1
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Shappley RKH, Holder CM, Poplos CE, Anton-Martin P, Spentzas T, Whitaker TM, Karmarkar S, Shah SH, Sandhu HS. Standardized therapies after ECMO program (STEP); a novel approach to pediatric post-ECMO care. THE JOURNAL OF EXTRA-CORPOREAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 56:94-100. [PMID: 39303130 DOI: 10.1051/ject/2024009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study objective was to characterize compliance with Standardized Therapy after ECMO Program (STEP), an intentional discharge pathway for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) survivors in a US pediatric hospital. METHODS The program identified pediatric ECMO survivors before discharge, appropriate consultations were reviewed and requested, families were educated on ECMO sequelae, and ECMO summaries were sent to pediatricians. Compliance with institutional post-ECMO guidelines was evaluated before and after STEP implementation. RESULTS We identified 77 ECMO survivors to hospital discharge (36 [46.8%] before and 41 [53.2%] after STEP implementation). There was a significant increase in complete (38.8% vs. 74.2%, p < 0.001) and time-appropriate neurodevelopmental testing (71.4% vs. 95.6%, p = 0.03). Significant increase in inpatient evaluations by neurology (52.7% vs. 75.6%, p = 0.03) and audiology (66.7% vs. 87.8%, p = 0.02), and in referrals for outpatient audiology (66.6 vs. 95.1%, p = 0.002), physical therapy (P.T.) (63.8% vs. 95.1%, p = 0.001), occupational therapy (O.T.) (63.8% vs. 95.1%, p = 0.001) and speech-language pathology (S.L.P.) (55.5% vs. 95.1%, p < 0.001) were noted. CONCLUSION Implementing an intentional discharge pathway for pediatric ECMO survivors (STEP) successfully increases inpatient and outpatient compliance with hospital and Extracorporeal life support organization (ELSO) follow-up guidelines. It leads to timely and complete neurodevelopmental evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah K H Shappley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA - Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Christen M Holder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA - Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Constance E Poplos
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Pilar Anton-Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Spentzas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA - Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Toni M Whitaker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Development Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | - Samir H Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA - Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Hitesh S Sandhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA - Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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2
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Corazzi V, Fordington S, Brown TH, Donnelly N, Bewick J, Ehsani D, Pelucchi S, Bianchini C, Ciorba A, Borsetto D. Late-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing loss in the paediatric population: a systematic review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:3397-3421. [PMID: 38411671 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-024-08527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review possible risk factors for permanent delayed-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in the paediatric population to recommend follow-up protocols for early detection. METHODS PRISMA-compliant systematic review was performed, including observational studies on the paediatric population up to 16 years old who have passed the newborn hearing screening programme (NHSP), investigating the development of late-onset, progressive SNHL. Electronic searches were performed through Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Emcare. RESULTS 37 studies were included. 21 showed an association between late-onset SNHL and congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection (age at hearing loss diagnosis 0.75 to 204 months, mean 45.6 ± 43.9), while 16 between late-onset SNHL and other congenital or perinatal factors, namely Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stay, prematurity, neonatal respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, hypocapnia, hypoxia, alkalosis, seizure activity, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), inner ear malformation, and gene mutations (age at hearing loss diagnosis 2.5 to 156 months, mean 38.7 ± 40.7). CONCLUSIONS cCMV infection may cause late-onset SNHL, which can be missed on standard NHSP. There is, therefore, evidence to support universal screening programmes to enable detection in even asymptomatic neonates. Ongoing audiological follow-up for all children with cCMV is advisable, to enable timely treatment. In the paediatric population presenting conditions such as NICU stay > 5 days, prematurity ≤ 34 weeks gestation, severe neonatal respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, ECMO support, and CDH surgery, an audiological follow-up from 3 months of age up to at least 3-4 years of age, and at least annually, should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Corazzi
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124, Ferrara, Cona, Italy
| | - Surina Fordington
- Department of Paediatrics, Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Neil Donnelly
- Department of ENT, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Bewick
- Department of ENT, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diana Ehsani
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124, Ferrara, Cona, Italy
| | - Stefano Pelucchi
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124, Ferrara, Cona, Italy
| | - Chiara Bianchini
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124, Ferrara, Cona, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciorba
- ENT and Audiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8, 44124, Ferrara, Cona, Italy.
| | - Daniele Borsetto
- Department of ENT, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Li MM, Tayoun AA, DiStefano M, Pandya A, Rehm HL, Robin NH, Schaefer AM, Yoshinaga-Itano C. Clinical evaluation and etiologic diagnosis of hearing loss: A clinical practice resource of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genet Med 2022; 24:1392-1406. [PMID: 35802133 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a common and complex condition that can occur at any age, can be inherited or acquired, and is associated with a remarkably wide array of etiologies. The diverse causes of hearing loss, combined with the highly variable and often overlapping presentations of different forms of hearing loss, challenge the ability of traditional clinical evaluations to arrive at an etiologic diagnosis for many deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. However, identifying the etiology of hearing loss may affect clinical management, improve prognostic accuracy, and refine genetic counseling and assessment of the likelihood of recurrence for relatives of deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. Linguistic and cultural identities associated with being deaf or hard-of-hearing can complicate access to and the effectiveness of clinical care. These concerns can be minimized when genetic and other health care services are provided in a linguistically and culturally sensitive manner. This clinical practice resource offers information about the frequency, causes, and presentations of hearing loss and suggests approaches to the clinical and genetic evaluation of deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals aimed at identifying an etiologic diagnosis and providing informative and effective patient education and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn M Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ahmad Abou Tayoun
- Al Jalila Genomics Center, Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Arti Pandya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Nathaniel H Robin
- Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Amanda M Schaefer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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4
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Long-Term Outcomes of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Report of a Multicenter Study in Japan. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9060856. [PMID: 35740795 PMCID: PMC9222080 DOI: 10.3390/children9060856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Treatment modalities for neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have greatly improved in recent years, with a concomitant increase in survival. However, long-term outcomes restrict the identification of optimal care pathways for CDH survivors in adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, we evaluated the long-term outcomes within the Japanese CDH Study Group (JCDHSG). Methods: Participants were born with CDH between 2006 and 2018 according to the JCDHSG. Participants were enrolled in the database at 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 years old. Follow-up items included long-term complications, operations for long-term complication, and home medical care. Results: A total of 747 patients were included in this study, with 626 survivors (83.8%) and 121 non-survivors (16.2%). At 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 years old, 45.4%, 36.5%, 34.8%, and 43.6% developed complications, and 20.1%, 14.7%, 11.5%, and 5.1% of participants required home care, respectively. Recurrence, pneumonia, pneumothorax, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and intestinal obstruction decreased with age, and thoracic deformity increased with age. Conclusions: As CDH survival rates improve, there is a need for continued research and fine-tuning of long-term care to optimize appropriate surveillance and long-term follow-up.
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5
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Suwannatrai P, Chaiyakulsil C. Hearing screening outcomes in pediatric critical care survivors: a 1-year report. Acute Crit Care 2022; 37:209-216. [PMID: 35280037 PMCID: PMC9184986 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2021.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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6
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Valfré L, Conforti A, Morini F, Patel N, Bevilacqua F, Cianci MC, Bagolan P, Braguglia A. Unsolved problems in CDH follow-up. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:977354. [PMID: 36389367 PMCID: PMC9645578 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.977354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients affected by CDH, survival beyond the neonatal period continues to increase thanks to technological and pharmacological improvements. Conversely, patients, families and caregivers are more and more frequently facing "new" complex late comorbidities, including chronic pulmonary and cardiac dysfunctions, neurodevelopmental challenges, and specific nutritional requirements, that often require ongoing long-term medical or surgical care. Therefore, late morbidity is now a key focus in clinical care of CDH. The aims of this paper are to stress some of the most important "unsolved problems" for CDH patients at long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valfré
- Neonatal Surgery Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Conforti
- Neonatal Surgery Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Neil Patel
- Department of Neonatology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Bevilacqua
- Unit of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Bagolan
- Neonatal Surgery Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Annabella Braguglia
- Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit and Follow-Up, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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7
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Ijsselstijn H, Schiller RM, Holder C, Shappley RKH, Wray J, Hoskote A. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Guidelines for Follow-up After Neonatal and Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ASAIO J 2021; 67:955-963. [PMID: 34324443 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates and children who have survived critical illness severe enough to require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are at risk for neurologic insults, neurodevelopmental delays, worsening of underlying medical conditions, and development of new medical comorbidities. Structured neurodevelopmental follow-up is recommended for early identification and prompt interventions of any neurodevelopmental delays. Even children who initially survive this critical illness without new medical or neurologic deficits remain at risk of developing new morbidities/delays at least through adolescence, highlighting the importance of structured follow-up by personnel knowledgeable in the sequelae of critical illness and ECMO. Structured follow-up should be multifaceted, beginning predischarge and continuing as a coordinated effort after discharge through adolescence. Predischarge efforts should consist of medical and neurologic evaluations, family education, and co-ordination of long-term ECMO care. After discharge, programs should recommend a compilation of pediatric care, disease-specific care for underlying or acquired conditions, structured ECMO/neurodevelopmental care including school performance, parental education, and support. Institutionally, regionally, and internationally available resources will impact the design of individual center's follow-up program. Additionally, neurodevelopmental testing will need to be culturally and lingually appropriate for centers' populations. Thus, ECMO centers should adapt follow-up program to their specific populations and resources with the predischarge and postdischarge components described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Ijsselstijn
- From the Department of Intensive Care and Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raisa M Schiller
- Department of Pediatric Surgery/IC Children and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christen Holder
- Division of Neurosciences, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Rebekah K H Shappley
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jo Wray
- Heart and Lung Directorate, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aparna Hoskote
- Heart and Lung Directorate, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Amodeo I, Di Nardo M, Raffaeli G, Kamel S, Macchini F, Amodeo A, Mosca F, Cavallaro G. Neonatal respiratory and cardiac ECMO in Europe. Eur J Pediatr 2021; 180:1675-1692. [PMID: 33547504 PMCID: PMC7864623 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving procedure for critically ill neonates suffering from a potentially reversible disease, causing severe cardiac and/or respiratory failure and refractory to maximal conventional management. Since the 1970s, technology, management, and clinical applications of neonatal ECMO have changed. Pulmonary diseases still represent the principal neonatal diagnosis, with an overall 74% survival rate, and up to one-third of cases are due to congenital diaphragmatic hernia. The overall survival rate in cardiac ECMO is lower, with congenital heart defect representing the main indication. This review provides an overview of the available evidence in the field of neonatal ECMO. We will address the changing epidemiology, basic principles, technologic advances in circuitry, and monitoring, and deliver a current multidisciplinary management framework, focusing on ECMO applications, complications, and long-term morbidities. Lastly, areas for further research will be highlighted.Conclusions: ECMO is a life support with a potential impact on long-term patients' outcomes. In the next years, advances in knowledge, technology, and expertise may push neonatal ECMO boundaries towards more premature and increasingly complex infants, with the final aim to reduce the burden of ECMO-related complications and improve overall patients' outcomes. What is Known: • ECMO is a life-saving option in newborns with refractory respiratory and/or cardiac failure. • The multidisciplinary ECMO management is challenging and may expose neonates to complications with an impact on long-term outcomes. What is New: • Advances in technology and biomaterials will improve neonatal ECMO management and, eventually, the long-term outcome of these complex patients. • Experimental models of artificial placenta and womb technology are under investigation and may provide clinical translation and future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Amodeo
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Genny Raffaeli
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Shady Kamel
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Betamed Perfusion Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Macchini
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Amodeo
- ECMO & VAD Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy
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9
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Chiarini G, Cho SM, Whitman G, Rasulo F, Lorusso R. Brain Injury in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Semin Neurol 2021; 41:422-436. [PMID: 33851392 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) represents an established technique to provide temporary cardiac and/or pulmonary support. ECMO, in veno-venous, veno-arterial or in extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal modality, is associated with a high rate of brain injuries. These complications have been reported in 7 to 15% of adults and 20% of neonates, and are associated with poor survival. Thromboembolic events, loss of cerebral autoregulation, alteration of the blood-brain barrier, and hemorrhage related to anticoagulation represent the main causes of severe brain injury during ECMO. The most frequent forms of acute neurological injuries in ECMO patients are intracranial hemorrhage (2-21%), ischemic stroke (2-10%), seizures (2-6%), and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury; brain death may also occur in this population. Other frequent complications are infarction (1-8%) and cerebral edema (2-10%), as well as neuropsychological and psychiatric sequelae, including posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Chiarini
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Spedali Civili University, Affiliated Hospital of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sung-Min Cho
- Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Glenn Whitman
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Frank Rasulo
- Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Spedali Civili University, Affiliated Hospital of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Lorusso
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Garbaruk ES, Fedorova LA, Savenko IV, Vikhnina SM, Boboshko MY. [Childhood hearing screening: achievements, difficulties, and possible ways to improve]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2021; 86:82-89. [PMID: 33720658 DOI: 10.17116/otorino20218601182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hearing impairment is the most common sensory impairment that is seen among adults and children. The frequency of congenital hearing loss is well-known due to implementation of newborn hearing screening. Hearing may change throughout a lifetime due to different factors and, therefore, the number of hearing impaired children increases with age. Introduction of universal newborn hearing screening has enabled earlier detection of hearing loss including unilateral and minimal disorders. Nevertheless, despite significant progress made in this field, there is still a group of hearing impairments that stay undiagnosed timely. Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders, late-onset hearing loss, low-frequency and minimal hearing impairment are sometimes missed in newborn hearing screening or they manifest later. These types of hearing disorders are covered in detail in this review as well as possible ways of increasing the effectiveness of early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Garbaruk
- St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L A Fedorova
- St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Savenko
- Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S M Vikhnina
- Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Yu Boboshko
- Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Van der Veeken L, Vergote S, Kunpalin Y, Kristensen K, Deprest J, Bruschettini M. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prenat Diagn 2021; 42:318-329. [PMID: 33533064 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) reportedly has neurologic consequences in childhood however little is known about the impact in isolated CDH. AIMS Herein we aimed to describe the risk of neurodevelopmental complications in children born with isolated CDH. MATERIALS & METHODS We systematically reviewed literature for reports on the neurological outcome of infants born with isolated CDH. The primary outcome was neurodevelopmental delay. Secondary outcomes included, motor skills, intelligence, vision, hearing, language and behavior abnormalities. RESULTS Thirteen out of 87 (15%) studies reported on isolated CDH, including 2624 out of 24,146 children. Neurodevelopmental delay was investigated in four studies and found to be present in 16% (3-34%) of children. This was mainly attributed to motor problems in 13% (2-30%), whereas cognitive dysfunction only in 5% (0-20%) and hearing in 3% (1-7%). One study assessed the effect of fetal surgery. When both isolated and non-isolated children were included, these numbers were higher. DISCUSSION This systematic review demonstrates that only a minority of studies focused on isolated CDH, with neurodevelopmental delay present in 16% of children born with CDH. CONCLUSION To accurately counsel patients, more research should focus on isolated CDH cases and examine children that underwent fetal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Van der Veeken
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simen Vergote
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yada Kunpalin
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karl Kristensen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Cochrane Sweden, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Alenazi A, Derraugh G, Levesque M, Morris MI, Shawyer AC, Lum Min SA, Keijzer R. The prevalence of hearing loss in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A longitudinal population-based study. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:226-229. [PMID: 33004187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The true prevalence of hearing loss among children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is unknown, with some studies reporting rates up to 60%. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hearing loss among children with CDH and compare it to age-matched controls. METHODS We used population-based datasets to compare the number of hearing loss diagnoses in children younger than 10 years-of-age born between 1992 and 2009 with CDH to date-of-birth matched controls without CDH. Factors associated with CDH disease severity were analyzed to determine their effect on the prevalence of hearing loss. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine if selection bias of improved care over the course of the study affected hearing loss in CDH patients. The prevalences of hearing loss were compared using Fisher's exact tests and statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 529 children, 38 CDH cases and their 491 date-of-birth matched controls, met the inclusion criteria. Hearing loss was found in 7 children with CDH (18.4%) compared to 26 (5.3%) controls; the risk ratio (RR) of hearing loss was 3.48 (95%CI = 1.61-7.49, p = 0.006). There was no association between CDH disease severity and hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS CDH is associated with hearing loss compared to the general population. Our results suggest that congenital factors may contribute to hearing loss in CDH more than perinatal exposures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alenazi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba
| | - Gabrielle Derraugh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba
| | - Mathew Levesque
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba
| | - Melanie I Morris
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba
| | - Anna C Shawyer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba
| | - Suyin A Lum Min
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba
| | - Richard Keijzer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba.
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Ortiz Garcia JG, Nathan S, Brorson JR. Neurologic complications of implantable devices. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 177:211-220. [PMID: 33632440 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819814-8.00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Technologies for repairing cardiac structures or sustaining cardiac function with implantable devices have helped patients with an ever-expanding array of cardiac conditions. Patients are surviving and thriving with cardiac conditions that would formerly have been disabling or fatal. With the implantation of devices in the heart, however, comes the inevitable risk of neurological complications. This chapter focuses on devices implanted in the chambers or valves of the heart itself, including prosthetic heart valves, closure devices for patent foramen ovale, atrial appendage occluder devices, short-term implantable circulatory assist devices, and long-term ventricular assist devices, but excluding coronary artery stents or extracardiac devices. Further, it considers the procedural and postprocedural risks of the devices, leaving the discussion of clinical effectiveness of the devices to other chapters of this book.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Ortiz Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sandeep Nathan
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James R Brorson
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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14
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Medar SS, Peek GJ, Rastogi D. Extracorporeal and advanced therapies for progressive refractory near-fatal acute severe asthma in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:1311-1319. [PMID: 32227683 PMCID: PMC9840523 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic illness and is one of the most common medical emergencies in children. Progressive refractory near-fatal asthma requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation can lead to death. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can provide adequate gas exchange during acute respiratory failure although data on outcomes in children requiring ECMO support for status asthmaticus is sparse with one study reporting survival rates of nearly 85% with asthma being one of the best outcome subsets for patients with refractory respiratory failure requiring ECMO support. We describe the current literature on the use of ECMO and other advanced extracorporeal therapies available for children with acute severe asthma. We also review other advanced invasive and noninvasive therapies in acute severe asthma both before and while on ECMO support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand S Medar
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Giles J Peek
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shand's Children's Hospital, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida
| | - Deepa Rastogi
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
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McInerney M, Scheperle R, Zeitlin W, Bodkin K, Uhl B. Adherence to follow-up recommendations for babies at risk for pediatric hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 132:109900. [PMID: 32006864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the families' compliance with recommendations for continued monitoring of babies with high-risk factors for hearing loss. METHODS Hearing screening and follow-up results from 604 babies were tracked across a five-year period. Bivariate analysis, including chi-square analysis, t-tests, and one-way analyses of variance were conducted to test whether various factors predicted likelihood of follow up. RESULTS Although 86% of the babies returned for the initial follow-up appointment, few completed the protocol or were diagnosed with hearing loss (10.3%). Excluding the babies who never returned, the average age for initial assessment was near the recommended 3-month target (3.5 months). However, babies were last seen at 9.4 months on average, which is earlier than recommended. Some factors positively predicted follow-up: receipt of ototoxic medication, hyperbilirubinemia requiring transfusion, ECMO, syndromes associated with hearing loss, craniofacial anomalies, and passing the newborn hearing screening. Others were negatively predictive: NICU stay >5 days, younger maternal age, and failing the newborn screening. There was no relationship between the results of the last test and whether the families continued with monitoring. Babies with risks categorized as more likely to be associated with delayed onset hearing loss were more often late to the initial follow up, but also followed up for a longer period of time. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the need to focus on the barriers unique to babies with risk factors for late onset/progressive hearing loss in addition to those barriers that generally affect loss to follow up. Tools for parental engagement are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryrose McInerney
- Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA; Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack University Medical Center, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital, 30 Prospect Ave., Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Rachel Scheperle
- Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Wendy Zeitlin
- Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA.
| | - Kenneth Bodkin
- Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack University Medical Center, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital, 30 Prospect Ave., Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
| | - Barbara Uhl
- Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack University Medical Center, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital, 30 Prospect Ave., Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA.
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16
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Montalva L, Raffler G, Riccio A, Lauriti G, Zani A. Neurodevelopmental impairment in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Not an uncommon complication for survivors. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:625-634. [PMID: 31227219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in children born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). METHODS Using a defined search strategy, a systematic review was conducted to define the incidence and types of NDI, to report abnormal neuroimaging findings and to evaluate possible NDI predictors. A meta-analysis was performed on comparative studies reporting risk factors for NDI, using RevMan 5.3. RESULTS Of 3541 CDH children (33 studies), 829 (23%) had NDI, with a higher incidence in CDH survivors who received ECMO treatment (49%) vs. those who had no ECMO (22%; p<0.00001). NDI included neuromuscular hypotonia (42%), hearing (13%) and visual (8%) impairment, neurobehavioral issues (20%), and learning difficulties (31%). Of 288 survivors that had postnatal neuroimaging, 49% had abnormal findings. The main risk factors for NDI were severe pulmonary hypoplasia, large defect size, ECMO use. CONCLUSIONS NDI is a relevant problem for CDH survivors, affecting 1 in 4. The spectrum of NDI covers all developmental domains and ranges from motor and sensory (hearing, visual) deficits to cognitive, language, and behavioral impairment. Further studies should be designed to better understand the pathophysiology of NDI in CDH children and to longitudinally monitor infants born with CDH to correct risk factors that can be modifiable. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Montalva
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabriele Raffler
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela Riccio
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, "Spirito Santo" Hospital, Pescara, and "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauriti
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, "Spirito Santo" Hospital, Pescara, and "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Augusto Zani
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Early Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children Supported with ECMO for Cardiac Indications. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:1072-1083. [PMID: 31079193 PMCID: PMC6876703 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is lifesaving for many critically ill children with congenital heart disease (CHD). However, limited information is available about their ensuing neurodevelopmental (ND) outcomes. We describe early ND outcomes in a cohort of children supported with ECMO for cardiac indications. Twenty-eight patients supported with ECMO at age < 36 months underwent later ND testing at 12-42 months of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III). ND scores were compared with normative means and with ND outcomes of a matched cohort of 79 children with CHD undergoing cardiac surgery but not requiring ECMO support. Risk factors for worse ND outcomes were identified using multivariable linear regression models. Cardiac ECMO patients had ND scores at least one standard deviation below the normative mean in the gross motor (61%), language (43%), and cognitive (29%) domains of the Bayley-III. Cardiac ECMO patients had lower scores on the motor, language, and cognitive domains as compared to the matched non-ECMO group and clinically important (1/2 SD) differences in the motor domain persisted after controlling for primary caregiver education and number of cardiac catheterizations. Risk factors of worse ND outcomes among cardiac ECMO patients in more than one developmental domain included older age at first cannulation and more cardiac catheterization and cardiac surgical procedures prior to ND assessment. Overall, children supported on ECMO for cardiac indications have significant developmental delays and warrant close ND follow-up.
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Abstract
Medical interventions to combat serious infection or malignancies carry significant morbidities, including ototoxicity. While these lifesaving drugs are often necessary to preserve life, the impact on quality of life for survivors is increasingly concerning for families and healthcare providers. Of primary importance for medical prescribers are appropriately sensitive ototoxicity grading scales and audiological monitoring protocols for surveillance for hearing loss. The intent of grading scales is to help communicate complicated audiological information to non-audiologist healthcare providers (such as oncologists) to help them make good decisions with regards to chemotherapy dosing. Appropriate audiological monitoring helps reduce the time delay between the adventitious onset of hearing loss and the diagnosis and intervention. Finally, pediatric ototoxicity grading and monitoring protocols help ensure timely access to adequate hearing habilitation, verification and validation of the management of permanent medication-induced hearing loss and tinnitus in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Fligor
- Tobias and Battite, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts.,Lantos Technologies, Inc., Wilmington, Massachusetts.,Osborne College of Audiology, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reduce bilateral delayed-onset progressive sensory permanent hearing loss using a systems-wide quality improvement project with adherence to best practice for the administration of furosemide. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with regular audiologic follow-up assessment of survivors both before and after a 2007-2008 quality improvement practice change. SETTING The referral center in Western Canada for complex cardiac surgery, with comprehensive multidisciplinary follow-up by the Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-up Program. PATIENTS All consecutive patients having single-ventricle palliative cardiac surgery at age 6 weeks old or younger. INTERVENTIONS A 2007-2008 quality improvement practice change consisted of a Parenteral Drug Monograph revision indicating slow IV administration of furosemide, an educational program, and an evaluation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The outcome measure was the prevalence of permanent hearing loss by 4 years old. Firth multiple logistic regression compared pre (1996-2008) to post (2008-2012) practice change occurrence of permanent hearing loss, adjusting for confounding variables, including all hospital days, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cardiopulmonary bypass time, age at first surgery, dialysis, and sepsis. From 1996 to 2012, 259 infants had single-ventricle palliative surgery at age 6 weeks old or younger, with 173 (64%) surviving to age 4 years. Of survivors, 106 (61%) were male, age at surgery was 11.6 days (9.0 d), and total hospitalization days by age 4 years were 64 (42); 18 (10%) had cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 38 (22%) had sepsis at any time. All 173 (100%) had 4-year follow-up. Pre- to postpractice change permanent hearing loss dropped from 17/100 (17%) to 0/73 (0%) of survivors. On Firth multiple logistic regression, the only variable statistically associated with permanent hearing loss was the pre- to postpractice change time period (odds ratio, 0.03; 95% CI, 0-0.35; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A practice change to ensure slow IV administration of furosemide eliminated permanent hearing loss. Centers caring for critically ill infants, particularly those with single-ventricle anatomy or hypoxia, should review their drug administration guidelines and adhere to best practice for administration of IV furosemide.
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20
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Defining outcomes following congenital diaphragmatic hernia using standardised clinical assessment and management plan (SCAMP) methodology within the CDH EURO consortium. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:181-189. [PMID: 29915407 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Treatment modalities for neonates born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have greatly improved in recent times with a concomitant increase in survival. In 2008, CDH EURO consortium, a collaboration of a large volume of CDH centers in Western Europe, was established with a goal to standardize management and facilitate multicenter research. However, limited knowledge on long-term outcomes restricts the identification of optimal care pathways for CDH survivors in adolescence and adulthood. This review aimed to evaluate the current practice of long-term follow-up within the CDH EURO consortium centers, and to review the literature on long-term outcomes published from 2000 onward. Apart from having disease-specific morbidities, children with CDH are at risk for impaired neurodevelopmental problems and failure of educational attainments which may affect participation in society and the quality of life in later years. Thus, there is every reason to offer them long-term multidisciplinary follow-up programs. We discuss a proposed collaborative project using standardized clinical assessment and management plan (SCAMP) methodology to obtain uniform and standardized follow-up of CDH patients at an international level.
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21
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Boyle K, Felling R, Yiu A, Battarjee W, Schwartz JM, Salorio C, Bembea MM. Neurologic Outcomes After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19:760-766. [PMID: 29894448 PMCID: PMC6086744 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this systematic review of the literature was to summarize neurologic outcomes following neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DATA SOURCES We conducted electronic searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane, and EMBASE. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria included publication dates 2000-2016, patient ages 0-18 years, and use of standardized measures to evaluate outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DATA EXTRACTION We identified 3,497 unique citations; 60 full-text articles were included in the final review. DATA SYNTHESIS Studies evaluated patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (7), cardiac disease (8), cardiac arrest (13), and mixed populations (32). Follow-up was conducted at hospital discharge in 10 studies (17%) and at a median of 26 months (interquartile range, 8-61 mo) after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 50 studies (83%). We found 55 outcome measures that assessed overall health and function (4), global cognitive ability (7), development (4), motor function (5), adaptive function (2), behavior/mood (6), hearing (2), quality of life (2), school achievement (5), speech and language (6), learning and memory (4), and attention and executive function (8). Overall, 10% to as many as 50% of children scored more than 2 SDS below the population mean on cognitive testing. Behavior problems were identified in 16-46% of children tested, and severe motor impairment was reported in 12% of children. Quality of life of former extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients evaluated at school age or adolescence ranged from similar to healthy peers, to 31-53% having scores more than 1 SD below the population mean. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review of the literature suggests that children who have undergone extracorporeal membrane oxygenation suffer from a wide range of disabilities. A meta-analysis was not feasible due to heterogeneity in pathologies, outcome measures, and age at follow-up, underscoring the importance of developing and employing a core set of outcomes measures in future extracorporeal membrane oxygenation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Boyle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ryan Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alvin Yiu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wejdan Battarjee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jamie McElrath Schwartz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Cynthia Salorio
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Melania M. Bembea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving therapy for patients with respiratory and cardiac failure refractory to maximal medical management. The extracorporeal life support organization registry is the largest available resource for describing the population and outcomes of patients treated with this therapy. The use of ECMO for neonatal patients is decreasing in proportion to the total annual ECMO runs most likely due to advancements in medical management. Although the overall survival for neonatal ECMO has decreased, this is likely a reflection of the increasingly complex neonatal patients treated with this therapy. Although many patient and mechanical complications are decreasing over time, there remains a high percentage of morbidities and risks associated with ECMO. Continued refinements in management strategies are important to improving overall patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Mahmood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Hospital Dr, 2133 Faculty Pavilion, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.
| | - Debra Newton
- Extracorporeal Support Department, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO
| | - Eugenia K Pallotto
- Extracorporeal Support Department, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Intensive Care Nursery and Neonatal ECMO Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO
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23
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Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a life-saving therapy for respiratory and cardiac failure, was first used in neonates in the 1970s. The indications and criteria for ECMO have changed over the years, but it continues to be an important option for those who have failed other medical therapies. Since the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry was established in 1989, more than 29,900 neonates have been placed on ECMO for respiratory failure, with 84% surviving their ECMO course, and 73% surviving to discharge or transfer. In this chapter, we will review the basics of ECMO, patient characteristics and criteria, patient management, ECMO complications, special uses of neonatal ECMO, and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Fletcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, LAC + USC Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Division of Neonatology, Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rachel Chapman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, LAC + USC Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Division of Neonatology, Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Sarah Keene
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
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Grasty MA, Ittenbach RF, Knightly C, Solot CB, Gerdes M, Bernbaum JC, Wernovsky G, Spray TL, Nicolson SC, Clancy RR, Licht DJ, Zackai E, Gaynor JW, Burnham NB. Hearing Loss after Cardiac Surgery in Infancy: An Unintended Consequence of Life-Saving Care. J Pediatr 2018; 192:144-151.e1. [PMID: 29246336 PMCID: PMC6447030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of hearing loss after cardiac surgery in infancy, patient and operative factors associated with hearing loss, and the relationship of hearing loss to neurodevelopmental outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Audiologic and neurodevelopmental evaluations were conducted on 348 children who underwent repair of congenital heart disease at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia as part of a prospective study evaluating neurodevelopmental outcomes at 4 years of age. A prevalence estimate was calculated based on presence and type of hearing loss. Potential risk factors and the impact of hearing loss on neurodevelopmental outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS The prevalence of hearing loss was 21.6% (95% CI, 17.2-25.9). The prevalence of conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and indeterminate hearing loss were 12.4% (95% CI, 8.8-16.0), 6.9% (95% CI, 4.1-9.7), and 2.3% (95% CI, 0.6-4.0), respectively. Only 18 of 348 subjects (5.2%) had screened positive for hearing loss before this study and 10 used a hearing aid. After adjusting for patient and operative covariates, younger gestational age, longer postoperative duration of stay, and a confirmed genetic anomaly were associated with hearing loss (all P < .01). The presence of hearing loss was associated with worse language, cognition and attention (P <.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the prevalence of hearing loss in preschool children after heart surgery in infancy may be 20-fold higher than in the 1% prevalence seen in the general population. Younger gestational age, presence of a genetic anomaly, and longer postoperative duration of stay were associated with hearing loss. Hearing loss was associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison A. Grasty
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard F. Ittenbach
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Carol Knightly
- Center for Childhood Communication, Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia B. Solot
- Center for Childhood Communication, Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marsha Gerdes
- Center for Psychology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judy C. Bernbaum
- Center for Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gil Wernovsky
- Center for Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine,
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas L. Spray
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan C. Nicolson
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine,
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert R. Clancy
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neurology, Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J. Licht
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Neurology, Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Center for Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J. William Gaynor
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy B. Burnham
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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25
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Morini F, Valfrè L, Bagolan P. Long-term morbidity of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A plea for standardization. Semin Pediatr Surg 2017; 26:301-310. [PMID: 29110826 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors present long-term morbidities in several systems, including the neurodevelopmental, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal ones, and CDH long-term sequelae are increasingly being recognized. Due to high co-morbidity, health related quality of life in a significant proportion of CDH patients might be compromised. As a consequence of consciousness on the long-term sequelae of CDH survivors, and their consequences for life, several follow-up programs were brought to life worldwide. In this review, we will summarize the long-term sequelae of CDH survivors, the impact of new treatments, and analyze the consistency of follow-up programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morini
- Neonatal Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Valfrè
- Neonatal Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Bagolan
- Neonatal Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Changes in tonal audiometry in children with progressive sensorineural hearing loss and history of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit discharge. A 20 year long-term follow-up. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 101:235-240. [PMID: 28964301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Newborns from Neonatal intensive care units (NICU) are at high-risk for sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) a follow-up is needed for early diagnosis and intervention. Our objective here was to describe the features and changes of SNHL at different periods during a follow-up of almost 20 years. METHODS Risk factors for SNHL during development were analyzed. The audiological examination included: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP), and Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE). At birth; tonal audiometry (between 125 and 8000 Hz), and tympanometry were performed at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years of age. RESULTS Sixty-five percent of cases presented bilateral absence of BAEP. At 5 years of age, the most frequent SNHL level was severe (42.5%), followed by moderate (22.5%), and profound level (20%), in all cases, the SNHL was symmetrical with a predominance of lesion for the high frequencies. Exchange transfusion was associated with a higher degree of SNHL (OR = 6.00, CI = 1.11-32.28, p < 0.02). In 55%, SNHL remained stable, but in 40% of the cases it was progressive. At the end of the study six cases with moderate loss progressed to the severe level and seven cases with severe level progressed to profound. CONCLUSIONS Forty percent of infants with SNHL discharged from NICU may present a progression in the hearing loss. Exchange transfusion was associated with a higher degree of SNHL. NICU graduates with SNHL merit a long-term audiological follow-up throughout their lifespan.
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De Santis P, Lamanna I, Mavroudakis N, Legros B, Vincent JL, Creteur J, Taccone FS. The potential role of auditory evoked potentials to assess prognosis in comatose survivors from cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2017; 120:119-124. [PMID: 28942010 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Few data are available on the use of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in combination with other electrophysiological tools to assess prognosis of comatose survivors from cardiac arrest (CA). METHODS Retrospective analysis of data from all adult patients (>18years of age) admitted to our Dept of Intensive Care after CA over a 6-year period who were comatose (Glasgow Coma Scale <9) on admission, had been treated with targeted temperature management and had BAEP testing. We collected variables related to CA, as well as electroencephalography (EEG) findings, N20 somatosensory evoked potentials, and the presence of I, III and/or V waves on BAEP testing. Outcome was assessed at 3 months using the Cerebral Performance Categories (3-5=poor outcome). RESULTS We studied 65 patients; 48 (74%) had a poor neurological outcome. BAEP assessment was performed day 3 [3,4] after the CA. At least one of the three waves was absent bilaterally in 34 patients (52%); of these patients, 29 (85%) had a poor neurological outcome (sensitivity 60%, specificity 71%, positive predictive value [PPV] 85% and negative predictive value [NPV] 39%). Three patients (5%) had bilateral absence of all three waves, all of whom had a poor neurological outcome. CONCLUSIONS In this series of patients after CA, at least one of the BAEP waves was absent bilaterally in half the survivors; however, their use for prediction of poor neurological outcome remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Santis
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Irene Lamanna
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Mavroudakis
- Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Legros
- Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Vincent
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Creteur
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Lung Rest During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Neonatal Respiratory Failure-Practice Variations and Outcomes. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:667-674. [PMID: 28504997 PMCID: PMC5503755 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe practice variations in ventilator strategies used for lung rest during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure in neonates, and assess the potential impact of various lung rest strategies on the duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the duration of mechanical ventilation after decannulation. DATA SOURCES Retrospective cohort analysis from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry database during the years 2008-2013. STUDY SELECTION All extracorporeal membrane oxygenation runs for infants less than or equal to 30 days of life for pulmonary reasons were included. DATA EXTRACTION Ventilator type and ventilator settings used for lung rest at 24 hours after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation were obtained. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 3,040 cases met inclusion criteria. Conventional mechanical ventilation was used for lung rest in 88% of cases and high frequency ventilation was used in 12%. In the conventional mechanical ventilation group, 32% used positive end-expiratory pressure strategy of 4-6 cm H2O (low), 22% used 7-9 cm H2O (mid), and 43% used 10-12 cm H2O (high). High frequency ventilation was associated with an increased mean (SEM) hours of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (150.2 [0.05] vs 125 [0.02]; p < 0.001) and an increased mean (SEM) hours of mechanical ventilation after decannulation (135 [0.09] vs 100.2 [0.03]; p = 0.002), compared with conventional mechanical ventilation among survivors. Within the conventional mechanical ventilation group, use of higher positive end-expiratory pressure was associated with a decreased mean (SEM) hours of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (high vs low: 136 [1.06] vs 156 [1.06], p = 0.001; mid vs low: 141 [1.06] vs 156 [1.06]; p = 0.04) but increased duration of mechanical ventilation after decannulation in the high positive end-expiratory pressure group compared with low positive end-expiratory pressure (p = 0.04) among survivors. CONCLUSIONS Wide practice variation exists with regard to ventilator settings used for lung rest during neonatal respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Use of high frequency ventilation when compared with conventional mechanical ventilation and use of low positive end-expiratory pressure strategy when compared with mid positive end-expiratory pressure and high positive end-expiratory pressure strategy is associated with longer duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Further research to provide evidence to drive optimization of pulmonary management during neonatal respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is warranted.
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Garinis AC, Kemph A, Tharpe AM, Weitkamp JH, McEvoy C, Steyger PS. Monitoring neonates for ototoxicity. Int J Audiol 2017; 57:S41-S48. [PMID: 28949262 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2017.1339130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at greater risk of permanent hearing loss compared to infants in well mother and baby units. Several factors have been associated with this increased prevalence of hearing loss, including congenital infections (e.g. cytomegalovirus or syphilis), ototoxic drugs (such as aminoglycoside or glycopeptide antibiotics), low birth weight, hypoxia and length of stay. The aetiology of this increased prevalence of hearing loss remains poorly understood. DESIGN Here we review current practice and discuss the feasibility of designing improved ototoxicity screening and monitoring protocols to better identify acquired, drug-induced hearing loss in NICU neonates. STUDY SAMPLE A review of published literature. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that current audiological screening or monitoring protocols for neonates are not designed to adequately detect early onset of ototoxicity. This paper offers a detailed review of evidence-based research, and offers recommendations for developing and implementing an ototoxicity monitoring protocol for young infants, before and after discharge from the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Garinis
- a Oregon Hearing Research Center, Otolaryngology , Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA.,b National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research , VA Portland Health Care System , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Alison Kemph
- c Hearing and Speech Sciences , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Anne Marie Tharpe
- c Hearing and Speech Sciences , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | | | - Cynthia McEvoy
- e Neonatology, Pediatrics , Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Peter S Steyger
- a Oregon Hearing Research Center, Otolaryngology , Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA.,b National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research , VA Portland Health Care System , Portland , OR , USA
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Dumanch KA, Holte L, O'Hollearn T, Walker E, Clark J, Oleson J. High Risk Factors Associated With Early Childhood Hearing Loss: A 3-Year Review. Am J Audiol 2017; 26:129-142. [PMID: 28475714 DOI: 10.1044/2017_aja-16-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we examined the association between risk factors for hearing loss and early childhood hearing status (normal hearing, congenital hearing loss, or delayed-onset hearing loss). Follow-up rates of audiologic care following passed or referred birth screens for children with risk factors were also examined. METHOD A retrospective data review was completed on 115,039 children born from 2010 to 2012. Data analyses included prevalence rates, odds ratios, and Fisher exact tests of statistical significance. RESULTS Ninety percent of children were born with no risk factors for hearing loss; of those, 99.9% demonstrated normal hearing by 3 years of age. Of the 10% of children born with risk factors, 96.3% demonstrated normal hearing by age 3, 1.4% presented with congenital hearing loss, and 2.3% demonstrated permanent hearing loss by age 3. Factors that placed children at the highest risk of congenital hearing impairment were neurodegenerative disorders, syndromes, and congenital infections. Factors that placed children at the highest risk of developing permanent postnatal hearing loss were congenital cytomegalovirus, syndromes, and craniofacial anomalies. CONCLUSIONS Certain risk factors place a child at significantly greater risk of congenital hearing impairment or developing permanent hearing loss by age 3. Follow-up diagnostic testing should remain a priority for children with certain risk factors for hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A. Dumanch
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Lenore Holte
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City
- Center for Disabilities and Development, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | | | - Elizabeth Walker
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Jacob Clark
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Jacob Oleson
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
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Abstract
The respiratory and central nervous systems are intimately connected. Ventilatory control is strictly regulated by central mechanisms in a complex process that involves central and peripheral chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, the cardiovascular system, and specific areas of the brain responsible for autonomic control. Disorders of the lung and respiratory system can interfere with these mechanisms and temporarily or permanently disrupt this complex network resulting in mild to severe neurological sequelae. This article explores the wide variety of neurological problems resulting from respiratory dysfunction, with emphasis on its pathophysiology, clinical features, prognosis, and long-term outcome.
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Gentamicin Exposure and Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Preterm Infants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158806. [PMID: 27390846 PMCID: PMC4938424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the impact of gentamicin exposure on sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods Exposure to gentamicin was determined in infants born between 1993 and 2010 at a gestational age < 32 weeks and/or with a birthweight < 1500 g, who presented with SNHL during the first 5 years of life. For each case, we selected two controls matched for gender, gestational age, birthweight, and year of birth. Results We identified 25 infants affected by SNHL, leading to an incidence of SNHL of 1.58% in our population of VLBW infants. The proportion of infants treated with gentamicin was 76% in the study group and 70% in controls (p = 0.78). The total cumulated dose of gentamicin administered did not differ between the study group (median 10.2 mg/kg, Q1-Q3 1.6–13.2) and the control group (median 7.9 mg/kg, Q1-Q3 0–12.8, p = 0.47). The median duration of gentamicin treatment was 3 days both in the study group and the control group (p = 0.58). Maximum predicted trough serum levels of gentamicin, cumulative area under the curve and gentamicin clearance were not different between cases and controls. Conclusion The impact of gentamicin on SNHL can be minimized with treatments of short duration, monitoring of blood levels and dose adjustment.
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Neonatal Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Update on Management Strategies and Long-Term Outcomes. Adv Neonatal Care 2016; 16:26-36. [PMID: 26808515 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be deployed to support patients with severe cardiorespiratory failure unresponsive to conventional medical interventions. Neonatal trials have demonstrated that ECMO is an effective treatment of severe respiratory failure, with acceptable cognitive and functional outcomes. Technological advances in ECMO have resulted in improved safety and accessibility, contributing to decreased morbidity and improved survival of increasingly complex patients requiring ECMO support. PURPOSE This review aims to describe the innovations in ECMO technology and management in the neonatal population in the last decade. The long-term outcomes of neonatal patients requiring ECMO support will be discussed. SEARCH STRATEGY Relevant clinical trials from MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were identified. The following key words were used: ECMO, infant, neonate, and outcomes. FINDINGS Challenges still remain in supporting the premature and/or low-birth-weight infant with severe respiratory failure, as well as infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Neonatal ECMO survivors can present with neurodevelopmental and respiratory problems, which become more prominent with time. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE While newer technologies have led to fewer neonates with respiratory failure progressing to ECMO, it remains an important tool to in those who have failed conventional therapies. Given the presence of neurodevelopmental problems in neonatal ECMO survivors, multidisciplinary follow-up targeting motor performance, exercise capacity, behavior, and subtle learning deficits is warranted. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH With the overall decreasing use of neonatal ECMO, ECMO centers must find ways to maintain their expertise in the light of lower patient volumes amidst complex patient physiology.
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Vos B, Senterre C, Lagasse R, Levêque A. Newborn hearing screening programme in Belgium: a consensus recommendation on risk factors. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:160. [PMID: 26475713 PMCID: PMC4609128 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the risk factors for hearing loss is essential for designing the Belgian newborn hearing screening programme. Accordingly, they needed to be updated in accordance with current scientific knowledge. This study aimed to update the recommendations for the clinical management and follow-up of newborns with neonatal risk factors of hearing loss for the newborn screening programme in Belgium. Methods A literature review was performed, and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system assessment method was used to determine the level of evidence quality and strength of the recommendation for each risk factor. The state of scientific knowledge, levels of evidence quality, and graded recommendations were subsequently assessed using a three-round Delphi consensus process (two online questionnaires and one face-to-face meeting). Results Congenital infections (i.e., cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis), a family history of hearing loss, consanguinity in (grand)parents, malformation syndromes, and foetal alcohol syndrome presented a ‘high’ level of evidence quality as neonatal risk factors for hearing loss. Because of the sensitivity of auditory function to bilirubin toxicity, hyperbilirubinaemia was assessed at a ‘moderate’ level of evidence quality. In contrast, a very low birth weight, low Apgar score, and hospitalisation in the neonatal intensive care unit ranged from ‘very low’ to ‘low’ levels, and ototoxic drugs were evidenced as ‘very low’. Possible explanations for these ‘very low’ and ‘low’ levels include the improved management of these health conditions or treatments, and methodological weaknesses such as confounding effects, which make it difficult to conclude on individual risk factors. In the recommendation statements, the experts emphasised avoiding unidentified neonatal hearing loss and opted to include risk factors for hearing loss even in cases with weak evidence. The panel also highlighted the cumulative effect of risk factors for hearing loss. Conclusions We revised the recommendations for the clinical management and follow-up of newborns exhibiting neonatal risk factors for hearing loss on the basis of the aforementioned evidence-based approach and clinical experience from experts. The next step is the implementation of these findings in the Belgian screening programme. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0479-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Vos
- Research Center Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, 1070, Belgium. .,Research Center Health Policy and Systems - International Health, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, 1070, Belgium. .,Centre d'Epidémiologie Périnatale (CEpiP), Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, 1070, Belgium.
| | - Christelle Senterre
- Research Center Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, 1070, Belgium.
| | - Raphaël Lagasse
- Research Center Health Policy and Systems - International Health, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, 1070, Belgium.
| | | | - Alain Levêque
- Research Center Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, 1070, Belgium. .,Research Center Health Policy and Systems - International Health, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Public Health, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, 1070, Belgium. .,Centre d'Epidémiologie Périnatale (CEpiP), Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, 1070, Belgium.
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Neonatal carotid repair at ECMO decannulation: patency rates and early neurologic outcomes. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:64-8. [PMID: 25598095 PMCID: PMC5285515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neonates placed on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) undergo either carotid repair or ligation at decannulation. Study aims were to evaluate carotid patency rates after repair and to compare early neurologic outcomes between repaired and ligated patients. METHODS A retrospective study of all neonates without congenital heart disease (CHD) who had VA-ECMO between 1989 and 2012 was completed using our institutional ECMO Registry. Carotid patency after repair, neuroimaging studies, and auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing at time of discharge were examined. RESULTS 140 neonates were placed on VA-ECMO during the study period. Among survivors, 84% of carotids repaired and imaged remained patent at last study. No significant differences were observed between infants in the repaired and ligated groups regarding diagnosis, ECMO duration, or length of stay. A large proportion (43%) developed a severe brain lesion after VA-ECMO, but few failed their ABR testing. Differences in early neurologic outcomes between the two groups of survivors were not significant. CONCLUSIONS At this single institution, carotid patency is excellent following repair at ECMO decannulation. No increased incidence of severe brain lesions or greater neurosensory impairment in the repair group was observed. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of ligation on longer-term neurocognitive outcomes.
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Tracy S, Chen C. Multidisciplinary long-term follow-up of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a growing trend. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 19:385-91. [PMID: 25306470 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This literature review discusses the growing trend toward multidisciplinary long term follow-up for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tracy
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Chen
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Danzer E, Kim SS. Neurodevelopmental outcome in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Evaluation, predictors and outcome. World J Clin Pediatr 2014; 3:30-36. [PMID: 25254182 PMCID: PMC4162442 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v3.i3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To review the reported neurodevelopmental outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors, identify important predictors of developmental disabilities, and describe the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to adverse outcome. A Medline search was performed for English-language articles cross-referencing CDH with pertinent search terms. Retrospective, prospective, and longitudinal follow-up studies were examined. The reference lists of identified articles were also searched. Neurodevelopmental dysfunction has been recognized as one of most common and potentially most disabling outcome of CDH. Intelligence appears to be in the low normal to mildly delayed range. Neuromotor dysfunction is common during early childhood. Behavioral problems, hearing impairment, and quality of life related issues are frequently encountered in older children and adolescence. Disease severity correlates with the degree of neurological dysfunction. Neurodevelopmental follow-up in CDH children should become standard of care to identify those who would benefit from early intervention services and improve neurological outcomes.
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Dennett KV, Fligor BJ, Tracy S, Wilson JM, Zurakowski D, Chen C. Sensorineural hearing loss in congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors is associated with postnatal management and not defect size. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:895-9. [PMID: 24888830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE We determined the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL; >20dB at any frequency) in a contemporary cohort of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors at a single tertiary care center and identified potential risk factors for SNHL. METHODS From 2000 through 2011, clinical and audiologic data were collected on 122 surgically-repaired Bochdalek CDH patients. CDH defect size, duration of ventilation, and cumulative aminoglycoside treatment were used for multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Incidence of SNHL was 7.4% (9/122). We identified one significant independent predictor of SNHL: cumulative length of aminoglycoside treatment (P<.001; OR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.13-1.83). CONCLUSIONS Over the last decade, the incidence of SNHL in our CDH patients is low compared to previous reports in the literature (7.4%) and is not associated with CDH defect size or the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Prolonged duration of aminoglycoside treatment increases the risk of SNHL independent of defect size and duration of ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate V Dennett
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Fligor
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Tracy
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jay M Wilson
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Chen
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Partridge EA, Bridge C, Donaher JG, Herkert LM, Grill E, Danzer E, Gerdes M, Hoffman CH, D'Agostino JA, Bernbaum JC, Rintoul NE, Peranteau WH, Flake AW, Adzick NS, Hedrick HL. Incidence and factors associated with sensorineural and conductive hearing loss among survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:890-4; discussion 894. [PMID: 24888829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The reported incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in long-term survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia varies widely in the literature. Conductive hearing loss (CHL) is also known to occur in CDH patients, but has been less widely studied. We sought to characterize the incidence and risk factors associated with SNHL and CHL in a large cohort of CDH patients who underwent standardized treatment and follow-up at a single institution. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed charts of all CDH patients in our pulmonary hypoplasia program from January 2004 through December 2012. Categorical variables were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and continuous variables by Mann-Whitney t-test (p≤0.05). RESULTS A total of 112 patients met study inclusion criteria, with 3 (2.7%) patients diagnosed with SNHL and 38 (34.0%) diagnosed with CHL. SNHL was significantly associated with requirement for ECMO (p=0.0130), prolonged course of hospitalization (p=0.0011), duration of mechanical ventilation (p=0.0046), requirement for tracheostomy (p=0.0013), and duration of loop diuretic (p=0.0005) and aminoglycoside therapy (p=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS We have identified hearing anomalies in over 30% of long-term CDH survivors. These findings illustrate the need for routine serial audiologic evaluations throughout childhood for all survivors of CDH and stress the importance of targeted interventions to optimize long-term developmental outcomes pertaining to speech and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Partridge
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christina Bridge
- The Center for Childhood Communication, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph G Donaher
- The Center for Childhood Communication, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa M Herkert
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena Grill
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Danzer
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marsha Gerdes
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Casey H Hoffman
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jo Ann D'Agostino
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judy C Bernbaum
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natalie E Rintoul
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William H Peranteau
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alan W Flake
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N Scott Adzick
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Holly L Hedrick
- The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guideline for the clinical evaluation and etiologic diagnosis of hearing loss. Genet Med 2014; 16:347-55. [PMID: 24651602 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a common and complex condition that can occur at any age, can be inherited or acquired, and is associated with a remarkably wide array of etiologies. The diverse causes of hearing loss, combined with the highly variable and often overlapping presentations of different forms of hearing loss, challenge the ability of traditional clinical evaluations to arrive at an etiologic diagnosis for many deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. However, identifying the etiology of a hearing loss may affect clinical management, improve prognostic accuracy, and refine genetic counseling and assessment of the likelihood of recurrence for relatives of deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. Linguistic and cultural identities associated with being deaf or hard of hearing can complicate access to and the effectiveness of clinical care. These concerns can be minimized when genetic and other health-care services are provided in a linguistically and culturally sensitive manner. This guideline offers information about the frequency, causes, and presentations of hearing loss and suggests approaches to the clinical evaluation of deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals aimed at identifying an etiologic diagnosis and providing informative and effective patient education and genetic counseling.
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Ijsselstijn H, van Heijst AFJ. Long-term outcome of children treated with neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: increasing problems with increasing age. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38:114-21. [PMID: 24580767 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As more and more critically ill neonates survive, it becomes important to evaluate long-term morbidity. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of medical and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children who as neonates received treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Most patients-except those with congenital diaphragmatic hernia-have normal lung function and normal growth at older age. Maximal exercise capacity is below normal and seems to deteriorate over time in the CDH population. Gross motor function problems have been reported until school age. Although mental development is usually favorable within the first years and cognition is normal at school age, many children experience problems with working speed, spatial ability tasks, and memory. In conclusion, children who survived neonatal treatment with ECMO often encounter neurodevelopmental problems at school age. Long-term follow-up is needed to recognize problems early and to offer appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Ijsselstijn
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 60, Rotterdam NL-3015 GJ, The Netherlands.
| | - Arno F J van Heijst
- Department of Neonatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hocker S, Wijdicks EFM, Biller J. Neurologic complications of cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 119:193-208. [PMID: 24365297 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4086-3.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A wide array of neurologic complications can occur in relation to cardiac surgical procedures, most of which are transient and do not result in permanent sequelae. Specific neurologic insults can occur depending on the type of cardiac procedure and are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Neurologists practicing in the hospital setting as well as outpatient neurologists should be familiar with the cardiac surgical procedures currently available. Prompt identification of neurologic deficits is important in order to plan an appropriate systematic evaluation and initiate possible treatments in a timely manner. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of all facets of neurologic complications after cardiac surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hocker
- Division of Critical Care Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | | | - Jose Biller
- Department of Neurology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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Aziz M, Vassallo G. Cerebral palsy: An overview and the role of a paediatric neurologist in the evaluation of children with complex needs for cochlear implant. Cochlear Implants Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/1467010013z.000000000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Mehta A, Ibsen LM. Neurologic complications and neurodevelopmental outcome with extracorporeal life support. World J Crit Care Med 2013; 2:40-7. [PMID: 24701415 PMCID: PMC3953870 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v2.i4.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal life support is used to support patients of all ages with refractory cardiac and/or respiratory failure. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to rescue patients whose predicted mortality would have otherwise been high. It is associated with acute central nervous system (CNS) complications and with long- term neurologic morbidity. Many patients treated with ECMO have acute neurologic complications, including seizures, hemorrhage, infarction, and brain death. Various pre-ECMO and ECMO factors have been found to be associated with neurologic injury, including acidosis, renal failure, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and modality of ECMO used. The risk of neurologic complication appears to vary by age of the patient, with neonates appearing to have the highest risk of acute central nervous system complications. Acute CNS injuries are associated with increased risk of death in a patient who has received ECMO support. ECMO is increasingly used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation when return of spontaneous circulation is not achieved rapidly and outcomes may be good in select populations. Economic analyses have shown that neonatal and adult respiratory ECMO are cost effective. There have been several intriguing reports of active physical rehabilitation of patients during ECMO support that is well tolerated and may improve recovery. Although there is evidence that some patients supported with ECMO appear to have very good outcomes, there is limited understanding of the long-term impact of ECMO on quality of life and long-term cognitive and physical functioning for many groups, especially the cardiac and pediatric populations. This deserves further study.
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Wynn J, Aspelund G, Zygmunt A, Stolar CJH, Mychaliska G, Butcher J, Lim FY, Gratton T, Potoka D, Brennan K, Azarow K, Jackson B, Needelman H, Crombleholme T, Zhang Y, Duong J, Arkovitz MS, Chung WK, Farkouh C. Developmental outcomes of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a multicenter prospective study. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:1995-2004. [PMID: 24094947 PMCID: PMC3884579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine developmental outcomes and associated factors in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) at 2 years of age. METHODS This is a multicenter prospective study of a CDH birth cohort. Clinical and socioeconomic data were collected. Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III) and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS-II) were performed at 2 years of age. RESULTS BSID-III and VABS-II assessments were completed on 48 and 49 children, respectively. The BSID-III mean cognitive, language, and motor scores were significantly below the norm mean with average scores of 93 ± 15, 95 ± 16, and 95 ± 11. Ten percent (5/47) scored more than 2 standard deviations below the norm on one or more domains. VABS-II scores were similar to BSID-III scores with mean communication, daily living skills, social, motor, adaptive behavior scores of 97 ± 14, 94 ± 16, 93 ± 13, 97 ± 10, and 94 ± 14. For the BSID-III, supplemental oxygen at 28 days, a prenatal diagnosis, need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and exclusive tube feeds at time of discharge were associated with lower scores. At 2 years of age, history of hospital readmission and need for tube feeds were associated with lower scores. Lower socioeconomic status correlated with lower developmental scores when adjusted for significant health factors. CONCLUSION CDH patients on average have lower developmental scores at 2 years of age compared to the norm. A need for ECMO, oxygen at 28 days of life, ongoing health issues and lower socioeconomic status are factors associated with developmental delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | - Gudrun Aspelund
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | | | - Charles JH. Stolar
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | - George Mychaliska
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jennifer Butcher
- Division of Child Behavioral Health, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Foong-Yen Lim
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Center for Molecular Fetal Therapy, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, and Cincinnati, OH
| | - Teresa Gratton
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Douglas Potoka
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kate Brennan
- Department of Instruction and Learning - Early Intervention Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ken Azarow
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska College of Medicine/Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Barbara Jackson
- Department of Education, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE
| | - Howard Needelman
- Section of Developmental/Behavioral Pediatrics, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE
| | - Timothy Crombleholme
- Colorado Fetal Care Center, Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, Children’s Hospital Colorado and the University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | - Jimmy Duong
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | - Marc S. Arkovitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tel Hashomer medical center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Jiang ZD. Neural conduction abnormality in the brain stem and prevalence of the abnormality in late preterm infants with perinatal problems. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1033-8. [PMID: 23559329 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-1989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neurodevelopment in late preterm infants has recently attracted considerable interest. The prevalence of brain stem conduction abnormality remains unknown. We examined maximum length sequence brain stem auditory evoked response in 163 infants, born at 33-36 weeks gestation, who had various perinatal problems. Compared with 49 normal term infants without problems, the late preterm infants showed a significant increase in III-V and I-V interpeak intervals at all 91-910/s clicks, particularly at 455 and 910/s (p < 0.01-0.001). The I-III interval was slightly increased, without statistically significant difference from the controls at any click rates. These results suggest that neural conduction along the, mainly more central or rostral part of, auditory brain stem is abnormal in late preterm infants with perinatal problems. Of the 163 late preterm infant, the number (and percentage rate) of infants with abnormal I-V interval at 91, 227, 455, and 910/s clicks was, respectively, 11 (6.5%), 17 (10.2%), 37 (22.3%), and 31 (18.7%). The number (and percentage rate) of infants with abnormal III-V interval at these rates was, respectively, 10 (6.0%), 17 (10.2%), 28 (16.9), and 36 (21.2%). Apparently, the abnormal rates were much higher at 455 and 910/s clicks than at lower rates 91 and 227/s. In total, 42 (25.8%) infants showed abnormal I-V and/or III-V intervals. CONCLUSION Conduction in, mainly in the more central part, the brain stem is abnormal in late preterm infants with perinatal problems. The abnormality is more detectable at high- than at low-rate sensory stimulation. A quarter of late preterm infants with perinatal problems have brain stem conduction abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Dong Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Brown KL, Ichord R, Marino BS, Thiagarajan RR. Outcomes following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with cardiac disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14:S73-83. [PMID: 23735990 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e318292e3fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a commonly used form of mechanical circulatory support in children with congenital or acquired heart disease and cardiac failure refractory to conventional medical therapies. In children with heart disease who suffer cardiac arrest, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been successfully used to provide cardiopulmonary support when conventional resuscitation has failed to establish return of spontaneous circulation. Survival to hospital discharge for children with heart disease support is approximately 40% but varies widely based on age, indication for support, and underlying cardiac disease. Although extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is lifesaving in many instances, it is associated with many complications and is expensive. Thus, a clear understanding of survival to discharge and long-term functional and neurologic outcomes are essential to guide the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation now and in the future. This review, part of the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society/Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Joint Statement on Mechanical Circulatory Support, summarizes current knowledge on short- and long-term outcomes for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation used to support children with cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Brown
- Cardiac Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and Institute for Cardiovascular Science University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Wilson MG, Riley P, Hurteau AM, Baird R, Puligandla PS. Hearing loss in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors: is it as prevalent as we think? J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:942-5. [PMID: 23701764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL;>20 dB loss) in CDH survivors is debated. We evaluated long-term audiological outcomes at a single tertiary care center with ECMO capability and an established neonatal follow-up program. METHODS With REB approval, records of CDH survivors from 2000 to 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic, postnatal, and audiometric information was gathered. All underwent auditory brainstem response (ABR) or otoacoustic emissions screening before discharge and complete audiological surveillance. Thirty-three patients were evaluated to age 4+ years with others continuing follow-up. RESULTS Forty-three patient records were reviewed with 1 excluded (transferred to another institution). Median GA and BW were 39 weeks (35-41) and 3.1 kg (2-4), respectively. Median ventilation days were 10 (2-189) with 34 infants ventilated 5+ days. Sixteen (36%) received HFOV, 21 (49%) iNO, and 5 (12%) ECMO. The median time to CDH repair was 3 days (1-23), and 11 (26%) required patch repair. Nine infants (21%) received diuretics and oxygen after discharge. Audiological surveillance identified only one patient with SNHL (received HFO, iNO, and patch repair). CONCLUSION Neonatal screening identifies CDH survivors at risk for hearing difficulties but must be followed with comprehensive testing until school age. The incidence of SNHL may be less than previously reported in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Goodwin Wilson
- Division of Pediatric General Surgery, The Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 1P3
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Sensorineural hearing loss and language development following neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14:62-9. [PMID: 23249782 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e31825b54ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of hearing loss in school-age children who have undergone neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment and to identify any effects of hearing loss on speech- and language development [corrected] . DESIGN Prospective longitudinal follow-up study within the framework of a structured post-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation follow-up program. SETTING Outpatient clinic of a level III university hospital. RESULTS Tone audiometry was performed by standardized protocol in 136 children aged 5-12 yrs. Hearing loss was considered clinically significant when >20 dB. Hearing was normal in 75.7% of children. Five children (3.7%) had bilateral sensorineural or combined hearing loss; three of them received special audiological care (2.2% of total sample). Of the 24 children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 19 (79.2%) had normal hearing and only two (8.3%) had mild sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral in one of them. Follow-up at 24 months of age had shown normal verbal and nonverbal developmental scores. Language development and intelligence median (range) scores at 5 yrs of age were also normal: receptive language development 104 (55-133), syntactical development 104 (68-132), and lexical development 101 (50-141) for 89 children; intelligence quotient 104 (68-132) for 106 children. Scores did not differ among those with normal hearing, mild hearing loss, and moderate-to-severe hearing loss (p = 0.800, p = 0.639, p = 0.876, and p = 0.886, for the respective developmental tests). CONCLUSIONS We found normal language development and intelligence in a cohort of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors. The prevalence of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss was in accordance with that of a larger series in the United States-which exceeds the prevalence in the normal population.
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