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Morris BJ, Matthews JG, Krieger JN. Prevalence of Phimosis in Males of All Ages: Systematic Review. Urology 2020; 135:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ademuyiwa AO, Odugbemi TO, Bode CO, Elebute OA, Alakaloko FM, Alabi EO, Bankole O, Ladipo-Ajayi O, Seyi-Olajide JO, Okusanya B, Abazie O, Ademuyiwa IY, Onwuka A, Tran T, Makanjuola A, Gupta S, Ots R, Harrison EM, Poenaru D, Nwomeh BC. Prevalence of surgically correctable conditions among children in a mixed urban-rural community in Nigeria using the SOSAS survey tool: Implications for paediatric surgical capacity-building. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223423. [PMID: 31600252 PMCID: PMC6786634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many low- and middle-income countries, data on the prevalence of surgical diseases have been derived primarily from hospital-based studies, which may lead to an underestimation of disease burden within the community. Community-based prevalence studies may provide better estimates of surgical need to enable proper resource allocation and prioritization of needs. This study aims to assess the prevalence of common surgical conditions among children in a diverse rural and urban population in Nigeria. Methods Descriptive cross-sectional, community-based study to determine the prevalence of congenital and acquired surgical conditions among children in a diverse rural-urban area of Nigeria was conducted. Households, defined as one or more persons ‘who eat from the same pot’ or slept under the same roof the night before the interview, were randomized for inclusion in the study. Data was collected using an adapted and modified version of the interviewer-administered questionnaire—Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) survey tool and analysed using the REDCap web-based analytic application. Main results Eight-hundred-and-fifty-six households were surveyed, comprising 1,883 children. Eighty-one conditions were identified, the most common being umbilical hernias (20), inguinal hernias (13), and wound injuries to the extremities (9). The prevalence per 10,000 children was 85 for umbilical hernias (95% CI: 47, 123), and 61 for inguinal hernias (95% CI: 34, 88). The prevalence of hydroceles and undescended testes was comparable at 22 and 26 per 10,000 children, respectively. Children with surgical conditions had similar sociodemographic characteristics to healthy children in the study population. Conclusion The most common congenital surgical conditions in our setting were umbilical hernias, while injuries were the most common acquired conditions. From our study, it is estimated that there will be about 2.9 million children with surgically correctable conditions in the nation. This suggests an acute need for training more paediatric surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesoji O. Ademuyiwa
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Tinuola O. Odugbemi
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Christopher O. Bode
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olumide A. Elebute
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Felix M. Alakaloko
- Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Eyitayo O. Alabi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Bankole
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun Ladipo-Ajayi
- Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Justina O. Seyi-Olajide
- Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Babasola Okusanya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ogechi Abazie
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Iyabo Y. Ademuyiwa
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Amanda Onwuka
- Centre for Surgical Outcomes Research, and Centre for Innovation in Paediatric Practice, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tu Tran
- SOSAS Uganda, Duke University Division of Global Neurosurgery, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ayomide Makanjuola
- Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Shailvi Gupta
- University of California San Francisco East Bay; Surgeons Overseas; San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Riinu Ots
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ewen M. Harrison
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Poenaru
- McGill University Health Centre and Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benedict C. Nwomeh
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Schüssler SC, Kußmann F, Fahlbusch FB, Münster T, Hirsch K, Carbon R, Albrecht S, Dötsch J, Rascher W. Postoperative pain in small-for-gestational age infants after hernia repair, orchidopexy and urethral reconstruction surgery: A pilot study. Early Hum Dev 2019; 136:39-44. [PMID: 31302387 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth bears an enhanced risk of developing hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance and mental health disorders in later life as a consequence of adaptive processes in utero. Only a small number of studies on pain perception in SGA infants exist. These are indicative of a blunted stress response to pain in SGA newborns. AIM We initiated a pilot study investigating differences in postoperative pain perception between SGA and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants. METHODS Pain and alertness levels of 10 formerly SGA and 14 AGA infants at the age 0.5-2 years were evaluated by the FLACC scale, Steward and Aldrete Scores following hernia repair, reconstructive surgery of hypospadia and orchidopexy. In addition, the postoperative consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was compared between SGA and AGA. RESULTS Postoperative pain and alertness levels were not significantly different in SGA and AGA children. We did not observe significant group differences regarding the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. CONCLUSION While previous studies were suggestive of a suppressed stress response to pain in SGA newborns, these findings did not fully translate into an altered response to pain beyond the newborn age. Further studies in a larger cohort seem necessary to verify this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Schüssler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Franziska Kußmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tino Münster
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Hirsch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roman Carbon
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Albrecht
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Köln, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rascher
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Spencer K, Mokhele I, Firnhaber C. Congenital genital abnormalities detected during routine circumcision at a South African institution: a retrospective record review. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:352-358. [PMID: 30602962 PMCID: PMC6306973 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i2.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the reduction in HIV transmission through male medical circumcisions (MMC), numerous clinics throughout South Africa offer a voluntary free service to boys from the age of ten years and above. An examination prior to the procedure may detect congenital abnormalities missed after birth. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to measure the incidence of these abnormalities, determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of this group and determine what referral systems, interventions, and follow-up is available to them. METHODS The study was a descriptive, observational, retrospective analysis of de-identified medical records at a routine MMC service at a Johannesburg clinic in 2015. The participants were male patients between the ages of 10 - 49. RESULTS Out of 1548 participants, 91.0% (n=1409) had a normal genital examination while 3.7% (n=57) had an abnormal examination and 5.1% (n=79) had no examination recorded. Thirty five congenital anomalies were detected and only 2 patients (diagnosed with hypospadias) were seen at the urology out-patient's department. CONCLUSION The incidence of congenital genital abnormalities of males presenting for routine circumcision is low. Despite the low incidence the effect on fertility, sexuality, ability to urinate and on psychological wellbeing is significant. Referral services to the urology department should be restructured to improve all outcomes.
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Bhat A, Kumar V, Bhat M, Kumar R, Patni M, Mittal R. The incidence of apparent congenital urogenital anomalies in North Indian newborns: A study of 20,432 pregnancies. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.afju.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AAR, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA. Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision. Popul Health Metr 2016; 14:4. [PMID: 26933388 PMCID: PMC4772313 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male circumcision (MC) status and genital infection risk are interlinked and MC is now part of HIV prevention programs worldwide. Current MC prevalence is not known for all countries globally. Our aim was to provide estimates for country-specific and global MC prevalence. METHODS MC prevalence data were obtained by searches in PubMed, Demographic and Health Surveys, AIDS Indicator Surveys, and Behavioural Surveillance Surveys. Male age was ≥15 years in most surveys. Where no data were available, the population proportion whose religious faith or culture requires MC was used. The total number of circumcised males in each country and territory was calculated using figures for total males from (i) 2015 US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) data for sex ratio and total population in all 237 countries and territories globally and (ii) 2015 United Nations (UN) figures for males aged 15-64 years. RESULTS The estimated percentage of circumcised males in each country and territory varies considerably. Based on (i) and (ii) above, global MC prevalence was 38.7 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 33.4, 43.9) and 36.7 % (95 % CI: 31.4, 42.0). Approximately half of circumcisions were for religious and cultural reasons. For countries lacking data we assumed 99.9 % of Muslims and Jews were circumcised. If actual prevalence in religious groups was lower, then MC prevalence in those countries would be lower. On the other hand, we assumed a minimum prevalence of 0.1 % related to MC for medical reasons. This may be too low, thereby underestimating MC prevalence in some countries. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the most accurate estimate to date of MC prevalence in each country and territory in the world. We estimate that 37-39 % of men globally are circumcised. Considering the health benefits of MC, these data may help guide efforts aimed at the use of voluntary, safe medical MC in disease prevention programs in various countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- />School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Richard G Wamai
- />Department of African-American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | | | - Aaron AR Tobian
- />Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- />Division of Infectious Diseases and Program in Global Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Joya Banerjee
- />Jhpiego, an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC 20009 USA
| | - Catherine A Hankins
- />Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Centre and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands
- />Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK
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Chen J, Wu S, Wen S, Shen L, Peng J, Yan C, Cao X, Zhou Y, Long C, Lin T, He D, Hua Y, Wei G. The Mechanism of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors (DEHP) Induces Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Cryptorchidism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126403. [PMID: 26035430 PMCID: PMC4452760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussion on the role of DEHP in the critical period of gonadal development in pregnant rats (F0), studied the evolution of F1-F4 generation of inter-generational inheritance of cryptorchidism and the alteration of DNA methylation levels in testis. Pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into two groups: normal control group and DEHP experimental group. From pregnancy 7d to 19d, experimental group was sustained to gavage DEHP 750mg/kg bw/day, observed the incidence of cryptorchidism in offspring and examined the pregnancy rate of female rats through mating experiments. Continuous recording the rat’s weight and AGD value, after maturation (PND80) recording testis and epididymis’ size and weight, detected the sperm number and quality. Subsequently, we examined the evolution morphological changes of testicular tissue for 4 generation rats by HE staining and Western Blot. Completed the MeDIP-sequencing analysis of 6 samples (F1 generation, F4 generation and Control). DEHP successfully induced cryptorchidism occurrence in offspring during pregnancy. The incidence of cryptorchidism in F1 was 30%, in F2 was 12.5%, and there was no cryptorchidism coming up in F3 and F4. Mating experiment shows conception rate 50% in F1, F2 generation was 75%, the F3 and F4 generation were 100%. HE staining showed that the seminiferous epithelium of F1 generation was atrophy and with a few spermatogenic cell, F2 generation had improved, F3 and F4 generation were tend to be normal. The DNA methyltransferase expression was up-regulated with the increase of generations by Real Time-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western Blot. MeDIP-seq Data Analysis Results show many differentially methylated DNA sequences between F1 and F4. DEHP damage male reproductive function in rats, affect expression of DNA methyltransferase enzyme, which in turn leads to genomic imprinting methylation pattern changes and passed on to the next generation, so that the offspring of male reproductive system critical role in the development of imprinted genes imbalances, and eventually lead to producing offspring cryptorchidism. This may be an important mechanism of reproductive system damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengde Wu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinpu Peng
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xining Cao
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Hua
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (GHW)
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (GHW)
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