Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Estimation of Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide in Tablet Formulation using Partial Least-Squares, Principal Component Regression Multivariate Calibrations and RP-HPLC Methods

Novel enhanced detection and resolution of a nonfluorescent mixture in plasma at nanogram levels using sustainable fluorescent carbon dots and advanced chemometric models

For the first time, advanced chemometric models were utilized to determine florescence induced by carbon dots. In an endeavor to regulate anthelmintic drug usage by facilitating the determination of veterinary formulations in animals' biological fluids, a novel fluorometric-assisted chemometric method has been developed for detecting two nonfluorescent drugs, Ivermectin (IVR) and Clorsulon (CLR). The method relies on the linear quenching effect of the drugs on the fluorescence intensity of carbon dots (CDs) synthesized from natural sources. Despite the significant overlap, chemometric models such as partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANN), assisted by genetic algorithms (GA), successfully resolved the issue and achieved high-precision recovery of both drugs. The method demonstrates a linearity range of 50-6000 ng/mL, rendering it suitable for determining both drugs in biological animal fluids. To ensure practical application, the method was applied to veterinary formulations and spiked animal plasma, yielding satisfactory results. Finally, a comparison of the proposed method with official ones revealed no significant differences. According to principles of white analytical chemistry (WAC), the method also obeys sustainability rules. The method was therefore proven to be a novel, safe and applicable alternative approach for this formulation.

Simple simultaneous analysis of various cardiovascular drug mixtures with vincamine: comparative eco-friendly assessment

The development of two eco-friendly analytical methods for the simultaneous determination of eight cardiovascular drugs; hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), captopril (CPL), lisinopril (LSP), valsartan (VAL), atorvastatin (ATR), bisoprolol (BSL), amlodipine (AML) and carvedilol (CVL); alongside with the nutraceutical vincamine (VIC) is essential for sustainable pharmaceutical analysis. This study explores the application of Micellar Electro Kinetic Chromatography (MEKC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for this purpose. In MEKC method, the separation was done using fused silica capillary (41.5 cm × 50 µm id) and a back ground electrolyte consisting of 50 mM borate buffer (pH 9) containing 50 mM sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and 10% organic modifier (Acetonitrile). In HPLC method, separation was performed on a ZORBAX Extend-C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) column, using a gradient mobile phase consisting of 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 3 and methanol. Both methods attained good linearity (r ≥ 0.9996) with low values of LOD and LOQ. Both methods were successfully applied in the determination of co-administered single, binary and ternary dosage form of the studied drugs. Moreover, application of various combinations of co-administered dosage forms was achieved in rat plasma, confirming the applicability of these methods in different matrices. The use of micellar solutions in MEKC enhances separation efficiency while reducing the need for organic solvents, aligning with green chemistry principles. HPLC methods were optimized using environmentally benign solvents, ensuring reduced toxicity and waste production. The methodologies were evaluated through green, white, and blue metrics to ensure comprehensive sustainability, considering ecological impact, safety, and practical efficiency. These methods were not only cost-effective and time-saving but achieved high efficiency, sensitivity, and reproducibility making them ideal for routine use in pharmaceutical analysis.

The improvement of routine drug quality control analysis of some antihypertensive drugs using high-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometry method with greenness profile evaluation

The common antihypertensive drugs are B-blockers and diuretics. For the determination of beta-blocker medicines (bisoprolol fumarate and carvedilol) and diuretic drug (Furosemide), new and accurate chromatographic method has been developed. The separation was achieved using a developing system that includes chloroform:methanol:ethyl acetate:ammonia (6:2:2:0.2 by volume) as a mobile phase and the bands were detected at 240 nm. The concentration ranges were 5-25, 1-7, and 1-3.5 μg/band for bisoprolol fumarate, carvedilol, and furosemide, respectively. This chromatographic approach is the first methodology for simultaneously determining bisoprolol fumarate, carvedilol, and furosemide in their pure forms and in their pharmaceutical dosage forms. The advantages of using known analytical procedures are their simplicity, speed, cost effectiveness, lack of laboriousness, and ability to save time as the three tablets are determined in one step and can be used for routine analysis of the investigated combinations in quality control laboratories. According to International Conference of Harmonization guidelines, the established procedures have been validated, and the results were statistically compared to those obtained by the reported reversed-phase-high-performance liquid chromatography methods using Student's t-test and F-test, with no significant difference between them, indicating that the proposed methods can be used for routine drug quality control analysis.

Quality-by-design in pharmaceutical development: From current perspectives to practical applications

Current pharmaceutical research directions tend to follow a systematic approach in the field of applied research and development. The concept of quality-by-design (QbD) has been the focus of the current progress of pharmaceutical sciences. It is based on, but not limited, to risk assessment, design of experiments and other computational methods and process analytical technology. These tools offer a well-organized methodology, both to identify and analyse the hazards that should be handled as critical, and are therefore applicable in the control strategy. Once implemented, the QbD approach will augment the comprehension of experts concerning the developed analytical technique or manufacturing process. The main activities are oriented towards the identification of the quality target product profiles, along with the critical quality attributes, the risk management of these and their analysis through in silico aided methods. This review aims to offer an overview of the current standpoints and general applications of QbD methods in pharmaceutical development.

A Versatile Stability-indicating Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide and Chlorthalidone

Background:

Atenolol is a selective beta 1 blocker that can be used alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide or with chlorthalidone for the treatment of hypertension and prevention from a heart attack.

Objective:

The main target of this work was to improve modern, easy, accurate and selective liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) for the determination of these drugs in the presence of their degradation products. These methods can be used as analytical gadgets in quality control laboratories for a routine examination.

Methods:

In this method, the separation was accomplished through an Inertsil® ODS-3V C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm), the mobile phase used was 25 mM aqueous potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate solution adjusted to pH 6.8 by using 0.1M sodium hydroxide and acetonitrile (77 : 23, v/v), the flow rate used was 1 ml/min and detection was achieved at 235 nm using UV.

Results:

All peaks were sharp and well separated, the retention times were atenolol degradation (ATN Deg.) 2.311 min, atenolol (ATN) 2.580 min, hydrochlorothiazide degradation (HCT Deg.) 5.890 min, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) 7.016 min, chlorthalidone degradation CTD Deg 8.018 min and chlorthalidone (CTD) 14.972 min. Linearity was obtained and the range of concentrations was 20- 160 μg/ml for atenolol, 10-80 μg/ml for hydrochlorothiazide and 10-80 μg/ml for chlorthalidone. According to ICH guidelines, method validation was accomplished, these methods include linearity, accuracy, selectivity, precision and robustness.

Conclusion:

The optimized method demonstrated to be specific, robust and accurate for the quality control of the cited drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Spectrophotometric and Multivariate Calibration Techniques for Simultaneous Determination of Different Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Urine: Evaluation of Greenness Profile

Eco-friendly, rapid, and cost-effective two spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the determination of atenolol, paracetamol, hydrochlorothiazide, and levofloxacin. The first method is the newly developed extended derivative ratio (EDR) and the second method is multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). In the EDR method, the extended derivative ratio amplitudes at 281.6, 237.6, 279.2, and 282.8 nm were used for quantification of atenolol, paracetamol, hydrochlorothiazide, and levofloxacin, respectively. In the MCR-ALS method, calibration model was developed and correlation constraint was employed. External validation data set composed of seven mixtures was used, and different figures of merits such as root mean square error of prediction, standard error of prediction, bias, and relative error of prediction were calculated, and satisfactory results were obtained. Both methods provided comparable results. The methods were validated and applied for the determination of the target analytes in dosage forms, spiked and real human urine. Thereafter, the obtained results were statistically compared to the published methods and revealed no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision. Furthermore, the greenness profile of the methods was evaluated using the National Environmental Methods Index "NEMI" and Analytical Eco-Scale. The developed methods can be used as a valid eco-friendly and simple cost-effective alternative to the commonly used chromatographic methods for the routine analysis of the studied drugs in dosage forms and human urine.