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Raise-Abdullahi P, Meamar M, Vafaei AA, Alizadeh M, Dadkhah M, Shafia S, Ghalandari-Shamami M, Naderian R, Afshin Samaei S, Rashidy-Pour A. Hypothalamus and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1010. [PMID: 37508942 PMCID: PMC10377115 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have lived in a dynamic environment fraught with potential dangers for thousands of years. While fear and stress were crucial for the survival of our ancestors, today, they are mostly considered harmful factors, threatening both our physical and mental health. Trauma is a highly stressful, often life-threatening event or a series of events, such as sexual assault, war, natural disasters, burns, and car accidents. Trauma can cause pathological metaplasticity, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes and impairing an individual's ability to cope with future challenges. If an individual is vulnerable, a tremendously traumatic event may result in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The hypothalamus is critical in initiating hormonal responses to stressful stimuli via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Linked to the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures, especially the amygdala and hippocampus, the hypothalamus acts as a central hub, integrating physiological aspects of the stress response. Consequently, the hypothalamic functions have been attributed to the pathophysiology of PTSD. However, apart from the well-known role of the HPA axis, the hypothalamus may also play different roles in the development of PTSD through other pathways, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes, as well as by secreting growth hormone, prolactin, dopamine, and oxytocin. This review aims to summarize the current evidence regarding the neuroendocrine functions of the hypothalamus, which are correlated with the development of PTSD. A better understanding of the role of the hypothalamus in PTSD could help develop better treatments for this debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morvarid Meamar
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maryam Alizadeh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Qom Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shafia
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Department of Physiology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Ramtin Naderian
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Seyed Afshin Samaei
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Tomei F, Rosati MV, Lorusso G, Ricci L, Damato FM, Caciari T, Giubilati R, Casale T, Pimpinella B, Marchione S, Nardone N, di Luca NM, Massoni F, Anzelmo V, Massimi R, Tomei G, Ricci P, Sacco C, Ricci S. No Correlation between Blood Benzene Levels and Luteinizing Hormone Plasma Values in Outdoor Workers. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:1165-1171. [PMID: 31038083 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190417112818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study is to evaluate whether low-dose exposure to benzene, an environmental pollutant to which male and female traffic policemen are daily exposed to could cause alterations in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. METHODS From an initial sample of 1594 workers, we only selected 95 workers of whom study we knew the values of late-shift benzene and LH hormone. All subjects underwent biological monitoring (final blood benzene evaluation) and luteinizing hormone dosing. Excluding subjects with the main confounding factors, the final sample included 76 workers. The normal distribution of the variables was evaluated using the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test, followed by the logarithmic transformation of the LH and benzene values. The comparison among means was performed by using the t-test for the independent samples. The ANOVA test was performed for variables with more than 2 modes (ages and seniority) and Pearson correlation index between variables in the total sample and after subdivision as to sex, job, sports activity and smoking. The results were considered significant when p values were less than 0.05. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The study did not show a correlation between benzene levels and LH plasma levels in outdoor workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria V Rosati
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, Specialty Scool of Occupational Medicine, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lorusso
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, Specialty Scool of Occupational Medicine, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Ricci
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice M Damato
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefania Marchione
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Nardone
- Spin off Sipro, Via Stimigliano 5, 00199 Rome, Italy
| | - Natale Mario di Luca
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Massoni
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza Anzelmo
- Institute of Public Health, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome " Cattolica del Sacro Cuore", Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Gianfranco Tomei
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychological Science, University of Rome " Sapienza ", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ricci
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmina Sacco
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serafino Ricci
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, Specialty Scool of Occupational Medicine, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Husakova M, Lippert J, Stolfa J, Sedova L, Arenberger P, Lacinova Z, Pavelka K. Elevated serum prolactin levels as a marker of inflammatory arthritis in psoriasis vulgaris. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 159:562-8. [PMID: 26175050 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is complicated in up to 40% patients by the inflammatory joint disease psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Neither the aetiology of the arthritis nor specific laboratory markers for its disease activity have been clearly elucidated. Prolactin (PRL) acts as a cytokine with immunomodulatory functions and plays a role in skin and joint biology. The results on PRL however as a marker are unclear. The aim of this study was to confirm whether serum PRL levels reflect systemic complications of PV, like inflammatory joint disease and/or can serve as a marker of disease activity in both cases. METHODS A total of 70 patients with PV without arthritis and 40 patients suffering from PsA were included. In all patients, we determined skin disease activity according to the PASI index and in PsA, active disease assessed as swollen or tender joints. The control group included 27 age and sex matched healthy individuals. The concentration of PRL in the serum was measured by immunoradiometric assays. RESULTS The PRL serum levels were significantly increased in PsA patients (299.2±28.29 mIU/L) compared to PV only patients (201.4.2±11.72 mIU/L), P = 0.0003 and healthy individuals (198.2±15.31 mIU/L), P = 0.007. The serum PRL levels in PsA with active disease 336.8±42.50 (mIU/L) were higher than in PV and controls, P < 0.0001 and P = 0.002 respectively. In PV only patients, there was no correlation between PASI and PRL levels. CONCLUSION Our results showed that PRL serum levels are a marker of active arthritis in PsA and reflects systemic complication rather than local skin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Husakova
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lippert
- Department of Dermatology, Stadt. Klinikum Gorlitz, Girbingsdorfer Strasse 1-3, Gorlitz, Germany
| | - Jiri Stolfa
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Liliana Sedova
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Arenberger
- The Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Faculty Hospital of Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague
| | - Zdenka Lacinova
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague
| | - Karel Pavelka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Caciari T, Rosati MV, Di Giorgio V, Casale T, Pimpinella B, Scala B, Giubilati R, Capozzella A, Tomei G, Tomei F. Urinary nickel and prolactin in workers exposed to urban stressors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:2096-2103. [PMID: 24081300 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00409k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study is to verify whether the exposure to low Ni doses in urban air may have some effects on the prolactin values of outdoor workers exposed to urban pollutants. 334 workers have been included in the study and divided on the basis of gender, job, age, length of service and smoking habits. Each worker underwent urinary Ni and prolactin sampling. The t-test for independent samples, the Mann-Whitney U test for two mode variables (gender, smoking habit), the univariate ANOVA test and the Kruskal Wallis test for the variables in more than two modes (age, length of service and job duties) were performed on the total sample. Pearson's correlation coefficient (p two-tailed) among the parameters was evaluated both in the total sample and after the stratification by gender, smoking habit and job. Multiple linear regression was performed after taking account of the major confounding factors on the total sample and on the subcategories. The statistical tests showed a significant correlation between urinary Ni and prolactin both in the total sample and in the subcategories. We believe that the occupational exposure to low doses of Ni present in urban pollution may influence the prolactin values in exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Caciari
- University of Rome "Sapienza" - Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, Unit of Occupational Medicine, Rome, Italy
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5
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Exploring the role of prolactin in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304:115-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sancini A, Tomei G, Ciarrocca M, Pimpinella B, Samperi I, Fiaschetti M, Scimitto L, Tasciotti Z, Caciari T, Tomei F. Professional exposure to urban stressors and effects on urinary metanephrines. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27:349-55. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710387008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to assess whether occupational exposure to urban stressors could cause alterations in urinary metanephrines levels in traffic policemen vs administrative staff of municipal police. A total of 258 subjects were included in the study: 129 traffic policemen exposed to urban stressors (68 males and 61 females) and 129 controls (68 males and 61 females). Urinary metanephrines mean levels were significantly higher in male traffic policemen compared to controls (p < 0.01). No significant differences were in female traffic policemen compared to controls. In the control group, urinary metanephrines mean levels were significantly higher in females compared to males (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in urinary metanephrines mean levels in female traffic policemen vs male traffic policemen. The increase in urinary metanephrines mean levels observed in male exposed compared to controls could be related to chronic occupational exposure to low doses of chemical, physical and psychosocial urban stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sancini
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Tomei
- Department of Psychiatric Science and Psychological Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Ciarrocca
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Samperi
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Fiaschetti
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Lara Scimitto
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Zaira Tasciotti
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Caciari
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Tomei
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy,
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Akimoto T, Nakashima K, Matsumoto T, Muraoka K, Yokota M. Effect of occlusal interference on salivary stress markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2329/perio.53.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tomei G, Tomao E, Ciarrocca M, Rosati MV, Caciari T, Gamberale D, Palermo P, Sio SD, Tria M, Panfili A, Tomei F. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels in male workers exposed to urban chemical, physical, and psychosocial stressors. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:395-402. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233709106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate whether occupational exposure to urban stressors could cause alterations in the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in traffic policemen compared to a control group. After excluding the subjects with main confounding factors, traffic policemen and male controls were matched by age, working life, body mass index (BMI), drinking habit, cigarette smoking history, and daily consumption of Italian coffee, 166 traffic policemen and 166 controls were included into the study. FSH levels were significantly higher in traffic policemen compared to male controls ( P < 0.05). The distribution of FSH values in traffic policemen and controls was significant ( P < 0.05). Our results suggest that occupational exposure to low doses of chemical and psychosocial stressors may alter plasma levels of FSH in traffic policemen more than in the control group. If the results obtained are confirmed by further research, the plasma levels of FSH may be used as early biological markers, valuable for the group, used in occupational set even before the appearance of disorders of male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tomei
- Department of Psychiatric Science and Psychological Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - E Tomao
- General Office for Military Health-Defence General Staff, Rome, Italy
| | - M Ciarrocca
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - MV Rosati
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - T Caciari
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - D Gamberale
- S. Pre. S. A.L. Azienda ASL RM/E Service of Prevention and Safety in the Workplace, Rome, Italy
| | - P Palermo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - S De Sio
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - M Tria
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - A Panfili
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - F Tomei
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
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9
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Tomao E, Tomei G, Rosati MV, Caciari T, Danese D, Gamberale D, Vacca D, Palermo P, Anzelmo V, Tomei F. Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in male workers exposed to urban stressors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4591-4595. [PMID: 19477485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to evaluate if occupational exposure to urban stressors could cause alterations in luteinizing hormone (LH) plasma levels in male traffic policemen vs. administrative staff of Municipal Police.After excluding the subjects with the main confounding factors, male traffic police and administrative staff of Municipal Police were matched by age, working life, body mass index (BMI), alcohol drinking habit, cigarette smoking habit and habitual consumption of Italian coffee.In 166 male traffic police mean LH values were significantly higher compared to 166 male administrative employees. The distribution of LH values in traffic police and in administrative employees was statistically significant.Our results suggest that recent exposure to urban stressors (chemical, physical and psycho-social) can alter the plasma concentration of LH. In agreement with our previous research, levels of plasma LH may be used as early biological markers, valuable for the group, used in occupational set before the appearance of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tomao
- General Office for Military Health-Defence General Staff, Rome, Italy
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10
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Marques de Souza L, Franci CR. GABAergic mediation of stress-induced secretion of corticosterone and oxytocin, but not prolactin, by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci 2008; 83:686-92. [PMID: 18840449 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) participates in mediating the response to stressful stimuli. Within the HPA, neurons in the medial parvocellular region of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus integrate excitatory and inhibitory signals triggering secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the main secretagogue of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Stressful situations alter CRH secretion as well as other hormones, including prolactin and oxytocin. Most inputs to the PVN are of local origin, half of which are GABAergic neurons, and both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors are present in the PVN. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors in the PVN's control of stress-induced corticosterone, oxytocin and prolactin secretion. Rats were microinjected with saline or different doses (0.5, 5 and 50 pmol) of GABA-A (bicuculine) or GABA-B (phaclofen) antagonists in the PVN. Ten minutes later, they were subjected to a stressor (ether inhalation) and blood samples were collected 30 min before and 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the stressful stimulus to measure hormone levels by radioimmunoassay. Our results indicate that GABA acts in the PVN to inhibit stress-induced corticosterone secretion via both its receptor subtypes, especially GABA-B. In contrast, GABA in the PVN stimulates oxytocin secretion through GABA-B receptors and does not alter prolactin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Marques de Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
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Song Y, Zhou D, Wang X. Increased serum cortisol and growth hormone levels in earthquake survivors with PTSD or subclinical PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:1155-9. [PMID: 18640782 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of neuroendocrine systems has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Three months after an earthquake in Northern China, cortisol, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels were assessed in 34 earthquake survivors with PTSD (according to DSM-IV criteria), 30 earthquake survivors with subclinical PTSD and 34 normal controls. Only earthquake survivors diagnosed with PTSD had significantly higher serum GH levels. Also, we found that earthquake survivors (either with PTSD or subclinical PTSD) had significantly higher serum cortisol levels. We concluded that PTSD might be associated with an increased level of serum GH and traumatic survivors might be associated with a higher level of serum cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Song
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, China.
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Webster Marketon JI, Glaser R. Stress hormones and immune function. Cell Immunol 2008; 252:16-26. [PMID: 18279846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years we have demonstrated both in animal models and in human studies that stress increases neuroendocrine hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and catecholamines but to some extent also prolactin, growth hormone and nerve growth factor. We have also shown that stress, through the action of these stress hormones, has detrimental effects on immune function, including reduced NK cell activity, lymphocyte populations, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production and reactivation of latent viral infections. Such effects on the immune system have severe consequences on health which include, but are not limited to, delayed wound healing, impaired responses to vaccination and development and progression of cancer. These data provide scientific evidence of the effects of stress on immune function and implications for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette I Webster Marketon
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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