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Yu E, Valdivia-Valdivia JM, Silva F, Lindholm P. Breath-Hold Diving Injuries - A Primer for Medical Providers. Curr Sports Med Rep 2024; 23:199-206. [PMID: 38709946 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Breath-hold divers, also known as freedivers, are at risk of specific injuries that are unique from those of surface swimmers and compressed air divers. Using peer-reviewed scientific research and expert opinion, we created a guide for medical providers managing breath-hold diving injuries in the field. Hypoxia induced by prolonged apnea and increased oxygen uptake can result in an impaired mental state that can manifest as involuntary movements or full loss of consciousness. Negative pressure barotrauma secondary to airspace collapse can lead to edema and/or hemorrhage. Positive pressure barotrauma secondary to overexpansion of airspaces can result in gas embolism or air entry into tissues and organs. Inert gas loading into tissues from prolonged deep dives or repetitive shallow dives with short surface intervals can lead to decompression sickness. Inert gas narcosis at depth is commonly described as an altered state similar to that experienced by compressed air divers. Asymptomatic cardiac arrhythmias are common during apnea, normally reversing shortly after normal ventilation resumes. The methods of glossopharyngeal breathing (insufflation and exsufflation) can add to the risk of pulmonary overinflation barotrauma or loss of consciousness from decreased cardiac preload. This guide also includes information for medical providers who are tasked with providing medical support at an organized breath-hold diving event with a list of suggested equipment to facilitate diagnosis and treatment outside of the hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Yu
- University of California San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine; San Diego, CA
| | | | - Fernando Silva
- Kaiser Permanente Vacaville Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine; Vacaville, CA
| | - Peter Lindholm
- University of California San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine; San Diego, CA
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Kohshi K, Denoble PJ, Tamaki H, Morimatsu Y, Ishitake T, Lemaître F. Decompression Illness in Repetitive Breath-Hold Diving: Why Ischemic Lesions Involve the Brain? Front Physiol 2021; 12:711850. [PMID: 34539434 PMCID: PMC8446421 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.711850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N2) accumulation in the blood and tissues can occur due to breath-hold (BH) diving. Post-dive venous gas emboli have been documented in commercial BH divers (Ama) after repetitive dives with short surface intervals. Hence, BH diving can theoretically cause decompression illness (DCI). “Taravana,” the diving syndrome described in Polynesian pearl divers by Cross in the 1960s, is likely DCI. It manifests mainly with cerebral involvements, especially stroke-like brain attacks with the spinal cord spared. Neuroradiological studies on Ama divers showed symptomatic and asymptomatic ischemic lesions in the cerebral cortex, subcortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum. These lesions localized in the external watershed areas and deep perforating arteries are compatible with cerebral arterial gas embolism. The underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We consider that the most plausible mechanisms are arterialized venous gas bubbles passing through the lungs, bubbles mixed with thrombi occlude cerebral arteries and then expand from N2 influx from the occluded arteries and the brain. The first aid normobaric oxygen appears beneficial. DCI prevention strategy includes avoiding long-lasting repetitive dives for more than several hours, prolonging the surface intervals. This article provides an overview of clinical manifestations of DCI following repetitive BH dives and discusses possible mechanisms based on clinical and neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Kohshi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Nishinihon Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Tamaki
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Division of Surgery and General Medicine, Tamaki Hospital, Hagi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Morimatsu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishitake
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,CRIOBE USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, PSL, Moorea, France
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Lindblom U, Tosterud C. Pulmonary barotrauma with cerebral arterial gas embolism from a depth of 0.75-1.2 metres of fresh water or less: A case report. Diving Hyperb Med 2021; 51:224-226. [PMID: 34157741 DOI: 10.28920/dhm51.2.224-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During underwater vehicle escape training with compressed air, a fit 26-year-old soldier suffered pulmonary barotrauma with cerebral arterial gas embolism after surfacing from a depth of 0.75-1.2 metres of freshwater or less. She presented with an altered level of consciousness. Rapid neurological examination noted slurred speech, a sensory deficit and right hemiparesis. Eleven hours after the accident, hyperbaric oxygen treatment was initiated using US Navy Treatment Table 6. The soldier almost completely recovered after repeated hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Given the very shallow depth this is an unusual case with only two similar case reports published previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Lindblom
- Swedish Armed Forces, Diving And Naval Medicine Centre, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Corresponding author: Dr Ulrika Lindblom, SSS FM DNC, Box 527, SE-371 23 Karlskrona, Sweden,
| | - Carl Tosterud
- Swedish Armed Forces, Diving And Naval Medicine Centre, Karlskrona, Sweden.,Capio Saint Goran Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bonato M, Bagnoli P, Centelleghe C, Maric M, Brocca G, Mazzariol S, Cozzi B. Dynamics of blood circulation during diving in the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus): the role of the retia mirabilia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.198457. [PMID: 30760548 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.198457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The retia mirabilia are vascular nets composed of small vessels dispersed among numerous veins, allowing blood storage, regulation of flow and pressure damping effects. Here, we investigated their potential role during the diving phase of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). To this effect, the whole vertebral retia mirabilia of a series of dolphins were removed during post-mortem analysis and examined to assess vessel diameters, and estimate vascular volume and flow rate. We formulated a new hemodynamic model to help clarify vascular dynamics throughout the diving phase, based on the total blood volume of a bottlenose dolphin, and using data available about the perfusion of the main organs and body systems. We computed the minimum blood perfusion necessary to the internal organs, and the stroke volume and cardiac output during the surface state. We then simulated breath-holding conditions and perfusion of the internal organs under the diving-induced bradycardia and reduction of stroke volume and cardiac output, using 10 beats min-1 as the limit for the heart rate for an extended dive of over 3 min. Within these simulated conditions, the retia mirabilia play a vital role as reservoirs of oxygenated blood that permit functional performances and survival of the heart and brain. Our theoretical model, based on the actual blood capacity of the retia mirabilia and available data on organ perfusion, considers the dynamic trend of vasoconstriction during the diving phase and may represent a baseline for future studies on the diving physiology of dolphins and especially for the blood supply to their brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova (PD), Italy
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Technology Transfer Office, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Mike Maric
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Özge A, Abu-Arafeh I, Gelfand AA, Goadsby PJ, Cuvellier JC, Valeriani M, Sergeev A, Barlow K, Uludüz D, Yalın OÖ, Faedda N, Lipton RB, Rapoport A, Guidetti V. Experts' opinion about the pediatric secondary headaches diagnostic criteria of the ICHD-3 beta. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:113. [PMID: 29285571 PMCID: PMC5745369 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 2013 International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 was published in a beta version to allow clinicians to confirm the validity of the criteria or suggest improvements based on field studies. The aim of this work was to review the Secondary Headache Disorders and Cranial Neuralgias and Other Headache Disorders sections of ICHD-3 beta data on children and adolescents (age 0–18 years) and to suggest changes, additions, and amendments. Methods Several experts in childhood headache across the world applied different aspects of ICHD-3 beta in their normal clinical practice. Based on their personal experience and the available literature on pediatric headache, they made observations and proposed suggestions for the mentioned headache disorders on children and adolescents. Results Some headache disorders in children have specific features, which are different from adults that should be acknowledged and considered. Some features in children were found to be age-dependent: clinical characteristics, risks factors and etiologies have a strong bio psychosocial basis in children and adolescents making primary headache disorders in children distinct from those in adults. Conclusions Several recommendations are presented in order to make ICHD-3 more appropriate for use in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Özge
- Department of Neurology, Mersin University Medical Faculty, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | - Amy A Gelfand
- UCSF Headache Center and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Pediatric Brain Center 2330 Post St, 6th Floor, Campus Box 1675, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Peter James Goadsby
- NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jean Christophe Cuvellier
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Lille Faculty of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Division of Neurology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, Rome, Italy.,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Alexey Sergeev
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Headache Clinic, Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen Barlow
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, C4-335, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Derya Uludüz
- Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Deaprtment of Neurology, İstanbul University, Kocamustafapaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Özgür Yalın
- İstanbul Research and Education Hospital, Kocamustafapaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Noemi Faedda
- Phd program in Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Paediatrics and Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Montefiore Headache Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alan Rapoport
- The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Guidetti
- Department of Pediatrics and Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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