, with no apparent cytotoxicity. These techniques can be extended to impart cell selectivity or act as a delivery vehicle for genetic or pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens T Rosenberg
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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19
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Kim S, Park J, Kim T, Jang E, Jun S, Jang H, Kim B, Kim SW. Reverse type-I ZnSe/InP/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals: cadmium-free quantum dots for visible luminescence. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:70-73. [PMID: 21132706 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea.
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20
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Wu C, Shi L, Li Q, Jiang H, Selke M, Ba L, Wang X. Probing the dynamic effect of cys-CdTe quantum dots toward cancer cells in vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:82-8. [PMID: 19961203 DOI: 10.1021/tx900291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of quantum dots (QDs) in various biomedical areas requires detailed studies of their toxicity. We report a new strategy for probing the biocompatibility of these nanocrystals, namely, a dynamic investigation of cellular uptake images, cell growth curves, metabolic activity changes, and apoptosis aspects of cadmium telluride QDs capped with cysteamine (Cys-CdTe QDs) on human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. We used a real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) system in combination with fluorescence microscopy, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-zyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. As observed from fluorescence images and RT-CES system results, Cys-CdTe QDs can readily bind on the cell plasma membrane and then enter into the cancer cell, causing decreased adherence of cancer cells during the initial 6-12 h, while the metabolic activity apparently decreased. After 24 h, the metabolic activity of the cancer cells was significantly reduced, with continued reduction in metabolic activity observed at even longer incubation times. Moreover, FCM observation and DNA fragmentation analysis clearly indicate apoptosis-related phenomena when SMMC-7721 cells were treated with the Cys-CdTe QDs. Thus, our study reveals details of the cellular aging and death process induced by Cys-CdTe QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wu
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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21
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Tanaka A, Hirata M, Homma T, Kiyohara Y. Chronic pulmonary toxicity study of indium-tin oxide and indium oxide following intratracheal instillations into the lungs of hamsters. J Occup Health 2009; 52:14-22. [PMID: 19940388 DOI: 10.1539/joh.l9097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to clarify the chronic toxicological effects of indium-tin oxide (ITO) and indium oxide (In(2)O(3)) on laboratory animals. METHODS Male Syrian golden hamsters were intratracheally administered 3 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg of ITO particles, or 2.7 mg/kg or 5.4 mg/kg of In(2)O(3) particles, containing 2.2 mg/kg or 4.5 mg/kg of indium, twice a week, for 8 wk. Control hamsters were given vehicle of distilled water only. The hamsters were euthanized serially up to 78 wk after the final instillation and the toxicological effects were determined. RESULTS Body weight gain was significantly suppressed in the ITO 6 mg/kg-treated hamsters compared with the control group, but not in the ITO 3 mg/kg-treated or In(2)O(3)-treated hamsters. Relative lung weights among all the indium-treated groups were significantly increased compared to that in the control group throughout the observation period. The serum indium concentration among all the indium-treated groups gradually increased up to the end of the observation period. Histopathologically, foci of slight to severe pulmonary inflammatory response with diffuse alveolar or bronchiolar cell hyperplasia, expansion of the alveolar spaces and interstitial fibrotic proliferation were present in all the indium-treated hamsters and the severity of these lesions worsened with the passage of time. Lung benign adenomas were only manifest in 3 out of 15 of the ITO 6 mg/kg-treated hamsters. CONCLUSIONS The present results clearly demonstrate that ITO and In(2)O(3) particles caused chronic pulmonary toxicity when repeated intratracheal instillations were given to hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan.
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22
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Yong KT, Ding H, Roy I, Law WC, Bergey EJ, Maitra A, Prasad PN. Imaging pancreatic cancer using bioconjugated InP quantum dots. ACS NANO 2009; 3:502-10. [PMID: 19243145 PMCID: PMC2762404 DOI: 10.1021/nn8008933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the successful use of non-cadmium-based quantum dots (QDs) as highly efficient and nontoxic optical probes for imaging live pancreatic cancer cells. Indium phosphide (core)-zinc sulfide (shell), or InP/ZnS, QDs with high quality and bright luminescence were prepared by a hot colloidal synthesis method in nonaqueous media. The surfaces of these QDs were then functionalized with mercaptosuccinic acid to make them highly dispersible in aqueous media. Further bioconjugation with pancreatic cancer specific monoclonal antibodies, such as anticlaudin 4 and antiprostate stem cell antigen (anti-PSCA), to the functionalized InP/ZnS QDs, allowed specific in vitro targeting of pancreatic cancer cell lines (both immortalized and low passage ones). The receptor-mediated delivery of the bioconjugates was further confirmed by the observation of poor in vitro targeting in nonpancreatic cancer based cell lines which are negative for the claudin-4-receptor. These observations suggest the immense potential of InP/ZnS QDs as non-cadmium-based safe and efficient optical imaging nanoprobes in diagnostic imaging, particularly for early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Tye Yong
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-4200, USA.
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Lovingood DD, Strouse GF. Microwave induced in-situ active ion etching of growing InP nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:3394-3397. [PMID: 18788791 DOI: 10.1021/nl802075j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
High quantum yield (47%) InP nanocrystals can be prepared without the need for post HF treatment by combining microwave methodologies with the presence of a fluorinated ionic liquid. Growing the InP nanocrystals in the presence of the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (hmim BF4) allows in situ etching to be achieved. The optimization of the PL QY is achieved by balancing growth and etching rates in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Lovingood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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Abstract
The emergence of synthesis strategies for the fabrication of nanosized contrast agents is anticipated to lead to advancements in understanding biological processes at the molecular level in addition to progress in the development of diagnostic tools and innovative therapies. Imaging agents such as fluorescent dye-doped silica nanoparticles, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles have overcome many of the limitations of conventional contrast agents (organic dyes) such as poor photostability, low quantum yield, insufficient in vitro and in vivo stability, etc. Such particulates are now being developed for absorbance and emission in the near infrared region, which is expected to allow for real time and deep tissue imaging via optical routes. Other efforts to facilitate deep tissue imaging with pre-existing technologies have lead to the development of multimodal nanoparticles which are both optical and MRI active. The main focus of this article is to provide an overview of properties and design of contrast agents such as dye-doped silica nanoparticles, quantum dots and gold nanoparticles for non-invasive bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvesh Sharma
- Particle Engineering Research Center and Material Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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25
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Omura M, Yamazaki K, Tanaka A, Hirata M, Makita Y, Inoue N. Changes in the Testicular Damage Caused by Indium Arsenide and Indium Phosphide in Hamsters during Two Years after Intratracheal Instillations. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.42.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Omura
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
- Department of General SurgeryGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Miyuki Hirata
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yuji Makita
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Naohide Inoue
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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26
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Bharali DJ, Lucey DW, Jayakumar H, Pudavar HE, Prasad PN. Folate-Receptor-Mediated Delivery of InP Quantum Dots for Bioimaging Using Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:11364-71. [PMID: 16089466 DOI: 10.1021/ja051455x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of highly monodispersed hydrophillic InP-ZnS nanocrystals and their use as luminescence probes for live cell imaging is reported. Hydrophobic InP-ZnS nanocrystals are prepared by a new method that yields high-quality, luminescent core-shell nanocrystals within 6-8 h of total reaction time. Then by carefully manipulating the surface of these passivated nanocrystals, aqueous dispersions of folate-conjugated nanocrystals (folate-QDs) with high photostability are prepared. By use of confocal microscopy, we demonstrate the receptor-mediated delivery of folic acid conjugated quantum dots into folate-receptor-positive cell lines such as KB cells. These folate-QDs tend to accumulate in multi-vescicular bodies of KB cells after 6 h of incubation. Receptor-mediated delivery was confirmed by comparison with the uptake of these particles in folate-receptor-negative cell lines such as A549. Efficient two-photon excitation of these particles and two-photon imaging using these particles are also demonstrated. The use of these InP-ZnS nanoparticles and their efficient two-photon excitation can be potentially useful for deep tissue imaging for future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba J Bharali
- Institute for Laser, Photonics and Biophotonics, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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27
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Van Hulle M, De Cremer K, Vanholder R, Cornelis R. In vivo distribution and fractionation of indium in rats after subcutaneous and oral administration of [114mIn]InAs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:365-70. [PMID: 15798804 DOI: 10.1039/b408675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two in vivo experiments were carried out in this study. In the first experiment five rats were given two subcutaneous injections of [(114m)In]InAs. Major sites of accumulation were spleen, liver and kidney. The intracellular distribution of indium was examined by differential centrifugation. The cytoplasmic fraction contained most of the indium activity followed by the mitochondrial fraction. Both outcomes are in close agreement with the results obtained in previous studies. Chromatographic separations on a preparative size exclusion column were carried out. It was shown that indium was mostly bound to high molecular mass compounds in serum and in the cytoplasmic fraction of spleen, liver and kidney. In a second experiment five rats were given four oral doses of [(114m)In]InAs over a short period. Prior to this experiment the in vitro solubility of cold InAs in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. In the case of the SGF only 1.3% of an InAs suspension dissolved after 48 hours incubation at 37 degrees C. InAs was not soluble in SIF. Uptake of InAs after oral administration was minimal (<1%). Due to incomplete removal of traces of [(114m)In]InAs from the gastrointestinal tract, it was impossible to calculate accurately the in vivo distribution over the different organs. As the uptake and consequently the activity in the organs were very low, no further chromatographic separations could be carried out. Considering this very low uptake, it can be concluded that InAs will not accumulate in the body after oral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Van Hulle
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Tanaka A. Toxicity of indium arsenide, gallium arsenide, and aluminium gallium arsenide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:405-11. [PMID: 15276420 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium arsenide (InAs), and aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) are semiconductor applications. Although the increased use of these materials has raised concerns about occupational exposure to them, there is little information regarding the adverse health effects to workers arising from exposure to these particles. However, available data indicate these semiconductor materials can be toxic in animals. Although acute and chronic toxicity of the lung, reproductive organs, and kidney are associated with exposure to these semiconductor materials, in particular, chronic toxicity should pay much attention owing to low solubility of these materials. Between InAs, GaAs, and AlGaAs, InAs was the most toxic material to the lung followed by GaAs and AlGaAs when given intratracheally. This was probably due to difference in the toxicity of the counter-element of arsenic in semiconductor materials, such as indium, gallium, or aluminium, and not arsenic itself. It appeared that indium, gallium, or aluminium was toxic when released from the particles, though the physical character of the particles also contributes to toxic effect. Although there is no evidence of the carcinogenicity of InAs or AlGaAs, GaAs and InP, which are semiconductor materials, showed the clear evidence of carcinogenic potential. It is necessary to pay much greater attention to the human exposure of semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Homma T, Ueno T, Sekizawa K, Tanaka A, Hirata M. Interstitial pneumonia developed in a worker dealing with particles containing indium-tin oxide. J Occup Health 2004; 45:137-9. [PMID: 14646287 DOI: 10.1539/joh.45.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Homma
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Tanaka A, Hirata M, Omura M. Pulmonary Squamous Cyst Induced by Exposure to Indium Arsenide in Hamsters. J Occup Health 2003; 45:405-7. [PMID: 14676421 DOI: 10.1539/joh.45.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tanaka A, Hirata M, Omura M, Inoue N, Ueno T, Homma T, Sekizawa K. Pulmonary Toxicity of Indium‐Tin Oxide and Indium Phosphide after Intratracheal Instillations into the Lung of Hamsters. J Occup Health 2002. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.44.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Miyuki Hirata
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Minoru Omura
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Naohide Inoue
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Takahiro Ueno
- Division of Respiratory DiseaseInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Toshiaki Homma
- Division of Respiratory DiseaseInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Kiyohisa Sekizawa
- Division of Respiratory DiseaseInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba
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Omura M, Tanaka A, Hirata M, Inoue N, Ueno T, Homma T, Sekizawa K. Testicular Toxicity Evaluation of Indium‐Tin Oxide. J Occup Health 2002. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.44.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Omura
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Miyuki Hirata
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Naohide Inoue
- Department of HygieneGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Takahiro Ueno
- Division of Respiratory DiseaseInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Toshiaki Homma
- Division of Respiratory DiseaseInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Kiyohisa Sekizawa
- Division of Respiratory DiseaseInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba
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