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Mazur L, Veten A, Ceneviva G, Pradhan S, Zhu J, Thomas NJ, Krawiec C. Characteristics and Outcomes of Intrahospital Transfers from Neonatal Intensive Care to Pediatric Intensive Care Units. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e1613-e1622. [PMID: 37037202 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Critically ill children may be transferred from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for further critical care, but the frequency and outcomes of this patient population are unknown. The aims of this study are to describe the characteristics and outcomes in patients transferred from NICU to PICUs. We hypothesized that a higher-than-expected mortality would be present for patients with respiratory or cardiovascular diagnoses that underwent a NICU to PICU transition and that specific factors (timing of transfer, illness severity, and critical care interventions) are associated with a higher risk of mortality in the cardiovascular group. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of Virtual Pediatric Systems, LLC (2011-2019) deidentified cardiovascular and respiratory NICU to PICU subject data. We evaluated demographics, PICU length of stay, procedures, disposition, and mortality scores. Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) score was utilized to determine the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). RESULTS SMR of 4,547 included subjects (3,607 [79.3%] cardiovascular and 940 [20.7%] respiratory) was 1.795 (95% confidence interval: 1.62-1.97, p < 0.0001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated transfer age (cardiovascular: odds ratio, 1.246 [1.10-1.41], p = 0.0005; respiratory: 1.254 [1.07-1.47], p = 0.0046) and PIM2 scores (cardiovascular: 1.404 [1.25-1.58], p < 0.0001; respiratory: 1.353 [1.08-1.70], p = 0.0095) were significantly associated with increased odds of mortality. CONCLUSION In this present study, we found that NICU to PICU observed deaths were high and various factors, particularly transfer age, were associated with increased odds of mortality. While the type of patients evaluated in this study likely influenced mortality, further investigation is warranted to determine if transfer timing is also a factor. KEY POINTS · NICU patients may be transitioned to the PICU.. · NICU to PICU observed deaths were high.. · Transfer timing may be a factor..
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ahmed Veten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary Ceneviva
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandeep Pradhan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Conrad Krawiec
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Al-Harbi S. Impact of Rapid Response Teams on Pediatric Care: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Unplanned PICU Admissions and Cardiac Arrests. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:518. [PMID: 38470629 PMCID: PMC10931051 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric rapid response teams (RRTs) are expected to significantly lower pediatric mortality in healthcare settings. This study evaluates RRTs' effectiveness in decreasing cardiac arrests and unexpected Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admissions. A quasi-experimental study (2014-2017) at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, involved 3261 pediatric inpatients, split into pre-intervention (1604) and post-intervention (1657) groups. Baseline pediatric warning scores and monthly data on admissions, transfers, arrests, and mortality were analyzed pre- and post-intervention. Statistical methods including bootstrapping, segmented regression, and a Zero-Inflation Poisson model were employed to ensure a comprehensive evaluation of the intervention's impact. RRT was activated 471 times, primarily for respiratory distress (29.30%), sepsis (22.30%), clinical anxiety (13.80%), and hematological abnormalities (6.7%). Family concerns triggered 0.1% of activations. Post-RRT implementation, unplanned PICU admissions significantly reduced (RR = 0.552, 95% CI 0.485-0.628, p < 0.0001), and non-ICU cardiac arrests were eliminated (RR = 0). Patient care improvement was notable, with a -9.61 coefficient for PICU admissions (95% CI: -12.65 to -6.57, p < 0.001) and a -1.641 coefficient for non-ICU cardiac arrests (95% CI: -2.22 to -1.06, p < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis showed mixed results for PICU admissions, while zero-inflation Poisson analysis confirmed a reduction in non-ICU arrests. The deployment of pediatric RRTs is associated with fewer unexpected PICU admissions and non-ICU cardiopulmonary arrests, indicating improved PICU management. Further research using robust scientific methods is necessary to conclusively determine RRTs' clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Al-Harbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
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Kuehn SE, Melvin JE, Creech PS, Fitch J, Noritz G, Perry MF, Stewart C, Bode RS. Reduction of Very Rapid Emergency Transfers to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Pediatr Qual Saf 2023; 8:e645. [PMID: 38571737 PMCID: PMC10990303 DOI: 10.1097/pq9.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emergency transfers are associated with increased inpatient pediatric mortality. Therefore, interventions to improve system-level situational awareness were utilized to decrease a subset of emergency transfers that occurred within four hours of admission to an inpatient medical-surgical unit called very rapid emergency transfers (VRET). Specifically, we aimed to increase the days between VRET from non-ICU inpatient units from every 10 days to every 25 days over 1 year. Methods Using the Model for Improvement, we developed an interdisciplinary team to reduce VRET. The key drivers targeted were the admission process from the emergency department and ambulatory clinics, sepsis recognition and communication, and expansion of our situational awareness framework. Days between VRET defined the primary outcome metric for this improvement project. Results After six months of interventions, our baseline improved from a VRET every 10 days to every 79 days, followed by another shift to 177 days, which we sustained for 3 years peaking at 468 days between events. Conclusion Interventions targeting multiple admission sources to improve early recognition and communication of potential clinical deterioration effectively reduced and nearly eliminated VRET at our organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy E. Kuehn
- From the Center for Clinical Excellence Columbus, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio
| | - Jennifer E. Melvin
- From the Center for Clinical Excellence Columbus, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio
| | - Pamela S. Creech
- From the Center for Clinical Excellence Columbus, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio
| | - Jill Fitch
- From the Center for Clinical Excellence Columbus, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio
| | - Garey Noritz
- From the Center for Clinical Excellence Columbus, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio
| | - Michael F. Perry
- From the Center for Clinical Excellence Columbus, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio
| | - Claire Stewart
- From the Center for Clinical Excellence Columbus, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio
| | - Ryan S. Bode
- From the Center for Clinical Excellence Columbus, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio
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Risk Factors for Longer Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay Among Children Who Required Escalation of Care Within 24 Hours of Admission. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38:678-685. [PMID: 35138768 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children who require early escalation of care (EOC) to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) after floor admission have higher mortality and increased hospital length of stay (LOS) as compared with direct emergency department (ED) admissions. This study was designed to identify subgroups of patients within this cohort (EOC to PICU within 24 hours of hospital admission) who have worse outcomes (actual PICU LOS [aLOS] > predicted PICU LOS [pLOS]). METHODS This was a retrospective single-center cohort study. Patients who required EOC to PICU from January 2015 to December 2019 within 24 hours of admission were included. Postoperative patients, missing cause of EOC, and mortality were excluded. Predicted LOS was calculated based on Pediatric Risk of Mortality scores. Patients with aLOS > pLOS (group A) were compared with patients with aLOS ≤ pLOS (group B). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to adjust for confounders. RESULTS Of 587 patients transferred to PICU after hospital admission during the study period, 286 patients met the study criteria (group A, n = 69; group B, n = 217). The 2 groups were similar in age, race, the severity of illness, and ED vitals and therapies. A higher proportion of patients in group B had EOC ≤ 6 hours of admission (51.1% vs 36.2%, P = 0.03), and a higher proportion in group A required Mechanical ventilation (56% vs 34%, P = 0.01). On multivariable regression, patients who required EOC to PICU after 6 hours after admission (adjusted odds ratio, 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 4.0), p,<0.01) and patients admitted to the floor from referral hospitals (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.2), P = 0.04) had higher risk of greater than PLOS. CONCLUSIONS Among patients who required EOC to PICU, risk factors associated with aLOS > pLOS were patients who required EOC to PICU longer than 6 hours after admission to the hospital and patients admitted to the floor as a transfer from referral hospitals.
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Schleisman AS, Potthoff M, Schjodt K. Modification of a children's hospital pediatric early warning score (EWS): An evaluation of inter-rater reliability, nurses' critical thinking and perceptions of the tool. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 63:90-95. [PMID: 34702596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric early warning scores (EWS) have been utilized to assist the identification of children at risk for clinically decompensating, experiencing a cardiac or respiratory arrest, or requiring a transfer to a higher level of care. Although their use is widespread, little consistency exists between tools and research evaluating the effectiveness of these tools is lacking. This quasi-experimental project evaluated twenty-five medical-surgical staff nurses' use and perceptions as well as the inter-rater reliability of a newly modified pediatric EWS tool at a free standing, academic Midwestern pediatric hospital. The tool was modified utilizing existing literature and an interdisciplinary team's expertise. Five fictionalized patients, presented in case studies, were developed and nurses were asked to score these patients using the newly modified tool with rationale. Inter-rater reliability was assessed utilizing Fleiss' Kappa and qualitative questionnaire data was analyzed for emerging themes. Overall, Fleiss' Kappa showed that there was moderate agreement between the nurses' judgments and scoring, with scores primarily differing due to the difficulty level of each case study. Nurses' responses to a questionnaire indicated differing levels of comfort identifying and managing children that present with mid-range total scores as opposed to those who scored in the lower or higher ranges. This project's findings highlight nurses' concerns that an objective tool may not accurately describe a subjective assessment. The results of this project indicated that use of this tool, with some modifications to address nursing concerns, may help to identify clinically decompensating pediatric patients being treated on medical-surgical units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne S Schleisman
- Creighton University, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68124, United States of America.
| | - Meghan Potthoff
- Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, United States of America.
| | - Katharine Schjodt
- Children's Hospital & Medical Center, 8200 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68114, United States of America.
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Tripathi S, Kim M. Outcome Differences Between Direct Admissions to the PICU From ED and Escalations From Floor. Hosp Pediatr 2021; 11:1237-1249. [PMID: 34625489 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-005769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the outcomes (mortality and ICU length of stay) of patients with direct admissions to the PICU from the emergency department [ED]) versus as an escalation of care from the floor. METHODS A retrospective cohort study with a secondary analysis of registry data. Patient demographics and outcome variables collected from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019, were obtained from the Virtual Pediatric Systems database. Patients with a source of admission other than the hospital's ED or pediatric floor were excluded. Multivariable regression analysis controlling for age groups, sex, race, diagnostic categories, and severity of illness (Pediatric Index of Mortality III), with clustering for sites, was performed. RESULTS A total of 209 695 patients from 121 sites were included in the analysis. A total of 154 716 (73.7%) were admitted directly from the ED, and 54 979 were admitted (26.2%) as an escalation of care from the floor. Two groups differed in age and race distribution, medical complexity, diagnostic categories, and severity of illness. After controlling for measured confounders, patients with floor escalations had higher mortality (2.78% vs 1.95%; P < .001), with an odds ratio of 1.71 (95% CI 1.5 to 1.9) and longer PICU length of stay (4.9 vs 3.6 days; P < .001). The rates of most of the common ICU procedures and their durations were also significantly higher in patients with an escalation of care. CONCLUSIONS Compared with direct admissions to the PICU from the ED, patients who were initially triaged to the pediatric floor and then require escalation to the PICU have worse outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the potential causes of this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Tripathi
- PICU, Children's Hospital of Illinois, OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Minchul Kim
- Center for Outcomes Research and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine at Peoria, University of Illinois, Peoria, Illinois
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Nadeau N, Monuteaux MC, Tripathi J, Stack AM, Perron C, Neuman MI. Does Timing Matter?: Timing and Outcomes Among Early Unplanned PICU Transfers. Hosp Pediatr 2021; 11:896-901. [PMID: 34234009 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-004978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many institutions track early ICU transfers (transfer from an inpatient floor to an ICU within 24 hours of admission) as a marker of quality of emergency department (ED) care. There are limited data evaluating whether patient characteristics or clinical outcomes differ on the basis of timing of ICU transfer within this 24-hour window. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study examining all patients ≤21 years old admitted to an inpatient pediatric floor from the ED and subsequently transferred to an ICU within 24 hours of hospitalization. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared on the basis of timing (0-6 hours, 6-12 hours, 12-24 hours) of ICU transfer. Outcomes assessed included receipt of critical intervention, timing of intervention with respect to transfer, type of intervention received, hospital and ICU length of stay, and mortality at 72 hours and during hospitalization. RESULTS A total of 841 patients were transferred to an ICU within 24 hours from admission to a pediatric ward from the ED; 266 patients (32%) transferred within 6 hours of admission, 269 patients (32%) transferred between 6 and 12 hours, and 306 patients (36%) transferred between 12 and 24 hours. Patient characteristics did not materially differ on the basis of timing of ICU transfer, nor did clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Among children transferred to an ICU within 24 hours of hospitalization, patient characteristics and clinical outcomes did not materially differ based on the timing of transfer relative to admission from the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C Monuteaux
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jaya Tripathi
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne M Stack
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine Perron
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark I Neuman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Tripathi S, Meixsell LJ, Astle M, Kim M, Kapileshwar Y, Hassan N. A Longer Route to the PICU Can Lead to a Longer Stay in the PICU: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study. J Intensive Care Med 2020; 37:60-67. [PMID: 33131382 DOI: 10.1177/0885066620969102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Admission to the pediatric ICU versus general pediatric floor for patients is a significant triage decision for emergency department physicians. Escalation of care within 24 hours of hospital admission is considered as a quality metric for pediatric E.R. There exists, however, a lack of data to show that such escalation leads to a poor outcome. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare outcomes of patients who required escalation of care within 24 hours of hospital admission to the pediatric ICU (cases) from 01/01 2015 to 02/28 2019 with those who were directly admitted from emergency department to the PICU (controls). A total of 327 cases were compared to 931 controls. Univariate and multivariable regression analysis was done to compare the length of stay and mortality data. RESULTS Patients who required escalation of care were significantly younger (median age 1.9 years compared to 4.6 years for controls) and had lower severity of illness score (PIM 3). Cases had a much higher proportion of respiratory diagnosis. ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay and the direct cost was significantly higher for cases compared to controls. This difference persisted for all age groups and respiratory diagnosis. The cost of care, however, was only different for 1-5 years and >5 years age groups. The difference in ICU length of stay (Δ11.1%) and hospital length of stay (Δ7.8%) persisted on multivariate regression analysis after controlling for age, sex, PIM3 score, and diagnostic variables. There was no difference in mortality on the univariate or multivariate analysis between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Patients who required escalation of care within 24 hours of hospital admissions have more prolonged ICU and hospital stay and potentially increased cost of care. This measure should be considered while making patient disposition decisions in the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Tripathi
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, 17120University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Michele Astle
- Department of Quality and Safety, 14407OSF Saint Francis Medical Centre, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Minchul Kim
- Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, 17120University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Yamini Kapileshwar
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, 17120University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Nabil Hassan
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, 17120University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
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Nadeau N, Monuteaux MC, Tripathi J, Stack AM, Perron C, Neuman MI. Pediatric ICU Transfers Within 24 Hours of Admission From the Emergency Department: Rate of Transfer, Outcomes, and Clinical Characteristics. Hosp Pediatr 2020; 9:393-397. [PMID: 31023788 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2018-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data describing pediatric patients transferred to an ICU within 24 hours of hospital admission from the emergency department (ED). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients ≤21 years old transferred from an inpatient floor to an ICU within 24 hours of ED disposition from 2007 to 2016 in a tertiary children's hospital. Patients transferred to an ICU after planned operative procedures were excluded. Rate of transfer, clinical course, and baseline demographic and/or clinical characteristics of these patients are described. RESULTS The study cohort consisted of 841 children, representing 1% of 82 397 non-ICU ED admissions over the 10-year period. Median age was 5.1 years, 43% had ≥1 complex chronic condition, and 47% were hospitalized within the previous year (27% in the ICU). The majority of transfers were for respiratory conditions (65%) and cardiovascular compromise (18%). Median time from hospitalization to ICU transfer was 9.1 hours (interquartile range 5.1-14.9 hours). Thirty-eight percent of transfers received 1 or more critical interventions within 72 hours of hospitalization, most commonly positive pressure ventilation (29%) and vasoactive infusion (9%). Median time to intervention from hospitalization was 13.6 hours (interquartile range 7.5-21.6 hours), 0.8% of children died within 72 hours of hospitalization, and 2.4% died overall. CONCLUSIONS In this single pediatric academic center, 1% of hospitalized children were transferred to an ICU within 24 hours of ED disposition. One-third of patients received a critical intervention, and 2.4% died. Although most ED dispositions are appropriate, future efforts to identify patients at the highest risk of deterioration are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nadeau
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Michael C Monuteaux
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jaya Tripathi
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne M Stack
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine Perron
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark I Neuman
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Flaherty BF, Schroeder AR. Early, Unanticipated PICU Transfers: Is There a Need for Improvement? Hosp Pediatr 2019; 9:402-404. [PMID: 31023787 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2019-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Flaherty
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | - Alan R Schroeder
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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