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Huen K, Richardson S. Common Pediatric Urologic Conditions: Contemporary Management of Cryptorchidism, the Retractile Testis, and Phimosis. Adv Pediatr 2024; 71:169-179. [PMID: 38944481 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Undescended testis is the most common genital disorder identified at birth. Boys who do not have spontaneous descent of the testis at 6 months of age, adjusted for gestational age, should be referred to pediatric urology for timely orchiopexy. Retractile testes are at risk for secondary ascent of the testes and should be monitored by physical examination annually. If there is concern for ascent of the testis, pediatric urology referral is recommended. Most cases of phimosis can be managed medically with topical corticosteroids and manual retraction of the foreskin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Huen
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Farina R, Pennisi M, Desiderio C, Valerio Foti P, D'Urso M, Inì C, Motta C, Galioto S, Garofalo A, Clemenza M, Ilardi A, Lavalle S, Basile A. Spigelian-cryptorchidism syndrome: Lesson based on a case report. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:3372-3375. [PMID: 38827042 PMCID: PMC11143774 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Spigelian hernia is a abdominal wall hernia that originates from a discontinuity of the Spigelian fascia located lateral to the rectus abdominis muscle. It can be acquired in adults or congenital in newborns. In very rare cases in male it can be associated with cryptorchidism, in which case it is known as "Spigellian-Cryptorchidism Syndrome". It can be clinically highlighted with abdominal swelling wall along the semilunar line and intestinal obstruction. The diagnosis, as in all pediatric emergencies, must be timely and the method of choice is ultrasound which allows a rapid localization of the hernia breach and herniated structures. The treatment of choice is surgical with herniopexy and repositioning of the testicle into the scrotal sac, or orchipessy in cases of testicular necrosis. We describe ultrasound characteristics of Spigellian-cryptorchidism syndrome presenting with acute intestinal obstruction in a newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Farina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Pennisi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Desiderio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Valerio Foti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Mattia D'Urso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Inì
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Motta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Galioto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Alfredo Garofalo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Mariangela Clemenza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Ilardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Basile
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Italy
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Dönmez Mİ, Baydilli N, Wilcox DT, Hadziselimovic F, Hayashi Y, Oswald J, Ziylan O, Thorup J, Kapelari K, Soygür T, Favorito LA, Braga LH, Banuelos Marco B, O'Kelly F, Sforza S, Lammers R, Bindi E, Haid B, Quiroz Madarriaga Y, 't Hoen LA. Undescended testis: A roundtable discussion based on clinical scenarios - Part 2. J Pediatr Urol 2024:S1477-5131(24)00364-4. [PMID: 39048343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Undescended testis (UDT, cryptorchidism) is the most frequent genital anomaly in boys. However, its treatment varies widely throughout the world. This second part of our roundtable discussion aims to continue to ask global experts to express their attitudes towards several case scenarios of UDT in order to explore the rationale for their clinical decisions. As the European Association of Urology - Young Academic Urologists Pediatric Urology Working Group, we believe that this roundtable series will facilitate colleagues all over the world to reflect and improve their practices regarding the treatment of UDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M İrfan Dönmez
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Numan Baydilli
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkiye.
| | - Duncan T Wilcox
- Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Faruk Hadziselimovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Day Care Center Liestal, Cryptorchidism Research Institute, Liestal, Switzerland.
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Urology Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Josef Oswald
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, Linz, Austria.
| | - Orhan Ziylan
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology, İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkiye.
| | - Jorgen Thorup
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Klaus Kapelari
- Department for Children and Adolescent Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Tyrol, Austria.
| | - Tarkan Soygür
- Ankara University School of Medicine Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Ankara, Turkiye.
| | - Luciano Alves Favorito
- Unidade de Pesquisa Urogenital, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Uerj, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luis H Braga
- Department of Surgery/Urology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Fardod O'Kelly
- Division of Paediatric Urology, Beacon Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Simone Sforza
- Paediatric Urology, Meyer Children Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Rianne Lammers
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Edoardo Bindi
- Ospedale Pediatrico G Salesi, Department of Pediatric Urology, G Salesi Paediatric Hospital, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Bernhard Haid
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, Linz, Austria.
| | | | - Lisette A 't Hoen
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Monte LDL, Ocáriz RC, Bustorff-Silva JM, Pegolo PTDC, Guerra-Junior G, Miranda ML. Evaluation of the level of information of pediatricians about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2024:S0021-7557(24)00072-X. [PMID: 38996811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the level of information of pediatricians about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism. METHOD A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a form via the "Google Forms" platform. The study population included pediatricians and pediatric residents associated with the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. Seven hundred twenty-eight responses were recorded and analyzed using IBM SPSS v21. RESULTS 728 valid responses were obtained. Of these answers, only 20.5 % answered that the physical examination was sufficient for the diagnosis, and 79.4 % responded that they requested ultrasound as the best test to aid in diagnosing cryptorchidism. When questioned about the ideal age for referring a patient with cryptorchidism, the survey recorded 56.3 % of the responses defending the correct age as six months old, 30.2 % shortly after birth, and 13.2 % at two years old. Other topics were addressed in the form, such as the frequency of evaluation of testicular position and investigation for DDS, among others. Still, the answers to these questions were compatible with current manuals and guidelines on cryptorchidism. CONCLUSION It is evident that the understanding of the professionals consulted about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism needs to be updated with the current practices adopted and that pediatricians, in general, must maintain periodic programs on this subject. Therefore, this topic should be part of a continuing education program with pediatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa de Lima Monte
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Cirurgia Pediátrica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Campos Ocáriz
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Cirurgia Pediátrica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Murray Bustorff-Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Cirurgia Pediátrica, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gil Guerra-Junior
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Lopes Miranda
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Cirurgia Pediátrica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Stewart S, Kim DH, Cruz-Centeno N, Marlor DR, Fraser JA, Oyetunji TA, St Peter SD. Use of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Cryptorchidism: A Single-Institution Analysis. J Surg Res 2024; 299:213-216. [PMID: 38776576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The American Urological Association guidelines recommend against the performance of ultrasound and other imaging modalities in the evaluation of patients with cryptorchidism before expert consultation. We aimed to examine our institutional experience with cryptorchidism and measure adherence to currently available guidelines. METHODS An institutional review board-approved retrospective review of ultrasound utilization in the evaluation of patients with cryptorchidism was performed from June 1, 2016, to June 30, 2019, at a single tertiary level pediatric hospital. RESULTS We identified 1796 patients evaluated in surgical clinics for cryptorchidism. Surgical intervention was performed in 75.2% (n = 1351) of the entire cohort. Ultrasound was performed in 42% (n = 754), most of which were ordered by referring physicians (91% n = 686). Of those who received an ultrasound, surgical intervention was performed in 78% (n = 588). Those 166 patients (22%) who did not undergo surgical intervention were referred with ultrasounds suggesting inguinal testes; however, all had normal physical examinations or mildly retractile testes at the time of consultation and were discharged from the outpatient clinic. There were 597 patients referred without an ultrasound, 81% (n = 483) were confirmed to have cryptorchidism at the time of specialist physical examination and underwent definitive surgical intervention, the remainder (19%, n = 114) were discharged from the outpatient clinics. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound evaluation of cryptorchidism continues despite high-quality evidence-based guidelines that recommend otherwise, as they should have little to no bearing on the surgeon's decision to operate or the type of operation. Instead, physical examination findings should guide surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Dae H Kim
- Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Derek R Marlor
- Department of Surgery, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - James A Fraser
- Department of Surgery, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri
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Mao CK, Yuan-Fang, Cao YS. Management of pediatric vanishing testes syndrome based on pathological diagnosis: a single-center retrospective study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9437. [PMID: 38658594 PMCID: PMC11043402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the optimal management strategy for pediatric vanishing testes syndrome (VTS) based on pathological characteristics. We retrospectively analyzed clinical data and pathological results of children with unilateral VTS who underwent surgical treatment at our center from July 2012 to July 2023. The children were categorized into the testicular excision group and testicular preservation group based on the surgical approach. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between the two groups. Pathological examination results of excised testicular tissues were collected and analyzed, and long-term follow-up was conducted. A total of 368 children were included in this study. The age of the children at the time of surgery was 27 months (range, 6-156). Among them, 267 cases (72.6%) had VTS on the left side, and 101 cases (27.4%) on the right side. There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in age, affected side, contralateral testicular hypertrophy (CTH), testicular location, and preferred surgical incision between the testicular excision group (n = 336) and the testicular preservation group (n = 32). In the preservation group, two children experienced scrotal incision infections, showing a statistically significant difference compared to the excision group (P < 0.05). Pathological examination of excised tissues revealed fibrosis as the most common finding (79.5%), followed by vas deferens involvement (67%), epididymis involvement (40.5%), calcification (38.4%), and hemosiderin deposition (17.9%). Seminiferous tubules (SNT) was present in 24 cases (7.1%), germ cells (GC)in 15 cases (4.5%), and ectopic adrenal cortical tissue(EACT) in 1 case (0.3%). VTS belongs to a type of non-palpable testes (NPT) and requires surgical exploration. Considering the risk of scrotal incision infection after preserving atrophic testicular remnants and the unpredictable malignant potential, we recommend excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kun Mao
- Department of Urology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, No. 39 East Wangjiang Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
| | - Yuan-Fang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, No. 39 East Wangjiang Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Cao
- Department of Urology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, No. 39 East Wangjiang Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
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Chen Y, Zhou X, Ji L, Zhao J, Xian H, Xu Y, Wang Z, Ge W. Construction and analysis of a joint diagnostic model of machine learning for cryptorchidism based on single-cell sequencing. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2316. [PMID: 38459615 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both of a baby's testicles do not fully descend into the bottom of the scrotum. Newborns with cryptorchidism are at increased risk of developing infertility later in life. The aim of this study was to develop a novel diagnostic model for cryptorchidism and to identify new biomarkers associated with cryptorchidism. METHODS The study data were obtained from RNA sequencing data of cryptorchid patients from Nantong University Hospital and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential expression analysis was used to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the control and cryptorchid groups. These DEGs were analyzed for their functions by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment using GSEA software. Random Forest algorithm was used to screen central genes based on these DEGs. Neuralnet software package was used to develop artificial neural network models. Based on clinical data, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used to validate the models. Single-cell sequencing analysis was used for the pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. RESULTS We obtained a total of 525 important DEGs related to cryptorchidism, which are mainly associated with biological functions such as supramolecular complexes and microtubule cytoskeleton. Random forest approach screening obtained eight hub genes. A neural network based on the hub genes showed a 100% success rate of the model. Finally, single-cell sequencing analysis validated the hub genes. CONCLUSION We developed a novel diagnostic model for cryptorchidism using artificial neural networks and validated its utility as an effective diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Linghua Ji
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hua Xian
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yunzhao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ziheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Biobank, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine Research and Training, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wenliang Ge
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Press BH, Olawoyin O, Arlen AM, Silva CT, Weiss RM. Heresy - Is there a role for ultrasound in management of the non-palpable testicle? J Pediatr Urol 2024; 20:106-111. [PMID: 37749009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AUA Guidelines do not support the routine use of ultrasound (US) in evaluation of boys with an undescended testicle (UDT) prior to urology referral. Multiple studies have demonstrated that real time US is inferior to a physical examination by a pediatric urologist in detecting an UDT. However, improved US technology, which now permits detection of the non-palpable testis located just proximal to the internal ring, may aid in guiding the surgical approach to the non-palpable testis. We evaluated US findings of boys deemed to have a non-palpable UDT and compared them to surgical findings. OBJECTIVE To assess the role of pre-operative ultrasonography in guiding surgical management in boys deemed to have a non-palpable testis by a pediatric urologist. STUDY DESIGN US of boys with a non-palpable UDT, as reported by a pediatric urologist on physical exam, during a 3-year period, were reviewed. All US were performed jointly by a technician and pediatric radiologist. Patient demographics, laterality, and intra-operative findings were assessed. RESULTS Thirty-one boys with a non-palpable testicle on physical exam underwent scrotal/inguinal/pelvis US at a median age of 7.5 months (IQR 2.5-12.3 months). Two patients had bilateral non-palpable testicles, 21 had a non-palpable left sided testicle and 8 had a non-palpable right sided testicle. Of the 33 non-palpable testes, 5 (15.2%) were identified in the inguinal canal. Sixteen (48.5%) were visualized in the lower pelvis just proximal to the internal ring and graded as intra-abdominal. Four (12.1%) nubbins or very atrophic testes were identified in the inguinal region or scrotum and 5 (15.2%) testes were not identified on US. Three (9.1%) testes were observed to be mobile between the lower pelvis just proximal to the internal ring and the inguinal canal. Of the 8 patients with testes that were identified in the inguinal canal, or mobile between the lower pelvis and inguinal canal, 7 avoided a diagnostic laparoscopy and underwent an inguinal orchiopexy. Of the 16 testicles located in the lower pelvis proximal to the internal ring, only 2 underwent laparoscopy/laparoscopic orchiopexy. DISCUSSION In cases of a non-palpable testicle following a physical examination by a urologist, an ultrasound can impact the operative plan, and allow for patients to avoid laparoscopy. In our cohort, 87.5% of non-palpable testes avoided laparoscopic surgery after ultrasound identification of a viable testis. CONCLUSIONS US in the evaluation of cryptorchidism can guide surgical management in select cases in which a testis is non-palpable following careful examination by a urologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Press
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Olamide Olawoyin
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Angela M Arlen
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cicero T Silva
- Department of Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Aubert O, Zaidan H, Garnier H, Saxena AK, Cascio S. European Paediatric Surgeons' Association Survey on the Adherence to EAU/ESPU Guidelines in the Management of Undescended Testes. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2023. [PMID: 38016641 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the adherence to the European Association of Urology (EAU)/European Society for Pediatric Urology (ESPU) 2016 guidelines in the management of undescended testes (UDT). MATERIALS AND METHODS An online questionnaire was sent in 2023 to members of the European Paediatric Surgeons' Association (EUPSA). RESULTS Among 157 members, 46 and 44% perform orchidopexy before 12 and 18 months, respectively. In total, 92% recommend conservative management of retractile testes and 58% offer close follow-up. In case of nonpalpable testes, 78% favor laparoscopy and 18% ultrasonography. If a peeping testicle is identified at laparoscopy, 76% perform a single-stage orchidopexy. In case of a high testicle, a staged procedure is preferred (84%). Management of blind-ending spermatic vessel is heterogenous with a majority ending the operation, followed by exploration of the inguinal canal and removal of the testicular nubbin with optional fixation of the contralateral testis. Only a minority recommends hormonal therapy to improve fertility potential in bilateral UDT. A majority (59%) discuss testis removal in UDT in postpubertal boys. In addition, 77% declare following the EAU/ESPU guidelines. Unawareness of guidelines was the most common reason cited for nonadherence. International guidelines were found to have the greatest influence on clinical practice; however, personal experience and institutional practice seem to play an important role. CONCLUSION Most recommendations of the EAU/ESPU guidelines are being followed by EUPSA members; however, personal and institutional practice impact decision making. Hormonal therapy in bilateral UDT, management of vanishing testes, and UDT in postpubertal boys could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophelia Aubert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Hind Zaidan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, King Hamad University Hospital, Busaiteen, Bahrain
| | - Hanna Garnier
- Department of Surgery and Urology for Children and Adolescents, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Amulya K Saxena
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chelsea Children's Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Cascio
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, University College Dublin and Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
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Ates F, Sivri M, Durmaz MS, Sekmenli T, Gunduz M, Ciftci I. Comparison of conventional Doppler imaging techniques and superb microvascular imaging in determination of vascularization in undescended testes. J Ultrason 2023; 23:e66-e72. [PMID: 37520746 PMCID: PMC10379854 DOI: 10.15557/jou.2023.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Our aim was to gain an idea about testicular injury by comparing the reduced volume, which is one of the indirect indicators of testicular damage in undescended testes, and by evaluating the reduced microvascular blood flow by superb microvascular imaging, and also to determine whether superb microvascular imaging modes could detect microvascular blood flow in more detail in the decreased volume of undescended testes. Material and methods We compared testicular blood flow in undescended testes via conventional Doppler imaging, color superb microvascular imaging, and monochrome superb microvascular imaging techniques with contralateral normally located testis and normal control group. Each sample of testicular tissue was evaluated using a qualitative method. Spot color encoding and linear flow color encoding counts determined in testicular parenchyma were counted separately and expressed as numerical data. The localization of the examined testes in the grayscale was noted (proximal inguinal canal, medial inguinal canal, distal inguinal canal, and scrotal). The volume of undescended testes was calculated automatically via a formula for volume. Results Monochrome superb microvascular imaging is significantly superior in visualizing the vascularity of undescended testes compared with color Doppler, power Doppler and color superb microvascular imaging (p = 0.001). Also, undescended testes have a significantly lower blood flow compared with contralateral normal testes (p = 0.001). The volume of undescended testes was significantly lower than the contralateral normal testes. Conclusions The volume, structure and blood flow are indirect signs of testicular damage in undescended testes. Monochrome superb microvascular imaging can detect vascularity in undescended testes better than the conventional Doppler imaging technique and color superb microvascular imaging. Based on our findings, we can report that monochrome superb microvascular imaging can be used to evaluate testicular injury and vascularity of undescended testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ates
- Department of Radiology, Medicine Faculty, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mesut Sivri
- Department of Radiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Tamer Sekmenli
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Selçuk University Medical School, Konya, Turkey
| | - Metin Gunduz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Selçuk University Medical School, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Ciftci
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Selçuk University Medical School, Konya, Turkey
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Moran GW, Steinman JB, Tillotson CV, Carpenter CP, Hays T, Ham JN, Li B. Virilization of a 46,XX Fetus Following Aromatase Inhibitor Treatment of Breast Cancer. Pediatrics 2023:191231. [PMID: 37128841 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Virilization of the 46,XX infant may be attributed to maternal or fetoplacental origin. Maternal sources may be endogenous, as with an androgen-producing tumor, or drug-related. Iatrogenic virilization by maternal drug exposure is rarely reported, with individual case reports and case series demonstrating the effects of progesterone and other medications affecting the pituitary-ovarian axis.1-3 The class of medications known as aromatase inhibitors are recognized as effective in treating hormone receptor-positive breast cancer by preventing the conversion of androgens into estrogens by aromatase. In fetal development, placental aromatase plays a critical role in preventing virilization of the XX fetus by maternal and fetal androgens during development. In the setting of placental aromatase deficiency, the XX fetus may be virilized. It is conceivable, therefore, that maternal exposure to aromatase inhibitors early in gestation may lead to in utero virilization, though there have been no known reports of this phenomenon to date. We present a case of virilization of a 46,XX infant attributed to pharmacologic aromatase inhibition. The infant's parents provided informed consent for the reporting of this case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan B Steinman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Cara V Tillotson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | | | - Thomas Hays
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - J Nina Ham
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Belinda Li
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urology
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12
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Tahmasbi F, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Soleimanzadeh F, Pashazadeh F, Lotfi B. The optimum cut-off value of contralateral testis size in the prediction of monorchidism in children with nonpalpable testis: A systematic review. J Pediatr Urol 2023:S1477-5131(23)00092-X. [PMID: 36964019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contralateral Testis Hypertrophy (CTH) is a clinical marker that could be used to guide the choice of the main surgical strategy. In patients with a Non-palpable Testis (NPT), the degree of CTH as measured by testicular length or volume has been shown to be able to predict whether the undescended testis will survive. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to establish the proper cut-off for identifying non-viable testes based on the current literature. DESIGN We systematically searched several medical databases as well as Google Scholar search engines for references and citations. All the studies that reported CTH as a result of NPT in prepubertal boys were included. Data from the included articles was gathered by two independent reviewers. The checklist developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies that were included. Due to the incredibly high degree of heterogeneity among the studies, no meta-analysis was done. RESULTS The current systematic review included 17 studies that assessed the cut-off point to detect non-viable testis. The size and length of the testes were taken into consideration based on our findings. We found that different studies reported various ideal cut-off values for predicting non-viable testes, which can be brought on by various measuring techniques, evaluation ages, and patient groupings. The difference in testis volume was greater than the difference in its length, which can be attributable to the fact that some studies used an orchidometer to measure the testis's length directly or indirectly. CONCLUSION According to the results of our study, it seems that defining a cut point for diagnosis of CTH based on the size of the testis, cannot demonstrate the absence of a non-palpable testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Tahmasbi
- Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr
- Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzin Soleimanzadeh
- Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Pashazadeh
- Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Lotfi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Mohammed NEA, Badwey ME, Nagla SA, Dawoud RM. Diffusion‐weighted imaging and conventional magnetic resonance imaging for detection of non-palpable undescended testis. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43055-022-00854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
MRI is noninvasive imaging tool and does not imply ionizing radiation and applies multiplanes images, but it is sometimes less efficient in locating intraabdominal functioning testicles and it fails to locate most of the atrophied testicles. Our aim in this study was to assess the value of the combined conventional MR imaging and DWI in the detection of non-palpable undescended testes in pediatric patients and correlate the results with the laparoscopic finding.
Results
This prospective study was carried out from January 2020 to February 2022 on 60 pediatric patients with 68 non-palpable undescended testes referred from Urology department to the radiodiagnosis and medical imaging department at our institute for MR imaging evaluation of clinically diagnosed non-palpable undescended testis, and their age ranged from 6 months to 17 years with mean age of 4.24 ± 4.67 years. The conventional MRI sensitivity was 85.71%, specificity was 100%, NPV was 60%, and PPV was 100% with accuracy of 88.23%. The combined DWI and MRI sensitivity was 92.86%, specificity was 100%, NPV was 75%, and PPV was 100% with accuracy of 94.12%. DWI was able to detect all viable abdominal testes, while only detecting 26 (out of 28) inguinal testes. Combined assessment was able to detect all viable abdominal and inguinal testes.
Conclusions
Combined DWI with a high b value and conventional MRI including T1WI, T2WI and fat-suppression T2WI showed considerable diagnostic performance compared to conventional MRI alone improving the preoperative sensitivity and accuracy of detection of non-palpable undescended testes.
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Bašković M, Zaninović L, Sansović I, Meašić AM, Katušić Bojanac A, Ježek D. Trends in the treatment of undescended testes: a pediatric tertiary care center experience from Croatia. WORLD JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY 2022; 5:e000461. [PMID: 36474738 PMCID: PMC9716856 DOI: 10.1136/wjps-2022-000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Undescended testes (UDT) is the most common anomaly of the male genitourinary tract. The guidelines suggest that orchidopexy in congenitally UDT should be performed between 6 months and 18 months of age, while in acquired UDT, orchidopexy should be performed before puberty. Delay in treatment increases the risk of cancer and infertility. The main aim of this study was to determine whether we meet international standards in the treatment of UDT. METHODS The present study included all boys who underwent orchidopexy either due to congenital or acquired UDT in 2019 (from January 1 to December 31). For each group, laterality, location, associated anomalies, premature birth and in how many cases ultrasound was applied were determined. Additionally, for each group, the types of surgery, the number of necessary reoperations, and in how many cases atrophy occurred were determined. Finally, ages of referral, of clinical examination, and of orchidopexy were determined. RESULTS During this period, 198 patients with 263 UDT underwent orchidopexy. The median time of orchidopexy for the congenital group was 30 months, while that for the acquired group was 99 months. In the congenital group up to 18 months of age, orchidopexy was performed in 16 (16%) boys, while in the acquired group up to 13 years of age, orchidopexy was performed in 95 (96.94%) boys. CONCLUSION Given the well-known risks of late treatment of UDT, orchidopexy needs to be performed much earlier, especially in the congenital group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Bašković
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luca Zaninović
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Sansović
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia,Department of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Health, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Maria Meašić
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia,Department of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Health, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Katušić Bojanac
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Ježek
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia,Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia,Department of Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Echeverría Sepúlveda MP, Yankovic Barceló F, López Egaña PJ. The undescended testis in children and adolescents part 2: evaluation and therapeutic approach. Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 38:789-799. [PMID: 35307748 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Undescended testis (UDT) is defined as failure of a testis to descend into the scrotum and it is a common reason for consultation in pediatric urology. As extensively discussed in "The undescended testis in children and adolescents: part 1", the failure of a testis to descend alters testicular germ-cells development, increasing the risk of infertility and testicular cancer in adulthood. Here, we present the second part of our review and analysis of this topic with the aim to propose an updated and well-informed approach to UDT together with a treatment flow chart that may be useful to guide pediatric surgeons and urologists in the care of these patients. The main goal of the management of patients with UDT is to diminish the risk of infertility and tumor development and is based on the clinical findings at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Echeverría Sepúlveda
- Pediatric Urology Service, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés and Clinica Alemana, Barros Luco, San Miguel, 3300, Santiago, Chile
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Yankovic Barceló
- Pediatric Urology Service, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés and Clinica Alemana, Barros Luco, San Miguel, 3300, Santiago, Chile
- Pediatric Urology Service, Clinica Santa Maria, Santiago, Chile
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro-Jose López Egaña
- Pediatric Urology Service, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés and Clinica Alemana, Barros Luco, San Miguel, 3300, Santiago, Chile.
- Pediatric Urology Service, Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile.
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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KILIÇ ŞS, OZDEN O, TÜRKER ÇOLAK S, TUTUŞ K, ALKAN M, TUNCER R. Clinical outcomes of laparoscopic treatment of non-palpable testis in children at a tertiary pediatric surgery center. ACTA MEDICA ALANYA 2021. [DOI: 10.30565/medalanya.959384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Milford K, Pokarowski M, Chua M, Lorenzo A, Koyle M. Unnecessary ultrasounds in children with undescended testes: An interrogation of the impact of the Choosing Wisely campaigns and clinical practice guidelines. Paediatr Child Health 2021; 26:299-304. [PMID: 34336058 PMCID: PMC8318542 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Over the past decade, clinical practice guidelines and educational campaigns have counselled against the use of routine ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of undescended testes (UDT). We aimed to establish whether or not there has been change in the proportion of children with UDT undergoing pre-referral US prior to referral to our centre over this period. We also sought to determine whether type of referring specialist, UDT diagnosis, and patient distance from the hospital had impacted the rate of pre-referral US. METHODS A select sample of hospital charts of children undergoing orchidopexy at a single tertiary paediatric urological referral centre between 2010 and 2019 were reviewed. Data regarding age at surgery, cryptorchidism diagnosis, type of referring physician, patient distance from institution, and evidence of US as part of diagnostic work-up were extracted. RESULTS Five hundred charts were examined. Referring provider specialty impacted the number of US ordered (P=0.01). On subset analysis, paediatricians ordered fewer US for children with palpable UDT in 2014 (P=0.03). In 2018, community urologists ordered no US (P=0.02). These findings had temporal relationships with guideline release. The proportion of children undergoing US each year remained consistently between 50% and 62%, except in 2014, when only 36% had US. Distance from hospital and UDT diagnosis were of no significance. CONCLUSION Despite clinical practice guidelines and Choosing Wisely campaign recommendations, significant numbers of children with UDT still undergo US. Transient changes in sub-specialty guideline adherence are observed. Strategies to improve sustained guideline awareness in referring clinicians need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Milford
- The Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Martha Pokarowski
- The Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Michael Chua
- The Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Armando Lorenzo
- The Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Martin Koyle
- The Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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18
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Unilateral impalpable testis - what does it take to change culture? Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:1544. [PMID: 34129070 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Lotti F, Bertolotto M, Maggi M. Historical trends for the standards in scrotal ultrasonography: What was, what is and what will be normal. Andrology 2021; 9:1331-1355. [PMID: 34089245 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasonography is the gold standard imaging method for scrotal investigation. Colour Doppler ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and sonoelastography allow sonographers to assess size, echotexture, vascular features and stiffness of the scrotal organs and abnormalities. Scrotal ultrasonography has been used to investigate male reproductive health, scrotal pain, masses and trauma. However, ultrasonography thresholds/classifications used to distinguish normal and pathologic features of the scrotal organs have changed over time, and have not yet been fully standardized. OBJECTIVES To evaluate historical trends for the standards in scrotal ultrasonography: what was, what is and what will be normal. METHODS An extensive Medline search was performed identifying the most relevant studies in the English language from inception to date. RESULTS We provide here (i) a brief overview of the history of ultrasonography, (ii) current indications for scrotal ultrasonography and (iii) previous and current normal values, cut-offs and classifications of the main colour-Doppler ultrasonography parameters/characteristics of the scrotal organs, as derived from recent guidelines and evidence-based studies. In addition, we report recommendations and the clinical utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and sonoelastography. Finally, we discuss critical issues needing further evidence and future directions to fill in the current gaps. DISCUSSION Several studies on scrotal ultrasonography are available. However, guidelines/recommendations dealing with specific ultrasonography applications have been published only in recent years. More recently, the European Academy of Andrology published evidence-based scrotal colour-Doppler ultrasonography reference ranges/normative parameters derived from a cohort of healthy, fertile men. In addition, a standardization of the methodology to evaluate qualitative and quantitative colour-Doppler ultrasonography parameters was reported. Other international societies reported indications, methodological standards, clinical utility and limitations of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and sonoelastography. CONCLUSIONS To date, colour-Doppler ultrasonography normative values for the scrotal organs are available. However, a wide international consensus on assessment and classification of several ultrasonography parameters is still lacking. An alignment of the world societies on these issues is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lotti
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Bertolotto
- Department of Radiology, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Mahalik SK, Pati AB, Das K. Awareness of Common Pediatric Surgical Entities among Practicing Indian Pediatricians. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2021; 26:89-93. [PMID: 34083890 PMCID: PMC8152394 DOI: 10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_199_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Common pediatric surgical entities often get a delayed referral to the pediatric surgeon in the average Indian scenario. This study was conducted to assess the awareness about management of select common pediatric surgical entities among practicing pediatricians. Materials and Methods: An online multiple-choice questionnaire consisting of twenty questions related to the diagnosis and management of common pediatric surgical entities encountered by pediatricians in their routine office practice was prepared, and the electronic link was circulated among the practicing pediatricians of India. Each question had one correct response. Results: One hundred and seventy-five responses were obtained, collated, grouped, and analyzed. Overall, 35% of all responses were correct. Individually, 56% of respondents marked 51%–75% of answers correctly; only 7% scored above 75%. Some clinical observations were disparate: 65% were unfamiliar with preputial adhesions and 51% would discharge a preterm neonate with inguinal hernia without a surgical consult. There is a tendency toward unnecessary imaging (60% – localization of undescended testis, 91% – wet umbilicus, and 51% – postanal dimple) and overzealous medical management (propranolol for the involuting hemangioma). However, 82%–88% concurred on the standard conservative or surgical management in index conditions such as hypospadias and umbilical problems. Conclusion: There was a concurrence in the principles of management of common pediatric surgical entities between pediatricians and pediatric surgeons in 35%. Misdiagnosis, unwarranted investigations, overzealous medical management, and delayed surgical consults figured in 65%. A systematic professional interaction between the physicians and surgeons would facilitate a coordinated management. A larger study would yield more meaningful data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Mahalik
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Akash Bihari Pati
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kanishka Das
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Shin J, Jeon GW. Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis. Clin Exp Pediatr 2020; 63:415-421. [PMID: 32252147 PMCID: PMC7642136 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2019.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. In most cases, the testes will descend spontaneously by 3 months of age. If the testes do not descend by 6 months of age, the probability of spontaneous descent thereafter is low. About 1%-2% of boys older than 6 months have undescended testes after their early postnatal descent. In some cases, a testis vanishes in the abdomen or reascends after birth which was present in the scrotum at birth. An inguinal undescended testis is sometimes mistaken for an inguinal hernia. A surgical specialist referral is recommended if descent does not occur by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. International guidelines do not recommend ultrasonography or other diagnostic imaging because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment. Routine hormonal therapy is not recommended for undescended testis due to a lack of evidence. Orchiopexy is recommended between 6 and 18 months at the latest to protect the fertility potential and decrease the risk of malignant changes. Patients with unilateral undescended testis have an infertility rate of up to 10%. This rate is even higher in patients with bilateral undescended testes, with intra-abdominal undescended testis, or who underwent delayed orchiopexy. Patients with undescended testis have a threefold increased risk of testicular cancer later in life compared to the general population. Self-examination after puberty is recommended to facilitate early cancer detection. A timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction are the most important factors for decreasing infertility and testicular cancer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Shin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ga Won Jeon
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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22
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Emad-Eldin S, Abdelaziz O, Shokr M. Spigelian-cryptorchidism syndrome in an adult male complaining of primary infertility: Case report. Andrologia 2020; 53:e13838. [PMID: 33099792 DOI: 10.1111/and.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
History of cryptorchidism is present in about 10% of infertile patients seeking medical help, whereas 20% of them are azoospermic. Most of the patients with bilateral cryptorchidism have a low testicular volume and high serum FSH level. Ectopic testes are present only in 5% of the patients with cryptorchidism. The anterior abdominal wall is a rare site for ectopic testis where Spigelian hernia is usually accompanied. We present a case of bilateral ectopic anterior abdominal wall testes associated with Spigelian hernia on the left side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Emad-Eldin
- Department of Diagnostic and Intervention Radiology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Abdelaziz
- Department of Diagnostic and Intervention Radiology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shokr
- Department of Andrology, Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
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Carpenter CP, Johnston D, Tourville E, Sharadin C, Alzubaidi AN, Giel DW. Inappropriate imaging for management of cryptorchidism: Has the choosing Wisely® recommendation reduced occurrence? J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:462.e1-462.e6. [PMID: 32674979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cryptorchidism is one of the most common referral diagnoses to pediatric urologists. It is well recognized in the urologic community that diagnostic imaging is unnecessary in the work-up of these patients, and the Choosing Wisely® recommendation (CWR) on this subject re-emphasized this in 2013. Many boys, however, still are sent for testing prior to referral. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was dual in nature. We pursued, first, to identify any factors that make patients more likely to be sent for imaging prior to referral, and second, to determine if rates of diagnostic imaging for cryptorchidism decreased after the release of the CWR. STUDY DESIGN We included all boys who had surgery for cryptorchidism by Urology at our institution between January 2007 and August 2018. Demographics and clinical data were collected including height, weight, race, insurance type, pre-referral imaging status, testis location at time of surgery, and distance from our medical center. Chi-squared analysis was utilized to compare imaging use before and after CWR. Influence of other clinical and socioeconomic factors on imaging utilization was also evaluated using chi-squared and two-sample t tests. Those found to be significant at the 0.2 level were analyzed in multivariate logistic regression. Significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS 1010 boys were available for analysis. Of the 256 patients (25.3%) with pre-referral studies, 7 had axial exams (CT or MRI), and the remainder underwent ultrasounds. Children living closer to the medical center were more likely to undergo imaging (p < 0.01) as were boys with testes not found in the inguinal canal at the time of surgery (p = 0.007). Race, insurance status, age at first visit, and increased body mass index were not found to be influential. Similarly, the release of CWR had no impact on the imaging usage (p = 0.61). CONCLUSION Utilization of pre-referral diagnostic imaging remains inappropriately high despite evidence demonstrating the ineffectiveness of the studies. Boys living closer to the medical center and those with non-inguinal testes are more likely to undergo these studies, but no other factors were found to have an effect. Further, the Choosing Wisely® recommendation has not improved rates of inappropriate imaging use in boys with cryptorchidism in our referral area. Our findings indicate the need for increased efforts to disseminate this evidence-based guideline more widely to primary care providers in order to promote more cost-effective and timely care of boys with undescended testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina P Carpenter
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | | | - Elizabeth Tourville
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cynthia Sharadin
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ahmad N Alzubaidi
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dana W Giel
- Department of Urology, Division of Pediatric Urology, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Stein R, Loersch F, Younsi N. [German guideline on undescended testis-what is relevant in daily routine?]. Urologe A 2020; 59:559-564. [PMID: 32274542 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-020-01183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With an incidence of 0.7-3% in male infants, undescended testicles is one of the most common congenital anomalies. In the first 6 months of life, the testicles may spontaneously descend in up to 70% of individuals. If the testicle is not in a scrotal position afterwards, fertility can gradually be reduced and the risk of a testicular tumor increases. Therefore, the current German guideline for undescended testis recommends that therapy should be take place between 6 and 12 months of life. After extensive information on the advantages and disadvantages, hormone therapy with the aim of a descensus or in those with bilateral anomaly with the aim of improving the germ cell pool can be offered. After the first year of life, hormone therapy is obsolete. Otherwise, surgical intervention is the treatment of choice. In the case of gliding or deep inguinal testis via scrotal or inguinal access, in the case of nonpalpable and sonographically undetectable testis, laparoscopy is carried out for diagnosis and simultaneous therapy. In the first postoperative year, adequate follow-up should be done to detect a re-ascensus and/or insufficient growth. Regular self-examinations from the age of 15 serve for the early detection of a testicular tumor that occurs only very rarely (approximately 0.003%).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stein
- Zentrum für Kinder‑, Jugend- und rekonstruktive Urologie, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim GmbH, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland.
| | - F Loersch
- Kinderarztpraxis, Schwanenstraße 25, 68259, Mannheim, Deutschland
| | - N Younsi
- Zentrum für Kinder‑, Jugend- und rekonstruktive Urologie, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim GmbH, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland
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Detection of monorchidism in boys with unilateral undescended testes: clinical benefits and limitations of contralateral testicular size. J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:356.e1-356.e6. [PMID: 32165086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contralateral testicular size was recommended as an effective measurement in prediction of monorchidism in some previous studies but a few argued it as invalid. Further investigation was demanded. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effectiveness of contralateral testicular size in prediction of monorchidism in patients with unilateral non-palpable undescended testes (NPT) aged between 9 and 48 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total of 707 patients aged between 9 and 48 months and diagnosed with unilateral undescended testes (UDT) between January 2016 and December 2018 at the study department were enrolled. In accordance with physical examinations and surgical findings, patients were divided into three groups: palpable UDT (group A, n = 609), non-palpable but viable testes (group B, n = 57) and monorchidism (group C, n = 41). Contralateral testicular length and volume were evaluated with ultrasonography. Comparison of contralateral testicular size between three groups and calculation of optimal cut-off value and diagnostic performance of it among NPT were performed. RESULTS The length and volume of contralateral testes of group C were larger than of group A (P < 0.01) and group B (P < 0.01), whereas these differences between groups were small. Among patients with NPT, a receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off value. It revealed that both a testicular length of 17.5 mm and a volume of 1.05 ml provided the highest Youden's index for prediction of monorchidism. The sensitivity and specificity for testicular length were 34.1% and 94.7%, and volume were 34.1% and 93%, respectively. The predictive accuracy for testicular length and volume were 69.4% and 65.7%, respectively. Even though the negative predictive value was merely 66.6% (54/81) and 66.2% (53/80), the positive predictive value (PPV) reaches to 82.3% (14/17) and 77.7% (14/18) for testicular length and volume. DISCUSSION Several factors including choosing of measurement tools, age range, ethnicity, and selection bias of cohorts may be accounted for the huge differences among cut-off values and predictive accuracy. The diagnostic performance of contralateral testicular size in prediction of monorchidism in patients with NPT was poor. But the PPV was relatively promising. Contralateral testicular hypertrophy can provide information for surgical planning. CONCLUSION The overall diagnostic performance of contralateral testicular size in prediction of monorchidism in poatients with UDT aged between 9 and 48 months was poor. But the efficiency of cut-off value predicting absence of viable testes was relatively higher. This value should be objectively applied but only as a reference which would not be a complete replacement of laparoscopy exploration.
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Mah LW, Durbin-Johnson B, Kurzrock EA. Non-palpable testis: is management consistent and objective? J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:62-68. [PMID: 31917156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnostic laparoscopy is recommended for boys with non-palpable testis (NPT) by American and European guidelines with the decision to pursue inguinal exploration based upon testicular vessel appearance. We hypothesized that management decisions are not consistent with the guidelines, and that assessment of vessels is subjective. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pediatric urologist management decisions were evaluated via an electronic survey to determine impact of contralateral testicle size, sonographic findings, surgeon region, and years in practice. In a digital image survey, surgeons were asked to interpret gonadal vessel status of 32 consecutive cases of NPT with absent abdominal testis as normal, atretic, or blind-ending to determine intra- and inter-rater reliability. RESULTS Of the 339 participants, more Europeans (49%) chose sonography as the first management step for NPT compared to US surgeons (12%). Regardless of sonographic findings, over 80% chose laparoscopy as the first step. In the presence of normal, atretic, and blind-ending vessels, the decisions to proceed with inguinal/scrotal exploration were 88%, 68%, and 17%, respectively. Contralateral hypertrophy and sonography findings had no significant impact on the decision to proceed with inguinal/scrotal exploration. The visual gonadal vessel survey showed surgeon interpretation of normal or blind-ending vessels had moderate inter-rater reliability. Surgeons did not agree on normal status 37% of the time and did not agree on atretic status 66% of the time. There was no statistical difference between European and US respondents (P = 0.23). Intra-rater reliability was fair for blind-ending vessels. When the first interpretation was blind-ending, the same surgeon changed interpretation of the same image 39% of the time. There was no statistical difference by years of practice. CONCLUSIONS Non-visualization of NPT on sonography and contralateral testis size had no significant impact upon management decisions. Surgeons chose to pursue inguinal/scrotal exploration based upon laparoscopic gonadal vessel status. However, these interpretations were subjective with low inter- and intra-rater reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna W Mah
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric A Kurzrock
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Mohammad Alnoaiji MS, Ghmaird A, Alshahrani EH, Qaisy FA, Alotaibi RS, Albalawi BI, Asiri AM, Alshehri YA, Alenzi RA, Alatawi ME, Alzahrani SA, Alrashidi TN. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Impalpable Testes at King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2020; 12:e6659. [PMID: 31966950 PMCID: PMC6961793 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impalpable testes may be caused by atrophy, congenital dysgenesis/agenesis, or the presence of testes at unusual sites. Early intervention can improve patient outcomes. The recommended age for surgery ranges from 6 to 18 months. Objective To investigate the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of impalpable testes and sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography to diagnose impalpable testes at King Salman Armed Forces Hospital (KSAFH), Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Methods We conducted a retrospective study to review cases of impalpable testes admitted to KSAFH, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia from January 1, 2015 to May 20, 2019. Fifty patients diagnosed with impalpable testes were treated surgically in our center during the period. Patients’ data were tabulated, and statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS, version 22; IBM, Armonk, NY). Results We included 50 patients in our study, with a total number of 66 impalpable testes. The median age at diagnosis was 7 months, while the median age at surgery was 17.5 months. The median interval between diagnosis and surgery was 8.5 months, with 44% of cases undergoing surgery after the age of 1.5 years. Two-thirds of the cases were unilateral. The most common site was intracanalicular (57.6%) followed by intra-abdominal (34.8%). The testicular size was average in 36.4%, small in 42.4%, and atrophic in 21.2% of the evaluated cases. Conclusions The overall sensitivity of ultrasonography was 56.1% (it correctly detected the location of 37 out of 66 impalpable testes). The sensitivity of ultrasonography for the detection of intra-abdominal testes was 43.5%, while that of intracanalicular testes was 71.1%.
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León NY, Reyes AP, Harley VR. A clinical algorithm to diagnose differences of sex development. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7:560-574. [PMID: 30803928 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis and management of children born with ambiguous genitalia is challenging for clinicians. Such differences of sex development (DSDs) are congenital conditions in which chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. The aetiology of DSDs is very heterogenous and a precise diagnosis is essential for management of genetic, endocrine, surgical, reproductive, and psychosocial issues. In this Review, we outline a step-by-step approach, compiled in a diagnostic algorithm, for the clinical assessment and molecular diagnosis of a patient with ambiguity of the external genitalia on initial presentation. We appraise established and emerging technologies and their effect on diagnosis, and discuss current controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla Y León
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alejandra P Reyes
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Genetics Department, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vincent R Harley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Cho
- Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Abraham Cherian
- Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Kim JK, Chua ME, Ming JM, Lee MJ, Kesavan A, Kahn N, Langer JC, Lorenzo A, Bagli D, Farhat WA, Papanikolaou F, Koyle MA. Variability among Canadian pediatric surgeons and pediatric urologists in the management of cryptorchidism in boys before the publication of major guidelines: a retrospective review of a single tertiary centre. Can J Surg 2019; 62:1-6. [PMID: 30900433 PMCID: PMC6738503 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.014017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Before 2014, there was a lack of recommendations on managing cryptorchidism, or undescended testis (UDT), from a large pediatric urological or surgical organization. We assessed the variability in management of UDT among pediatric urologists and pediatric surgeons at a single tertiary pediatric referral centre before publication of major guidelines. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the electronic records of patients who underwent primary unilateral or bilateral orchidopexy at our centre between January 2012 and January 2014. Results A total of 488 patients (616 testes) were identified, of whom 405 (83.0%) and 83 (17.0%) were managed by pediatric urologists and pediatric surgeons, respectively. There was no difference in baseline characteristics, including age seen in clinic or at surgery, testis location/palpability and availability of preoperative ultrasonograms, of patients seen by the 2 groups. Pediatric surgeons ordered preoperative ultrasonography more often than pediatric urologists (25.3% v. 3.7%, p < 0.001). With palpable UDTs, although both groups used open approaches, pediatric urologists preferred a scrotal approach (56.9%), and pediatric surgeons approached most testes inguinally (98.8%). With nonpalpable UDTs, laparoscopic approaches were preferred by both groups; however, pediatric urologists used a 2-stage Fowler–Stephens approach more often than pediatric surgeons (48.4% v. 15.8%, p < 0.001). Conclusion There was wide variation in the management of primary UDT between pediatric urologists and pediatric surgeons before the publication of guidelines. The most prominent difference between the 2 groups was in the ordering of preoperative ultrasonography. Future assessment of change in practice patterns may elucidate whether guidelines are an effective tool for standardization of practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin K. Kim
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Michael E. Chua
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Jessica M. Ming
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Min Joon Lee
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Amre Kesavan
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Nathaniel Kahn
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Jacob C. Langer
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Armando Lorenzo
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Darius Bagli
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Walid A. Farhat
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Frank Papanikolaou
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
| | - Martin A. Koyle
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Lee); the Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Kim, Chua, Ming, Lee, Kesavan, Kahn, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle); the School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland (Kesavan); the Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., (Langer); and the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Langer, Lorenzo, Bagli, Farhat, Papanikolaou, Koyle)
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Allam MFAB, Elian MMM, Rahman AMA, Allam FAFAB. The utility of chemical shift imaging and related fat suppression as standalone technique in cryptorchidism using low field MRI. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Anwar AZM, Fathelbab TK, Abdelhamid AM, Galal EM, Ali MM, Tawfiek ER. Initial laparoscopy and optimized approach for unilateral nonpalpable testis: review of 8-year single-center experience. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:2139-2144. [PMID: 30311046 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-2006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the role of initial laparoscopy and optimized approach in cases of unilateral nonpalpable testis. METHODS Seventy-four patients with nonpalpable testes were presented. We excluded 9 patients, with palpable testes under anesthesia. Laparoscopy was offered to 65 patients. Contralateral testis hypertrophy with length ≥ 1.8 cm was confirmed in 47 patients. Ultrasound results were available for 35 patients. RESULTS Age ranged from 1 to 10 years. Of 65 nonpalpable testes, right side comprised 23 (35.4%) and the left 42 (64.6%). Laparoscopy revealed intra-abdominal testis in 18 patients (27.7%), blind-ending vessels and vas in 8 (12.3%), and vas and vessels traversing the internal ring in 39 (60%). Treatment of intra-abdominal testes included Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy in 7 patients, laparoscopic orchiopexy in 9, and laparoscopic orchiectomy in 2. In 8 patients with blind-ending vas and vessels, laparoscopy was terminated. In 39 patients with vas and vessels traversing the internal ring, scrotal exploration was performed in 36 patients with closed internal ring and inguinal exploration in 3 with open internal ring. Vanished testes were present in 43/47(91.5%) of patients with contralateral testis hypertrophy ≥ 1.8 cm. Ultrasound detected the presence of a testis in only 4/11 (36.3%) of patients, although it could not identify vanished testis. CONCLUSIONS Initial laparoscopy should be retained as one of the standard treatment for nonpalpable testis. It was the only required modality in 26 patients (40%) and optimized further treatment in 39 patients (60%) by evaluation of the condition of the internal ring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ehab Mohmed Galal
- Urology Department, School of Medicine, University Hospital, 61111, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Magdi Ali
- Urology Department, School of Medicine, University Hospital, 61111, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ehab Rifat Tawfiek
- Urology Department, School of Medicine, University Hospital, 61111, Minia, Egypt
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Arena S, Antonelli E, Impellizzeri P, Romeo C. Ultrasonographic Evaluation in Patients with Unilateral Undescended Testis: Useful, Unnecessary or Harmful? J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54:1055. [PMID: 30178586 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Arena
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrica Antonelli
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Impellizzeri
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Romeo
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Surgical exploration for impalpable testis: Which should be first, inguinal exploration or laparoscopic abdominal exploration? J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:1766-1769. [PMID: 29132799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To discuss an optimal surgical approach for impalpable testis in children, our own treatment results and those reported in the literature were reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two impalpable testes were diagnosed in 68 patients: unilateral in 64 patients and bilateral in 4 patients. All patients underwent surgical exploration at the ages of 6 to 140months (median, 15months). The inguinal canal was initially explored, and abdominal exploration was performed with laparoscopy when an extra-abdominal testis was not identified. In addition, articles regarding surgical exploration for impalpable testis, published over the last 20years, were retrieved and the results were examined. RESULTS Testes were detected by inguinal exploration in 28 of 72 (39%) impalpable testes: intracanalicular in 22 testes and at the internal inguinal ring (peeping or low abdominal testis) in 6 testes. All these testes were treated by conventional inguinal orchidopexy. Laparoscopic exploration was performed in 44 (61%) impalpable testes, and 4 (5.6%) high abdominal testes were detected and treated by two-stage Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy. Vanishing or absent testis was the final diagnosis in the remaining 40 testes (55.6%). The literature review showed that the ratios of intra- and extra-abdominal testes were lower in the articles that reported the results of inguinal or scrotal exploration than in those of laparoscopic exploration, although the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Considering the relatively low incidence of high abdominal testis, we recommend to start with inguinal exploration for impalpable testis. When an extra-abdominal testis is not detected, transinguinal laparoscopic exploration should be indicated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Treatment study, Level IV.
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Wayne C, Guerra LA, Yao J, Keays MA, Leonard MP. Use of ultrasound for the palpable undescended testis: a wasteful practice. Fam Pract 2018; 35:452-454. [PMID: 29236968 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many primary care physicians order an ultrasound (US) before referral to specialist care for suspected undescended testis; however, the value of this practice is questionable. OBJECTIVE To determine the proportion of boys referred for suspected undescended testis who had accompanying US, the cost of this practice and the accuracy of US for testis localization when compared with physical examination by a pediatric urologist. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review at a pediatric urology service, including all patients referred for suspected undescended testis from 2008 to 2012. We determined the cost of US ordered, and calculated Cohen's kappa, sensitivity and specificity, and positive and negative predictive value. RESULTS We identified 894 eligible patients; 32% (289/894) were accompanied by US. In 77% (223/289), the urologist was able to palpate the testis: 51% (147/289) had a normal/retractile testis and 26% (76/289) had a palpable undescended testis. At a cost of 71.10 CAD per US, 20 547.90 CAD was expended on this practice. Of the 223 patients with palpable testes, we were able to gather detailed US and physical examination results for 214 patients. Cohen's kappa was 0.06 (95% CI -0.005, 0.11; P = 0.10). US had 92.8% sensitivity (95% CI 84.1, 96.9%) and 15.2% specificity (95% CI 10.2, 21.9%) to detect an undescended testis. The positive predictive value was 34.2% (95% CI 27.8, 41.3%), while the negative predictive value was 81.5% (95% CI 63.3, 91.8%). CONCLUSIONS Referral of patients for suspected undescended testis should not be accompanied by an US study as US is not useful in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Wayne
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Luis A Guerra
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jiefei Yao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mélise A Keays
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael P Leonard
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Moriya K, Nakamura M, Nishimura Y, Nishida M, Kudo Y, Kanno Y, Kitta T, Kon M, Shinohara N. Impact of Preoperative Ultrasonographic Evaluation for Detection of a Viable Testis in Patients With a Unilateral Nonpalpable Testis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2018; 37:1665-1670. [PMID: 29214663 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of preoperative ultrasonography (US) for detecting a viable testis in patients with a unilateral nonpalpable testis. METHODS Patients with a unilateral nonpalpable testis or unilateral palpable undescended testis who underwent preoperative US were enrolled. Patients were divided into 3 groups as follows: nonpalpable testis/no testis (n = 27), which included patients who had a unilateral nonpalpable testis with no viable testis detected at surgery; nonpalpable testis/viable testis (n = 10), which included patients who had a unilateral nonpalpable testis with a viable testis identified at surgery; and palpable undescended testis (n = 63), which included patients who had a unilateral palpable undescended testis. Preoperative US findings were compared among each group. RESULTS The testicular volume on the contralateral descended side in the nonpalpable testis/no testis group was significantly greater than that in the nonpalpable testis/viable testis and palpable undescended testis groups. When a testicular volume of 0.54 mL was used as the cutoff value, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the presence of the affected testis were 75.3%, 100%, 100%, and 60.0%, respectively. The testis on the affected side was detected in none of the nonpalpable testis/no testis group, 7 of the nonpalpable testis/viable testis group, and all of the palpable undescended testis group. When a visible testis on the affected side and a testicular volume of 0.54 mL or less were defined as positive, all patients in the nonpalpable testis/viable testis and palpable undescended testis groups had positive findings versus none in the nonpalpable testis/no testis group. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative US provides valuable information for predicting the presence of a viable testis in patients with a unilateral nonpalpable testis by estimating both the unaffected testis and the affected side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Moriya
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakamura
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishimura
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Nishida
- Diagnostic Center for Sonography and Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kudo
- Diagnostic Center for Sonography and Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kanno
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeya Kitta
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kon
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Nonpalpable testes: Ultrasound and contralateral testicular hypertrophy predict the surgical access, avoiding unnecessary laparoscopy. J Pediatr Urol 2018; 14:163.e1-163.e7. [PMID: 29199091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In up to 20% of patients presenting with undescended testes, one or both are non-palpable. Whereas the most reliable means to exclude an abdominal testis is laparoscopy, there has been a lot of debate about the role of inguinal ultrasound (US) in detecting non-palpable inguinal testis. While we do not aim to add another paper claiming the benefits of US, we wanted to determine the excess capability of US to determine the correct surgical approach - inguinal or laparoscopy. In the light of avoiding unnecessary diagnostic laparoscopies, even the cost-effectiveness raised in many current papers might be called into question. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of a total of 684 boys who underwent surgery for undescended testes at our department between 2011 and 2014, in 58 (8.5%), one or both testes were neither palpable preoperatively nor under general anesthesia. These boys were examined by two experienced pediatric urologists clinically as well as by US. Besides the size of the contralateral testis, the presence of a testis in the inguinal channel was investigated. The additional impact of US over clinical exam and consideration of the size of the contralateral testis was assessed by means of intra-individual comparisons using Cochran-Q as well as McNemar tests. RESULTS Clinical exam without considering the size of the contralateral testis had a sensitivity of 9% (95% CI 2-24%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI 86-100%) to accurately predict the surgical approach deemed appropriate postoperatively. The consideration of the size of the contralateral testis - taken as an isolated factor - accurately predicted the surgical approach with a sensitivity of 21% (95% CI 9-38%) and a specificity of 88% (95% CI 68-97%). Ultrasound accounted for a sensitivity of 53% (95% CI 35-70%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI 86-100%). The addition of US increased the sensitivity to correctly predict an inguinal incision from 29% to 71% and specificity slightly increased from 88% to 92%. This difference is significant (p = 0.008) in the bilateral McNemar test (Figure). CONCLUSION Inguinal US of non-palpable testes and measurement of the contralateral testis are synergistic in predicting the surgical approach. The addition of ultrasound to a clinical exam, performed also under general anesthesia and by an experienced pediatric urologist significantly increases the prediction of the correct surgical approach. Our results translate into five boys needing an US of the NPT to prevent one laparoscopy. Whereas cost-effectiveness of US might be debatable in regard to different healthcare systems, it is proven to be an effective, non-harmful tool to avoid unnecessary diagnostic laparoscopies.
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Punwani VV, Wong JSY, Lai CYH, Chia JCY, Hutson JM. Testicular ectopia: Why does it happen and what do we do? J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:1842-1847. [PMID: 28024737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Testicular ectopia is rare, but the large range of anatomical locations described in the literature has spawned an abundance of possible theories to explain etiology. However, as the anatomical characteristics of normal testicular descent have only been elucidated recently, many of the theories of testicular ectopia do not incorporate this new perspective. In this study we aimed to determine what was in the literature about ectopic testis since 1980, and then try to explain the different anatomical variants in the light of current knowledge about testicular descent. METHODS A literature search was performed and all articles in English published since 1980 about testicular ectopia using several key words were identified. RESULTS A total of 271 articles in English were found, of which 31 addressed the pathophysiology and are the primary focus of this study. Case reports and reviews described perineal ectopia (×4), transverse testicular ectopia (×11), and abdominal ectopia (×2), along with 3 reviews/case reports addressing diagnosis and management. A range of proposed causes were found, including obstructed 'third inguinal ring' at neck of scrotum, abnormal CGRP function, aberrant distal gubernacular attachment, mechanical hindrance from retained Müllerian ducts, defective gubernacular formation or disruption of the gubernacular attachment to the testis. CONCLUSION After reviewing the proposed theories, we propose a unifying theory, based on current knowledge of testicular descent, where testicular ectopia can be explained by a) anomalous attachment of the gubernaculum to the anterior abdominal wall during transabdominal descent, or b) aberrant migration of the gubernaculum during the inguinoscrotal phase of testicular descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal V Punwani
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy S Y Wong
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Y H Lai
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessalynn C Y Chia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M Hutson
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Douglas Stephens Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Undescended testes: Diagnostic Algorithm and Treatment. Eur Urol Focus 2017; 3:155-157. [PMID: 28753808 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Undescended testis persistently present at the 6th month of life in a term born boy should be treated, with the aim of bringing them to a scrotal position until the 12th month of life. Acquired undescended testes has to be looked for actively and treated at the earliest possible after diagnosis, that might be deferred due to a lack of attention and less access to a regular physical exam in older boys as opposed to infants.
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MRI of the scrotum: Recommendations of the ESUR Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group. Eur Radiol 2017; 28:31-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Çildağ MB. Evaluation of Pediatric Undescended Testes with Elastosonography. J Med Ultrasound 2017; 25:157-160. [PMID: 30065481 PMCID: PMC6029294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmu.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Undescended testes, which are defined as the failure of testes to descend to scrotum, are the most common developmental defect in male infants. Indirect evaluation of histologic damage can be performed with the help of palpation during operation. Hard texture of testes tissue is likely related with histological damage. Real-time elastography is an emerging technology of ultrasonic imaging of soft tissue strain and elasticity, it aims at providing information regarding the mechanical properties of tissues, such as their hardness or stiffness. This study aim was to investigate the changes in strain and elasticity of testes tissue by using elastography technique. Materials and methods A total of 32 patients, who had undescended testes were included in this study. Only two patients had bilateral undescended testes, other patients had unilateral. The age of the patients were recorded according to the time of ultrasonographic (USG) examination. The undescended testes was displayed in the elastographic box with the neighbouring subcutaneous fat tissues. The strain ratios were measured as the ratios of the elasticities of the subcutaneous fat tissue to the elasticities of the undescended testes. Results A total of 32 patients with 34 testes were included in the study. The mean age of the patients with undescended testes was 32.6 months (range 7-60 months). The mean strain ratios were 0.67 (range 0.12-1.41) for the undescended testes and there were no significant differences in undescended testes strain ratios related to patient age (p = 0.453). Conclusion This preliminary study showed that there were no significant fibrosis which can be demonstrated with elastosonography before the age of 5 years old. Additional studies with his-topathological results are needed to identify sensitivity and specificity of elastosonography in undescended testis and in planning optimal operation time for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Burak Çildağ
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
- Correspondence to: Mehmet Burak Çildağ, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Adnan Menderes University, Aytepe Street, Efeler, Aydın, 09100, Turkey. E-mail address:
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Griffin DL, Cambareri G, Kaplan G. Current Practice for Cryptorchidism: Survey of Pediatric Urologists. UROLOGY PRACTICE 2017; 4:245-250. [PMID: 37592627 DOI: 10.1016/j.urpr.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated current practice patterns in the management and screening of cryptorchidism among pediatric urologists and compared them to the 2014 AUA (American Urological Association) guidelines on cryptorchidism. METHODS A 14-question survey was disseminated to members of the SPU (Society for Pediatric Urology) to assess their current practice patterns. RESULTS There were 187 responses (38.4% response rate) with a notable bimodal distribution in respondent practice years, with 39.3% in practice for 10 years or less and 41.4% in practice for more than 20 years. Despite guideline recommendations against the use of ultrasound, the majority of respondents will use it in cases of obesity or bilateral nonpalpable testes (greater than 50%). In the evaluation for bilateral nonpalpable testes most respondents (greater than 80%) perform an endocrine workup. Nevertheless, 55.1% will proceed with surgical exploration even if the workup indicates absence of testicular tissue. Subgroup analysis revealed those in practice for 10 years or less vs greater than 20 years were more likely to perform 2-stage Fowler-Stephens in cases of short vessels (80.8% vs 58.1%) and to perform transscrotal orchiopexy in cases amenable to that approach (79.5% vs 52%). If examination under anesthesia reveals the testicle in the scrotum, 46.5% still perform orchiopexy, citing concerns the testicle will ascend or parental concerns about the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Based on the responses some discordance exists between practice patterns and guideline recommendations. Although surgery may be avoided with endocrine evaluation for suspected anorchia, many respondents will still perform exploration. The evaluation, management and surgical approach in cryptorchidism may be influenced by years in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Griffin
- Department of Urology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Gina Cambareri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - George Kaplan
- Department of Urology, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, California
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Abstract
PURPOSE While the nonpalpable testis represents a small portion of all cryptorchid testes, it remains a clinical challenge for pediatric urologists. Controversy exists surrounding the best evaluation and management of this entity. In this review we update what is known about the nonpalpable testis, including the etiology, preoperative evaluation and best surgical management as well as novel techniques and ongoing controversies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed® and MEDLINE® from January 2000 to January 2017 using relevant key terms. Of 367 articles 115 were considered for inclusion based on a priori design. Using a narrative review format, an update on the evaluation and management of the nonpalpable testis including novel concepts and techniques was synthesized. RESULTS The nonpalpable testis should be evaluated by physical examination only. Imaging is not indicated for routine cases. The optimal surgical approach and technique remain debatable but several novel techniques have been described. Due to the rarity of the nonpalpable testis, randomized controlled trials and other quality comparisons are difficult. Therefore, management remains controversial. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation and management of the nonpalpable testis remain difficult, and some aspects are still debated. Future research should focus on multi-institutional collaborative trials to determine the optimal operative management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate H Kraft
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Efficiency of combined diffusion weighted imaging and conventional MRI in detection of clinically nonpalpable undescended testes. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Infants, children, and adolescents with inguinoscrotal pathology comprise a significant proportion of emergency department and outpatient visits. Visits to the emergency department primarily comprise individuals presenting with scrotal pain due to testicular torsion or torsion of the testicular appendages. At such time, immediate urological consultation is sought. Outpatient visits comprise those individuals with undescended testes, hydroceles, and varicoceles. Rare, but important problems, such as pediatric testicular tumours, may also present in the office setting. Many of these outpatient visits are to primary care physicians, who should have an appreciation of the timing and need for referral. The purpose of this review is to familiarize the general urologist and primary care physician with these varied pathologies and give insight into their assessment and management. Some of these same conditions are seen in adult patients, but there are some significant differences in their management in the pediatric group. In addition, the utility of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, are discussed within each pathological entity. It is hoped that this overview will assist our general urology and primary care colleagues in patient management for diverse inguinoscrotal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Guerra
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Urology, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Leonard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Urology, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Chua KP, Schwartz AL, Volerman A, Conti RM, Huang ES. Use of Low-Value Pediatric Services Among the Commercially Insured. Pediatrics 2016; 138:e20161809. [PMID: 27940698 PMCID: PMC5127068 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Claims-based measures of "low-value" pediatric services could facilitate the implementation of interventions to reduce the provision of potentially harmful services to children. However, few such measures have been developed. METHODS We developed claims-based measures of 20 services that typically do not improve child health according to evidence-based guidelines (eg, cough and cold medicines). Using these measures and claims from 4.4 million commercially insured US children in the 2014 Truven MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database, we calculated the proportion of children who received at least 1 low-value pediatric service during the year, as well as total and out-of-pocket spending on these services. We report estimates based on "narrow" measures designed to only capture instances of service use that were low-value. To assess the sensitivity of results to measure specification, we also reported estimates based on "broad measures" designed to capture most instances of service use that were low-value. RESULTS According to the narrow measures, 9.6% of children in our sample received at least 1 of the 20 low-value services during the year, resulting in $27.0 million in spending, of which $9.2 million was paid out-of-pocket (33.9%). According to the broad measures, 14.0% of children in our sample received at least 1 of the 20 low-value services during the year. CONCLUSIONS According to a novel set of claims-based measures, at least 1 in 10 children in our sample received low-value pediatric services during 2014. Estimates of low-value pediatric service use may vary substantially with measure specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Ping Chua
- Sections of Academic Pediatrics, and
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | - Anna Volerman
- Sections of Academic Pediatrics, and
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Rena M Conti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Elbert S Huang
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
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Radmayr C, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P, Kocvara R, Nijman R, Silay S, Stein R, Undre S, Tekgul S. Management of undescended testes: European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology Guidelines. J Pediatr Urol 2016; 12:335-343. [PMID: 27687532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Undescended testis is the most common endocrinological disease in the male newborn period. Incidence varies between 1.0% and 4.6% in full-term neonates, with rates as high as 45% in preterm neonates. Failure or delay of treatment can result in reduced fertility and/or increased testicular cancer risk in adulthood. OBJECTIVE To provide recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of boys with undescended testes which reduce the risk of impaired fertility and testicular cancer in adulthood. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Embase and Pubmed were searched for all relevant publications, from 1990 to 2015 limited to English language. Data were narratively synthesized in light of methodological and clinical heterogeneity. The risk of bias of each included study was assessed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS There is consensus that early treatment, by 18 months at the latest, for undescended testes is mandatory to avoid possible sequelae regarding fertility potential and cancer risk. The current standard therapy is orchidopexy, while hormonal therapy is still under debate. However, in some individuals the successful scrotal placement of previously undescended testes may not prevent potential negative long-term outcomes regarding fertility and testicular malignancy. CONCLUSIONS There is good evidence for early placement of undescended testes in the scrotal position to prevent potential impairment of fertility and reduce the risk of testicular malignancy. No consensus exists on the various forms of hormonal treatment, which are assessed on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Radmayr
- Paediatric Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Hasan S Dogan
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Division of Paediatric Urology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Piet Hoebeke
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Radim Kocvara
- Department of Urology, General Teaching Hospital in Praha, and Charles University 1st Faculty of Medicine, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Rien Nijman
- Department of Urology, Division of Paediatric Urology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Raimund Stein
- Division of Paediatric Urology, Department of Urology, Mainz University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shabnam Undre
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, UK
| | - Serdar Tekgul
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Division of Paediatric Urology, Ankara, Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Dave
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont.
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