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Jeung D, Lee GE, Chen W, Byun J, Nam SB, Park YM, Lee HS, Kang HC, Lee JY, Kim KD, Hong YS, Lee CJ, Kim DJ, Cho YY. Ribosomal S6 kinase 2-forkhead box protein O4 signaling pathway plays an essential role in melanogenesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9440. [PMID: 38658799 PMCID: PMC11043394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have examined the signaling pathway involved in melanogenesis through which ultraviolet (UV) or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormones (α-MSH) stimuli act as key inducers to produce melanin at the stratum basal layer of the epidermis, the signaling pathway regulating melanogenesis is still controversial. This study reports that α-MSH, not UVA and UVB, acted as a major stimulus of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Signaling pathway analysis using gene knockdown technology and chemical inhibitors, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) played an important role in melanogenesis. Unexpectedly, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, increased melanogenesis without UV or α-MSH stimulation, suggesting that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway may not be a major signaling pathway for melanogenesis. Chemical inhibition of the MEKs/ERKs/RSK2 signaling pathway using U0126 or BI-D1870 suppressed melanogenesis by stimulation of UVA or α-MSH stimulation, or both. In particular, the genetic depletion of RSK2 or constitutive active (CA)-RSK2 overexpression showed that RSK2 plays a key role in melanogenesis. Interestingly, forkhead box protein O4 (FOXO4) was phosphorylated by RSK2, resulting in the increase of FOXO4's transactivation activity. Notably, the FOXO4 mutant harboring serine-to-alanine replacement at the phosphorylation sites totally abrogated the transactivation activity and reduced melanin production, indicating that RSK2-mediated FOXO4 activity plays a key role in melanogenesis. Furthermore, kaempferol, a flavonoid inhibiting the RSK2 activity, suppressed melanogenesis. In addition, FOXO4-wt overexpression showed that FOXO4 enhance melanin synthesis. Overall, the RSK2-FOXO4 signaling pathway plays a key role in modulating melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohyun Jeung
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Weidong Chen
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Jiin Byun
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Soo-Bin Nam
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
- Biopharmaceutical research center, Ochang Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Min Park
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, South Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chongbuk, 28116, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Jung Lee
- Biopharmaceutical research center, Ochang Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, MBMRF, 1.410, 5300, North L St., McAllen, TX, 78504, USA
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21-4Th Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43, Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea.
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Mardani Y, Karimi-Jaberi Z, Soltanian Fard MJ. Application of Magnetically Recoverable Core–Shell Nanocomposite in the Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes at Room Temperature. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wanitphakdeedecha R, Kaewkes A, Ungaksornpairote C, Limsaengurai S, Panich U, Manuskiatti W. The effect of botulinum toxin type A in different dilution on the contraction of fibroblast-In vitro study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1215-1223. [PMID: 31328889 PMCID: PMC6851680 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) may directly remodel dermal tissues or induce a loss of normal morphology and cytoplasmic retraction and spread. Intradermal injection was claimed to produce a dermo-lifting effect, including midface lifting by using low concentration with variable dilution. OBJECTIVE To understand how intradermal BoNT-A achieves tissue lifting, we examined different type of BoNT-A and their effects on dermal fibroblast contraction. METHODS Normal human dermal fibroblasts were treated with onabotulinumtoxin (ONA), abobotulinumtoxin (ABO), prabotulinumtoxinA (PRABO), incobotulinumtoxinA (INCO), and letibotulinumtoxin A (LETI) in dilutions used in real-world practice. Fifty fibroblasts per dilution were photographed and measured the length to demonstrate their contraction every 2 hours from baseline (0 hours) to 12 hours post-treatment. RESULTS ONA did not significantly decrease fibroblast lengths, at any timepoint or dilution. At 1:7 dilution ratios, ABO decreased fibroblast lengths after 2 hours and significantly after 10-12 hours. At 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, and 1:10 dilution, PRABO decreased length, and most rapidly at 1:7 and 1:8. At 1:6, 1:8, 1:9, and 1:10 dilution, INCO decreased lengths almost immediately. At 1:6 dilution, INCO decreased lengths almost immediately. At 1:7 dilution, INCO decreased lengths after 2-4 hours, while at 1:8, 1:9, and 1:10 dilution, INCO decreased lenghts nearly imediately. LETI decreased lengths at all dilutions except 1:9, with near-immediate effects at 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, and 1:10. At 1:4 dilution, LETI decreased lengths from 1 hour. CONCLUSIONS Different commercial preparations of BoNT-A toxins cause different fibroblast contractions in vitro. Product selection and dilution used may affect the clinical outcome of intradermal injection of BoNT-A for face lifting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arisa Kaewkes
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Chanida Ungaksornpairote
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Saowalak Limsaengurai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Woraphong Manuskiatti
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
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Grando SA, Zachary CB. The non-neuronal and nonmuscular effects of botulinum toxin: an opportunity for a deadly molecule to treat disease in the skin and beyond. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1011-1019. [PMID: 29086923 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) exhibit biological effects on various human cell types with a host of associated clinical implications. This review aims to provide an update on the non-neuronal and nonmuscular effects of botulinum toxin. We critically analysed recent reports on the structure and function of cellular signalling systems subserving biological effects of BoNTs. The BoNT receptors and intracellular targets are not unique for neurotransmission. They have been found in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, but there are differences in how BoNT binds to, and acts on, neuronal vs. non-neuronal cells. The non-neuronal cells that express one or more BoNT/A-binding proteins, and/or cleavage target synaptosomal-associated protein 25, include: epidermal keratinocytes; mesenchymal stem cells from subcutaneous adipose; nasal mucosal cells; urothelial cells; intestinal, prostate and alveolar epithelial cells; breast cell lines; neutrophils; and macrophages. Serotype BoNT/A can also elicit specific biological effects in dermal fibroblasts, sebocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Nontraditional applications of BoNT have been reported for the treatment of the following dermatological conditions: hyperhidrosis, Hailey-Hailey disease, Darier disease, inversed psoriasis, aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma, pachyonychia congenita, multiple eccrine hydrocystomas, eccrine angiomatous hamartoma, eccrine sweat gland naevi, congenital eccrine naevus, Raynaud phenomenon and cutaneous leiomyomas. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of BoNT/A to protect skin flaps, facilitate wound healing, decrease thickness of hypertrophic scars, produce an anti-ageing effect, improve a mouse model of psoriasiform dermatitis, and have also revealed extracutaneous effects of BoNT arising from its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. BoNTs have a much wider range of applications than originally understood, and the individual cellular responses to the cholinergic impacts of BoNTs could provide fertile ground for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - C B Zachary
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
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Kaempferol targeting on the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-ribosomal S6 kinase 2 signaling axis prevents the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29540697 PMCID: PMC5851988 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the synovial joints. Although involvement of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway has been suggested as an important modulator in RA development, no clear evidence has been provided. In this study, we found that synovial fluid basic FGF (bFGF) concentration was significantly higher in RA than in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. bFGF stimulates proliferation and migration of human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) by activation of the bFGF-FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3)-ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) signaling axis. Moreover, a molecular docking study revealed that kaempferol inhibited FGFR3 activity by binding to the active pocket of the FGFR3 kinase domain. Kaempferol forms hydrogen bonds with the FGFR3 backbone oxygen of Glu555 and Ala558 and the side chain of Lys508. Notably, the inhibition of bFGF-FGFR3-RSK2 signaling by kaempferol suppresses the proliferation and migration of RA FLSs and the release of activated T-cell-mediated inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, IL-21, and TNF-α. We further found that activated phospho-FGFR3 and -RSK2 were more highly observed in RA than in OA synovium. The hyperplastic lining and sublining lymphoid aggregate layers of RA synovium showed p-RSK2-expressing CD68+ macrophages with high frequency, while pRSK2-expressing CD4+ T-cells was observed at a lower frequency. Notably, kaempferol administration in collagen-induced arthritis mice relieved the frequency and severity of arthritis. Kaempferol reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo relative to the controls and was associated with the inhibition of osteoclast markers, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, integrin β3, and MMP9. Conclusively, our data suggest that bFGF-induced FGFR3-RSK2 signaling may play a critical role during the initiation and progression of RA in terms of FLS proliferation and enhanced osteoclastogenesis, and that kaempferol may be effective as a new treatment for RA.
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Shi Y, Liu X, Fredimoses M, Song M, Chen H, Liu K, Lee MH, Dong Z. FGFR2 regulation by picrasidine Q inhibits the cell growth and induces apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2231-2239. [PMID: 28857247 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 and its downstream signaling cascades, PI3 K/AKT/mTOR is playing an important role in cell survival and proliferations. In this study, we firstly found that picrasidine Q (PQ), an alkaloid component extracted from Angelica keiskei species, has the capacity of anti-cell transformation and anti-cancer. After ligand shape similarity approach of PQ, we found that PQ targeted FGFR 2 and verified by FGFR2 kinase assay as well as computational docking model. FGFR2 highly expressed in esophageal cancer tissues and PQ inhibited fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-induced cell transformation. Furthermore, PQ inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in KYSE30, KYSE410, and KYSE450 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells. It was confirmed by detecting of biological markers such as cyclinD1, cyclinD3 and cyclinB1 for cell cycle or cleaved caspase-7, caspase-3, and PARP for apoptosis. PQ targeting of FGFR2 kinase activities suppressed downstream target proteins including phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR but not MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Taken together, our results are the first to identify that PQ might be a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent by direct targeting FGFR2 and inhibiting cell proliferation of ESCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | | | - Mengqiu Song
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Hanyong Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Kangdong Liu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Zigang Dong
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China.,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
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Jo E, Park SJ, Choi YS, Jeon WK, Kim BC. Kaempferol Suppresses Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Migration of A549 Lung Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Akt1-Mediated Phosphorylation of Smad3 at Threonine-179. Neoplasia 2016; 17:525-37. [PMID: 26297431 PMCID: PMC4547409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol, a natural dietary flavonoid, is well known to possess chemopreventive and therapeutic anticancer efficacy; however, its antimetastatic effects have not been mechanistically studied so far in any cancer model. This study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect and accompanying mechanisms of kaempferol on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). In human A549 non–small lung cancer cells, kaempferol strongly blocked the enhancement of cell migration by TGF-β1–induced EMT through recovering the loss of E-cadherin and suppressing the induction of mesenchymal markers as well as the upregulation of TGF-β1–mediated matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity. Interestingly, kaempferol reversed TGF-β1–mediated Snail induction and E-cadherin repression by weakening Smad3 binding to the Snail promoter without affecting its C-terminus phosphorylation, complex formation with Smad4, and nuclear translocation under TGF-β1 stimulation. Mechanism study revealed that the phosphorylation of Smad3 linker region induced by TGF-β1 was required for the induction of EMT and cell migration, and selective downregulation of the phosphorylation of Smad3 at Thr179 residue (not Ser204, Ser208, and Ser213) in the linker region was responsible for the inhibition by kaempferol of TGF-β1–induced EMT and cell migration. Furthermore, Akt1 was required for TGF-β1–mediated induction of EMT and cell migration and directly phosphorylated Smad3 at Thr179, and kaempferol completely abolished TGF-β1–induced Akt1 phosphorylation. In summary, kaempferol blocks TGF-β1–induced EMT and migration of lung cancer cells by inhibiting Akt1-mediated phosphorylation of Smad3 at Thr179 residue, providing the first evidence of a molecular mechanism for the anticancer effect of kaempferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Jo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ji Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Sun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Kwang Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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Khandelwal AR, Rong X, Moore-Medlin T, Ekshyyan O, Abreo F, Gu X, Nathan CAO. Photopreventive Effect and Mechanism of AZD4547 and Curcumin C3 Complex on UVB-Induced Epidermal Hyperplasia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:296-304. [PMID: 26862088 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) of the skin is the second most common type of skin cancer in the United States due to high exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. In our previous studies, Curcumin C3 complex (C3), a standardized preparation of three curcumonoids, delayed UVB-induced tumor incidence and inhibited multiplicity. Exposure to UVB activates mTOR and FGFR signaling that play a key role in skin tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of C3 complex to afford protection against acute UVB-induced hyperproliferation by targeting the mTOR and FGFR signaling pathways. Pretreatment with C3 complex significantly inhibited UVB-induced FGF-2 induction, FGF-2-induced cell proliferation, progression and colony formation, mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation, and FGFR2 phosphorylation in the promotion-sensitive JB6 cells epithelial cells. Further, FGFR was critical for UVB-induced mTOR activation, suggesting an important role of FGFR2 in UVB-induced mTOR signaling. SKH-1 mice pretreated with C3 (15 mg/kg/b.w.) for 2 weeks followed by a single exposure to UVB (180 mj/cm(2)) significantly attenuated UVB-induced mTORC1, mTORC2, and FGFR2 activation. To further assess the role of FGFR in UVB-induced hyperproliferation, SKH-1 mice were pretreated with AZD4547 (5 mg/kg/b.w.); a selective pan-FGFR kinase inhibitor followed by single exposure to UVB (180 mj/cm(2)). AZD4547 significantly inhibited UVB-induced mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation, epidermal hyperplasia and hyperproliferation. Our studies underscore the importance of FGFR signaling in UVB-induced acute skin changes and the role of FGFR/mTOR signaling in mediating the effects of C3 complex in the pathogenesis of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok R Khandelwal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Xiaohua Rong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Tara Moore-Medlin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Oleksandr Ekshyyan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Fleurette Abreo
- Department of Pathology, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Cherie-Ann O Nathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, LSU-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana. Department of Surgery, Overton Brooks Veterans Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.
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