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Alwadi MA, AlJameel AH, Alshammari FR, Chavarria EA, Aboul-Enein BH. A Social Media Content Analysis of Dental Health Information Involving the Use of Miswak (Salvadora persica) Chewing Stick on YouTube™. Cureus 2024; 16:e64743. [PMID: 39156305 PMCID: PMC11328981 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The widespread availability of Internet access and the rising popularity of social media platforms have facilitated the dissemination of health-related information, including dental health practices. However, assessing the quality and effectiveness of such information remains a challenge, particularly concerning traditional practices such as Miswak (Salvadora persica) usage. This study aims to assess the description, use, and effectiveness of the Miswak (Salvadora persica) chewing stick posted as video clips on YouTube™ and provide considerations for future interventions. Methodology YouTube videos were searched using the terms "Miswak," "Siwak," "Salvadora persica," and "Chewing stick." Each video's descriptive features, i.e., title, links, country of origin, upload date, running time, views, comments, likes, and dislikes, were recorded. Content quality was assessed using the DISCERN tool, which rates the reliability, dependability, and trustworthiness of online sources across 16 items. Scores were aggregated for analysis. The statistical analysis examined video features and associations between the speaker, video type, source, and quality, with significance set at a p-value <0.05 using SPSS Statistics Version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results A total of 45 videos were included in the study, with the majority (62%) created by the "other professionals" category. Almost three-quarters (73.3%) of the videos were educational. The quality of the video clips was correlated with the speaker source and category of "other," revealing that high-quality information was considered such when the source was other than a dentist. Further, we found that a video's source did not elicit differences in the opinion of the video's quality. Conclusions This social media analysis provides considerations and implications for future research on the potential use of YouTube as a platform for Miswak educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram A Alwadi
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - AlBandary H AlJameel
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Falah R Alshammari
- Department of Dental Public Health and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Hail University, Hail, SAU
| | - Enmanuel A Chavarria
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Basil H Aboul-Enein
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, GBR
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Alqarni A, Shamsudeen SM, Mannakandath ML, Asif SM, Alassiri S, Assiri KI. Comparison of gender identification using exfoliated cells obtained from toothbrush and miswak: A longitudinal study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38401. [PMID: 38847720 PMCID: PMC11155579 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Gender identification plays a pivotal role in forensic medicine. Among the various methods used for gender identification, deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) based methods are considered accurate. Exfoliated oral mucosal cells that are harvested from oral hygiene aids can be potentially used for gender identification using real-time polymerase chain rection (PCR). The aim of the present longitudinal study is to assess and compare the efficacy of toothbrush and miswak as potential tools to harvest exfoliated cells for gender identification. Forty healthy volunteers were recruited and asked to clean their teeth using new toothbrush and fresh miswak each day for 4 days. Toothbrush and miswak used by the participants were subjected to DNA analysis immediately, 1st, 2nd and 6th month. The absorbance of DNA samples were quantified and gender identification was done by amplification of sex determining gene-Sex determining region Y gene (SRY) and ALT1 genes using real-time PCR. The number of correct and positive identification for samples at various time points were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Post hoc power analysis showed that the study had a power of 93%. Correct and positive gender identification was observed for the samples (100%) obtained using miswak, for tooth brush it reduced to 95%, 80%, and 35% at the end of 1st, 2nd, and 6th month. The differences seen at the end of 2nd month and 6th month were statistically significant. Miswak is a better tool to harvest exfoliated cells for gender identification when compared to a toothbrush. Hence, miswak can serve as a potential tool in forensic medicine for DNA extraction and subsequently victim identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alqarni
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik Mohamed Shamsudeen
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shaik Mohammed Asif
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alassiri
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil Ibrahim Assiri
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Science & Oral Biology King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Pradeep P, Thomas AR, Kaur K, Samson RS, Mayya A, Adiga S, Nagraj SK. Herbal medicines to prevent dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 2024:CD015832. [PMCID: PMC11091949 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2024]
Abstract
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of herbs/herbal extracts to prevent or minimise tooth decay in children and adults.
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Chibuye B, Singh IS. Integration of local knowledge in the secondary school chemistry curriculum - A few examples of ethno-chemistry from Zambia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29174. [PMID: 38633622 PMCID: PMC11021971 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Before formally introducing chemistry in schools, Africans practiced it as ethnochemistry as they lived in their ethnic groupings. To a large extent, it may be true for other ethnic groups and communities across the globe as well. This study aimed to document a drop from the ocean of ethnochemistry knowledge that people in Zambia practiced in the past and modern times to use such ethnochemistry knowledge to teach chemistry in ethnically responsive ways. Further, this study sought to raise the profile of indigenous cultural knowledge in the globalized world dominated by modernity. Ethnography research design was used including unstructured interviews for data collection. This study purposively selected twenty (20) research participants using snowball sampling. Results show that many relevant ethnochemistry practices in Zambia can be used to grow the national economy, enrich the teaching of Secondary School Chemistry to ethnically diverse students, and generate secondary school students' interest and better familiarity with Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitwell Chibuye
- Department of Chemistry Education, School of Education, Mukuba University, Kitwe, PO Box 20382, Itimpi Campus, Zambia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, PO box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Indra Sen Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, PO box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
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Paulraj J, T J, S YC, Shanmugam R, Maiti S. Investigating the Potential of Acacia nilotica-Enriched Glass Ionomer Cement: An Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Compressive Strength. Cureus 2024; 16:e54821. [PMID: 38529417 PMCID: PMC10962697 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background According to existing literature, introducing natural antibacterial agents into glass ionomer cement (GIC) has been associated with potential negative impacts on their strength properties. Hence, this study aims to explore the antibacterial effectiveness of glass ionomer cement enriched with Acacia nilotica and subsequently assess its compressive strength characteristics. Aim The objective of the study is to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness and compressive strength of glass ionomer cement modified with Acacia nilotica. Materials and methods The plant extract was incorporated into the conventional glass ionomer cement in three different proportions (powder GIC: extract: liquid GIC), divided into group I, group II, and group III with ratios of 2:1:1, 3:1:2, and 3:2:1 respectively. Additionally, a control group denoted as group IV was included without any modifications. Subsequently, the specimens were prepared, and their chemical structure was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), followed by testing for antimicrobial activity using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. The assessment of compressive strength was conducted following ISO 9917-1:2007 standards, and the recorded values represent the maximum force the specimen could withstand before fracturing. Results The antimicrobial effectiveness against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus exhibited a notable increase in all modified specimens compared to the control group, with a significance level of p<0.05. Additionally, significant improvements in compressive strength were observed in group III (183.49±2.99) when compared to the remaining groups. The higher concentrations of the plant extract resulted in superior outcomes. Conclusion Therefore, the incorporation of Acacia nilotica into GIC shows promising potential as a restorative material. These investigations can provide valuable insights into the material's performance and durability, contributing to its potential application in dental restorations. Future research is needed to thoroughly investigate the bonding chemistry between Acacia nilotica and GIC, as well as to assess the extent of microleakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Paulraj
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Jeyashree T
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Yuvashree C S
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Subhabrata Maiti
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Osman FA, Sarhan LA, Eladl NE, Desai V, Narayanan J, Thangavelu L, Varma SR. Efficacy of a Eucalyptus oil-based dentifrice in reducing plaque and gingival bleeding scores - A randomized clinical crossover study. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2024; 15:25-28. [PMID: 38389967 PMCID: PMC10880914 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_103_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbal products in dentistry have grown significantly. In the current scenario, herbal products are believed to be an effective adjunct to other medications. The present study aims to evaluate Eucalyptus oil and miswak (Salvadora persica) toothpaste for its efficacy in observable reduction in plaque and gingival bleeding. Sixty participants with gingivitis were enrolled in the present study. The study included an interim period (washout) comparing miswak and Eucalyptus toothpaste. Plaque scores were measured at designated time intervals. Both herbal toothpastes significantly decreased plaque index. Nevertheless, with relation to miswak (P = 0.002), Eucalyptus oil-based toothpaste exhibited reduction in bleeding scores. When participants were asked to return to their routine toothpaste, no changes were observed. Results from the study showed that the toothpaste containing Eucalyptus showed a significant decrease in gingival bleeding. More investigations should be looked on the medicinal applications of Eucalyptus toothpaste on commonly seen periodontal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vijay Desai
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Jayaraj Narayanan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Siddaiah SB, Sinha S, Archana BR. Microbiological Evaluation of Herbal Extracts against Candida albicans in Early Childhood Caries Patients: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024; 17:26-30. [PMID: 38559866 PMCID: PMC10978517 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The current literature proposes a probable role of Candida albicans (C. albicans) in its etiopathogenesis in early childhood caries (ECC). This study aimed to isolate C. albicans species in children with and without ECC and compare the antifungal efficacy of neem, miswak, cinnamon, clove, stevia, and ketoconazole. This study also aimed to assess and compare salivary pH in children with and without ECC. Materials and methods A total of 60 children were included in the study, who were divided into two groups-group I (children with ECC) and group II (children without ECC). Plaque samples were collected and streaked on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). C. albicans isolates were evaluated, and their susceptibility to herbal agents was tested and compared. Saliva samples were collected, and salivary pH was tested and compared. Results The presence of C. albicans was significantly higher in group I (76.7%) as compared to group II (23.3%). The mean zone of inhibition for neem was 4.9 mm, whereas, for miswak, it was 4.5 mm; for cinnamon, 9.3 mm; for clove, 3.8 mm; for stevia, 10.9 mm; and for ketoconazole it was 21.09 mm. The mean salivary pH for group I was 6.7, and that for group II was 7.3. Conclusion Candida albicans (C. albicans) carriage in children with ECC was significantly higher than in children without ECC. All herbal agents showed significant antifungal activity, with stevia showing the highest activity. The average salivary pH of children without ECC was slightly higher than that of children with ECC. How to cite this article Siddaiah SB, Sinha S, BR A. Microbiological Evaluation of Herbal Extracts against Candida albicans in Early Childhood Caries Patients: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(1):26-30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakuntala B Siddaiah
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RajaRajeswari Dental College & Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Somya Sinha
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, RajaRajeswari Dental College & Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - BR Archana
- Department of Microbiology, RajaRajeswari Medical College & Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Azizan NF, Mohd N, Nik Azis NM, Baharin B. Effectiveness of Salvadora persica toothbrush and Salvadora persica chewing stick in plaque and gingivitis control: a randomized control trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:456. [PMID: 38098022 PMCID: PMC10720088 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The values of plant-based products have taken on an expanding relevance in dentistry. Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak) has been practiced for centuries and is recommended by the World Health Organization as a customary oral hygiene tool. The therapeutic effects of S. persica chewing stick are contributed by its mechanical cleansing action, active chemicals released, or the combination of these two actions. However, the S. persica chewing stick in its natural form can be difficult to maneuver in certain parts of the mouth. This concern has inspired the innovation of the S. persica toothbrush that is designed to merge the ease of use of a toothbrush with the beneficial natural properties of S. persica preserved in its bristle. The present study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness between S. persica toothbrush, S. persica chewing stick and the standard toothbrush in plaque and gingivitis control. METHODS In this single-blinded and parallel randomized controlled trial, 78 participants were randomly divided into three groups to either use (i) S. persica toothbrush (MTB); (ii) S. persica chewing stick (MCS); or (iii) standard toothbrush (STB) in a standardized manner for three weeks. Plaque Index (PI) and Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) values, measuring plaque levels and severity of gingivitis, respectively, were evaluated at baseline, one- and three-week post-interventions. RESULTS The MCS group showed a significant improvement in the mean PISA values of the anterior teeth compared to the MTB and STB groups (MCS: from 16.35 ± 10.03 to 3.41 ± 1.14; MTB: from 25.20 ± 14.01 to 3.57 ± 1.19; STB: from 26.54 ± 8.64 to 6.17 ± 0.86; p < .050). All three groups reported significant improvements (p < .001) in the plaque levels and the severity of gingivitis from baseline to three weeks after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Following correct techniques, S. persica toothbrush and chewing sticks are as effective as the standard toothbrush in plaque control and gingival health, which represent the reputed anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties of S. persica. TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial was prospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with registration NCT04650685 (25/11/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Fatin Azizan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurulhuda Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Madihah Nik Azis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Badiah Baharin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Fleifel M, Fleifel B, El Alam A. Diabetes Mellitus across the Arabo-Islamic World: A Revolution. Int J Endocrinol 2023; 2023:5541808. [PMID: 38021083 PMCID: PMC10656201 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5541808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mankind continues to suffer from the ever-growing diabetes epidemic and the rapid rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This metabolic disease has been studied since ancient civilizations. The Arabo-Islamic civilization excelled in establishing some of the most notable discoveries and teachings that remained the blueprint for years to come in the field of diabetology. Aim This article aimed to review the ancient history of diabetes mellitus, with its main focus on the Arabo-Islamic civilization, and to report our subjective views and analysis of some of the past recommendations based on modern-day findings. Discussion. It is natural to have the teachings of medicine dynamically inspired by one civilization to another, as various fields continue to expand and evolve. This also applies to diabetology as the Arabo-Islamic world used the outlines of prior civilizations to revolutionize the understanding of the disease. Al-Razi and Ibn Sina are probably two of the most renowned polymaths in history, and their contributions to diabetology are well documented. Ibn Maymun's postulation about the higher prevalence of diabetes in Egypt as compared to Andalusia is something to be carefully studied. It could be that diabetes mellitus' underdiagnosis and late-stage detection are some of the major reasons for the disparity between the two mentioned regions. Modern-day Arabo-Islamic scholars continue to excel in revolutionizing diabetology. Conclusion The Arabo-Islamic world houses an impressive bout of scholars who have contributed since the ancient times to diabetology. This scientific locomotion shows no signs of stopping, as it continues to shine during the present day, and likely in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Fleifel
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Andrew El Alam
- Endocrinology Division, Centre Hospitalier de Chartres, Louis Pasteur Hospital, Chartres, France
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Shaalan O, El-Rashidy A. Antibacterial Effect of Miswak herbal toothpaste Compared to Fluoride Toothpaste in High Caries Risk Patients: Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Exp Dent 2023; 15:e526-e534. [PMID: 37519323 PMCID: PMC10382162 DOI: 10.4317/jced.60332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Modern toothbrushes origin can be traced to plant-derived chewing sticks, which were documented to be used Babylonians as early as 3500 BC. Chewing sticks are routinely used for cleaning teeth in Asia, Africa, South America, and the Middle East. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of miswak herbal toothpaste compared to fluoride toothpaste using a normal toothbrush, against Streptococcus mutans in high caries risk patients. Material and Methods A total of 32 participants were recruited to the current clinical trial using convenience sampling randomly either to miswak or fluoride toothpastes groups (n=16). The bacterial count represented as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) was assessed at baseline and after 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. Moreover, the ion release for silicone, calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride from both toothpastes was analyzed in addition to the pH of both toothpastes and their supernatants. Intergroup comparison was performed using independent t test, while intragroup comparison was performed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by tukey post-hoc test and paired t test when appropriate. Results There was no statistically significant difference between both toothpastes for the S. mutans count within each follow up period, however the bacterial count significantly decreased over time in both groups. Signal Fluoride toothpaste exhibited statistically significant higher ion release when compared to the Dabur Miswak toothpaste. There was no statistically significant difference between either toothpastes regarding pH (P = 0.5368), while comparison between supernatants of toothpastes have shown statistically significant difference (P = 0.0194), with a higher pH in miswak toothpaste. Conclusions Miswak herbal toothpaste possesses a potent antibacterial effect, yet its remineralization potential is questionable due to its inferior ion release that will affect the ion substantivity in saliva, which is an important factor in remineralization. Key words:High caries risk, Miswak, Fluoride, Antibacterial, Streptococcus mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Shaalan
- Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aiah El-Rashidy
- Lecturer, Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Budala DG, Martu MA, Maftei GA, Diaconu-Popa DA, Danila V, Luchian I. The Role of Natural Compounds in Optimizing Contemporary Dental Treatment-Current Status and Future Trends. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050273. [PMID: 37233383 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long period of time, natural remedies were the only ailment available for a multitude of diseases, and they have proven effective even after the emergence of modern medicine. Due to their extremely high prevalence, oral and dental disorders and anomalies are recognized as major public health concerns. Herbal medicine is the practice of using plants with therapeutic characteristics for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment. Herbal agents have made a significant entry into oral care products in recent years, complementing traditional treatment procedures due to their intriguing physicochemical and therapeutic properties. There has been a resurgence of interest in natural products because of recent updates, technological advancements, and unmet expectations from current strategies. Approximately eighty percent of the world's population uses natural remedies, especially in poorer nations. When conventional treatments have failed, it may make sense to use natural drugs for the treatment of pathologic oral dental disorders, as they are readily available, inexpensive, and have few negative effects. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and applications of natural biomaterials in dentistry, to gather relevant information from the medical literature with an eye toward its practical applicability, and make suggestions for the directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Gabriela Budala
- Department of Implantology, Removable Prostheses, Dental Prostheses Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Maria-Alexandra Martu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - George-Alexandru Maftei
- Department of Dento-Alveolar Surgery and Oral Pathology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, Universitatii Street 16, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Diana Antonela Diaconu-Popa
- Department of Implantology, Removable Prostheses, Dental Prostheses Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Vlad Danila
- Department of Dento-Alveolar Surgery and Oral Pathology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași, Universitatii Street 16, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Ionut Luchian
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
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Mosaddad SA, Hussain A, Tebyaniyan H. Green Alternatives as Antimicrobial Agents in Mitigating Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1269. [PMCID: PMC10220622 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases and dental caries are the most common infectious oral diseases impacting oral health globally. Oral cavity health is crucial for enhancing life quality since it serves as the entranceway to general health. The oral microbiome and oral infectious diseases are strongly correlated. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been associated with periodontal diseases. Due to the shortcomings of several antimicrobial medications frequently applied in dentistry, the lack of resources in developing countries, the prevalence of oral inflammatory conditions, and the rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is a need for reliable, efficient, and affordable alternative solutions for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Several accessible chemical agents can alter the oral microbiota, although these substances also have unfavorable symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and tooth discoloration. Natural phytochemicals generated from plants that have historically been used as medicines are categorized as prospective alternatives due to the ongoing quest for substitute products. This review concentrated on phytochemicals or herbal extracts that impact periodontal diseases by decreasing the formation of dental biofilms and plaques, preventing the proliferation of oral pathogens, and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to surfaces. Investigations examining the effectiveness and safety of plant-based medicines have also been presented, including those conducted over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
| | - Ahmed Hussain
- School of Dentistry, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Science and Research Branch, Islimic Azade University, Tehran 14878-92855, Iran
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Alwadi MAM, Sidhu A, Khaled MB, Aboul-Enein BH. Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) gum and oral health: a state-of-the-art review of the literature. J Nat Med 2023; 77:430-445. [PMID: 37147480 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this state-of-the-art review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various therapeutic effects of Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) gum on oral health. The search of the literature was conducted across thirteen databases for relevant publications published through May 2022 in English, Arabic, or Greek using a combination of keywords and phrases. Out of 246 papers, the search procedure identified 14 papers for inclusion. Mastic gum displayed antibacterial and antimicrobial properties and inhibited plaque accumulation, constituting a beneficial adjuvant in caries prevention. In the treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases, Pistacia lentiscus essential oil provided effective antibacterial activity against a variety of periodontal bacteria as well as anti-inflammatory properties. For oral cancer, several clinical trials revealed interesting results against cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and regulation of intracellular signaling pathways. This indicates the potential of Mastic gum to serve as a preventive and therapeutic agent for oral mucosa inflammation and oral cancer. No notable toxic or side effects were reported in the clinical trials reviewed. This review highlights the various beneficial effects of Mastic gum in the prevention and potential treatment of oral diseases. Further research targeting Pistacia lentiscus products is required in order to validate and utilize these products to prevent and to treat oral health diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Ali M Alwadi
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amrita Sidhu
- School of Public Health, Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Méghit Boumédiène Khaled
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life and Natural Science, Lab-NuPABS (Laboratoire de Nutrition, Pathologie, Agro-biotechnologie et Santé), Centre de recherche, route de Mascara, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
| | - Basil H Aboul-Enein
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
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14
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Shemer M, Boaretto E, Greenbaum N, Bar-Yosef Mayer DE, Tejero JM, Langgut D, Gnezdilov DL, Barzilai O, Marder O, Marom N. Early Upper Paleolithic cultural variability in the Southern Levant: New evidence from Nahal Rahaf 2 Rockshelter, Judean Desert, Israel. J Hum Evol 2023; 178:103342. [PMID: 36934495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The Levantine Early Upper Paleolithic (ca. 45-30 ka) has been a focus of research because of its unique position as a conduit of human, flora, and fauna species between Africa and Eurasia. Studies have mainly focused on the Early Ahmarian and Levantine Aurignacian, two entities, the former endemic and the latter foreign, which are considered to have coinhabited the region during that period. However, other cultural entities, such as the Atlitian in the Mediterranean region and the Arkov-Divshon in the arid regions of the southern Levant received less attention, and accordingly, suffer from broad definitions and chronological insecurity. These cultures hold potential insights regarding nuanced adaptations, reciprocal influences, and diachronic assimilation processes. The recently discovered site of Nahal Rahaf 2 Rockshelter in the Judean Desert provides integral information on one of these entities-the Arkov-Divshon. Two excavation seasons revealed a sequence of archaeological layers, with lithic assemblages in which laterally carinated items were prominent. Alongside rich faunal assemblages, other components of the material culture include perforated marine shells and bone tools, marking the first association of these elements with Arkov-Divshon and implying some degree of contact with the Mediterranean regions of the Levant. Good preservation of organic materials allowed radiocarbon dating of the human occupation at the site to ca. 37.5-34.0 ka cal BP, indicating chronological overlap with the Levantine Aurignacian, and possibly also with the latest phases of the Early Ahmarian. Thus, challenging the validity of the widely accepted 'Two Tradition' Model of the Levantine Upper Paleolithic. Lithic analyses suggest the use of one main reduction sequence and the primary production of bladelets from carinated items. Faunal remains suggest targeted hunting of ibex and gazelle. Botanical remains and sedimentary analyses suggest roughly similar environmental conditions, with a possible woodier environment in the surroundings of the site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Shemer
- Department of Bible, Archaeology and the Ancient Near East, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; Archaeological Research Department, Israel Antiquities Authority, P.O. Box 586, Jerusalem 9100402, Israel.
| | - Elisabetta Boaretto
- Dangoor Research Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Greenbaum
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Daniella E Bar-Yosef Mayer
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jose-Miguel Tejero
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Wien Biocenter, Djerassiplat 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Djerassiplat 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria; Seminari d'Estudis I Recerques Prehistòriques (SERP), Universitat de Barcelona, C/ Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dafna Langgut
- The Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Ancient Environments, Institute of Archaeology, The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dariya Lokshin Gnezdilov
- Laboratory of Archaeozoology, School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Omry Barzilai
- Archaeological Research Department, Israel Antiquities Authority, P.O. Box 586, Jerusalem 9100402, Israel
| | - Ofer Marder
- Department of Bible, Archaeology and the Ancient Near East, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nimrod Marom
- Laboratory of Archaeozoology, School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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15
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Mohany M, Al-zharani M, Nasr FA, El-Wetidy MS, Farag M, Abdel-Mageed WM, El-Gamal A, Al-Rejaie SS, Noman OM, Qurtam AA, Rudayni HA, Aleissa MS. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. OPEN CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer is the second largest cause of mortality worldwide. Many natural bioactive chemicals generated from plants have favorable impacts on health, including cancer chemoprevention, compared to their manufactured counterparts. Persicaline, a novel sulfur-containing imidazoline alkaloid derived from Salvadora persica, has been shown to display promising antioxidant activity. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of persicaline was tested against different cancer cells using (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The cell death mode and cell-cycle arrest were examined using flow cytometry analysis. In addition, the proapoptotic and molecular mechanism effects of persicaline against mammary MCF-7 cell line were explored. Furthermore, the impact of persicaline on apoptotic genes markers, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential were monitored. It was found that persicaline inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Persicaline-treated MCF-7 cells also showed initiation of apoptotic events and G1 cell-cycle arrest. In addition, persicaline treatment led to an increase in ROS generation, Bax and caspase upregulation while the Bcl-2 was downregulated. Hence, for the first time, this study showed that persicaline causes G1 phase arrest and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells. Increased proapoptotic genes and ROS levels were required for the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of persicaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 55760 , Riyadh – 1145 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-zharani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh 11623 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd A. Nasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S. El-Wetidy
- College of Medicine, Research Center, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2925 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael M. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali El-Gamal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim S. Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 55760 , Riyadh – 1145 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar M. Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Ahmed Qurtam
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh 11623 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Rudayni
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh 11623 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Aleissa
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh 11623 , Saudi Arabia
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16
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In Vitro Antiviral Effect and Potential Neuroprotection of Salvadora persica L. Stem Bark Extract against Lipopolysaccharides-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice: LC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of the Methanol Extract. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030398. [PMID: 36986497 PMCID: PMC10058283 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a serious immunomodulatory complex disorder that causes neurological and somatic ailments. The treatment of brain inflammation with new drugs derived from natural sources is a significant therapeutic goal. Utilizing LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, the active constituents of Salvadora persica extract (SPE) were identified tentatively as exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in natural medicine. Herein, we determined the antiviral potential of SPE against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) using the plaque assay. HSV-2 is a neurotropic virus that can cause neurological diseases. SPE exhibited promising antiviral potential with a half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 185.960 ± 0.1 µg/mL and a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 8.946 ± 0.02 µg/mL. The in vivo study of the SPE impact against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation was performed using 42 mice divided into seven groups. All groups were administered LPS (0.25 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, except for the normal and SPE groups 1 and 2. Groups 5, 6, and 7 received 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg SPE. It was revealed that SPE inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the brain. It increased superoxide dismutase and catalase while decreasing malondialdehyde, which explains its antioxidative stress activity. SPE downregulated the gene expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase, as well as the apoptotic markers (caspase-3 and c-Jun). In addition, it decreased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). Mice administered SPE (300 mg/kg) with LPS exhibited normal neurons in the cerebral cortices, hippocampus pyramidal layer, and cerebellum, as determined by the histopathological analysis. Therefore, using S. persica to prevent and treat neurodegeneration could be a promising new therapeutic strategy to be explored.
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Adam FA, Mohd N, Rani H, Mohd Yusof MYP, Baharin B. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the comparative effectiveness of Salvadora persica - extract mouthwash with chlorhexidine gluconate in periodontal health. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115863. [PMID: 36283639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L., also known as miswak, is an indigenous plant most prevalent in the Middle Eastern, some Asian, and African countries. It has medicinal and prophylactics function for numerous illnesses, including periodontal disease. Various trials, apart from World Health Organization encouragement have contributed to the production and use of S. persica in extract form in the formulation of mouthwash. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical effect of Salvadora persica-extract mouthwash and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash for anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis functions. METHODS Using the PRISMA 2020 Protocol, a systematic search of the publications was undertaken from the MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholars for randomized control trials published through 31st January 2022 to determine the effectiveness of Salvadora persica-extract mouthwash relative to chlorhexidine gluconate as anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties. RESULTS A total of 1809 titles and abstracts were screened. Of these, twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review while only sixteen were selected for meta-analysis. The overall effects of standardized mean difference and 95% CI were 0.89 [95% CI 0.09 to 1.69] with a χ2 statistic of 2.54, 15 degrees of freedom (p < 0.00001), I2 = 97% as anti-plaque function and 95% CI were 0.12 [95% CI -0.43 to 0.67] with a χ2 statistic of 0.68 with 10 degree of freedom (p < 0.00001), I2 = 89% as anti-gingivitis. CONCLUSION This review suggests that Salvadora persica-extract mouthwash causes a significant reduction of plaque and gingival inflammation. While the improvement is inferior to chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, S. persica-extract mouthwash may be considered as a herbal alternative to the user pursuing periodontal care with natural ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fara Azwin Adam
- Center for Periodontology Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nurulhuda Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Haslina Rani
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof
- Centre for Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostics and Medicine Studies, Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Badiah Baharin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Alqutub MN, Alhumaidan AA, Alali Y, Al-Aali KA, Javed F, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Comparison of the postoperative anti-inflammatory efficacy of chlorhexidine, saline rinses and herbal mouthwashes after mechanical debridement in patients with peri-implant mucositis: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2023; 21:203-210. [PMID: 35090087 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM The null hypothesis is that there is no difference in the post-operative anti-inflammatory efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX), 2% saline rinses (SR) and a herbal mouthwash (MW) after non-surgical mechanical debridement (MD) for treatment of peri-implant mucositis (PiM). The aim was to compare the post-operative anti-inflammatory efficacy of CHX, 2% SR and a herbal oral rinse after non-surgical MD of PiM. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present randomized controlled trial had a single-blinded parallel arm design. Patients diagnosed with PiM were enrolled. Demographic information was recorded. All patients underwent MD and were randomly divided into 4 groups: CHX-group: 0.12% non-alcoholic CHX; Sodium chloride (NaCl) group: 2% NaCl rinses; Herbal MW group: Herbal-based MW and H2 O group: distilled water with peppermint flavour. After MD, all the participants were advised to rinse twice daily (every 12 hrs) for 2 weeks with their respective MWs. In all groups, peri-implant modified plaque index (mPI), modified gingival index (mGI) and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline and at 12 weeks of follow-up. Sample size was estimated using data from a pilot investigation; and group-comparisons were performed. Statistical significance was confirmed when P-values were below 0.01. RESULTS Sixty individuals (15 patients/group) were included. At baseline, mPI, mGI and PD were comparable in all groups. At baseline, there was no significant difference in peri-implant mPI, mGI and PD in all groups. At 12-weeks' follow-up, there was a statistically significant reduction in peri-implant mPI (p < 0.01), mGI (p < 0.01) and PD (p < 0.01) in CHX, NaCl and herbal MW groups compared with H2 O group. There was no significant relation between implant location, duration for which, implants were functional, gender and peri-implant clinical parameters in all groups. CONCLUSION After non-surgical MD, post-operative use of CHX and herbal and NaCl MWs is useful for the management of PiM in the short-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaser N Alqutub
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkareem A Alhumaidan
- Preventive Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Damman, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Alali
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulud A Al-Aali
- Department Of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, US
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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El-Sherbiny GM, Gazelly AM, Sharaf MH, Moghannemm SA, E SM, Ismail MK, El-Hawary AS. Exploitation of the Antibacterial, Antibiofilm and Antioxidant Activities of Salvadora Persica (Miswak) Extract. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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20
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Ramli H, Nor Aripin KN, Mohd Said S, Mohamad Hanafiah R, Mohd Dom TN. The effectiveness of miswak (Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) practices in reducing plaque and gingivitis among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115598. [PMID: 35944735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L. and Azadirachtaindica A.Juss. are listed within the most common sources of miswak or chewing stick that widely used among Western Asia and Muslim populations worldwide. Miswak use in conjunction with toothbrush (adjunctive) has become apparent among the adults. Furthermore, miswak has been reported to have mechanical and pharmacological activities, and benefits to the oral health, by many studies. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the effectiveness of miswak in maintaining periodontal health among adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of miswak published in PubMed, EBSCOHOST (Dentistry & Oral Sciences), SCOPUS, and Cochrane Database for Systematic Review (CDSR) from inception to May 08, 2022. The primary outcomes of interest were changes in the periodontal health measured with plaque and gingivitis scores as well as subgingival bacteria load. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach while the estimates of effect were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS Ten eligible articles were identified, of which 9 could be analysed quantitatively. The remaining report was included as part of the qualitative analysis. The meta-analysis showed that miswak was comparable with the toothbrush in reducing the mean plaque score (p= 0.08, SMD: 0.39, and 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.83) and mean gingivitis score (p= 0.37, SMD: 0.13, and 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.43). Even higher certainty of evidence for the effect of miswak on mean plaque reduction on labial surface of anterior teeth. However, the adjunctive effect of miswak was significantly more superior for reducing plaque (p= 0.01, SMD: 0.68, and 95% CI: 0.14 to 1.22) and gingivitis score (p= 0.04, SMD: 0.66, and 95% CI: 0.03 to 1.29). CONCLUSIONS Miswak effectively reduced plaque and gingivitis scores to a level comparable to toothbrush when used exclusively. Adjunctive miswak use was particularly effective in improving periodontal health. However, the included studies inadequately reported on the method of toothbrushing using miswak and the frequency of miswak use. Therefore, further clinical studies are recommended to explore on the advantages and proper method of miswak practice for optima outcome and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haslinda Ramli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Periodontology and Community Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Khairun Nain Nor Aripin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Putra Nilai, 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Shahida Mohd Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rohazila Mohamad Hanafiah
- Department of Basic Science and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Pandan Indah, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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21
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Abdul Kari Z, Wee W, Mohamad Sukri SA, Che Harun H, Hanif Reduan MF, Irwan Khoo M, Van Doan H, Wen Goh K, Seong Wei L. Role of phytobiotics in relieving the impacts of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on aquatic animals: A mini-review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1023784. [PMID: 36277060 PMCID: PMC9582345 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1023784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a ubiquitous bacterium with various hosts that causes mass mortality in farm-raised fish species and significant economic losses. The current antibiotic treatment is ineffective in controlling this bacterium infection in aquaculture species. Therefore, an evaluation of potential phytobiotics is needed to find an alternative antimicrobial agent to reduce the over-reliance on antibiotics in aquaculture and safeguard public and environmental health. Furthermore, the rise in antibiotic resistance cases among pathogenic bacteria indicates an urgent need for new fish and shellfish health management solutions. In this context, phytobiotics applications in aquaculture can be defined as any medicinal plant-based antimicrobial agent used in fish and shellfish health management. This review will focus on the impacts of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) due to A. hydrophila in aquaculture, the potential of phytobiotics in enhancing the tolerance of aquaculture species against MAS and the combination of phytobiotics with other antimicrobial and therapeutic agents against MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wendy Wee
- Center of Fundamental and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Suniza Anis Mohamad Sukri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hasnita Che Harun
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan
- Department of Paraclinical Study, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Martina Irwan Khoo
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Lee Seong Wei
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
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22
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Ali MZ, Elbaz WFA, Adouri S, Desai V, Fanas SA, Thomas B, Varma SR. Effect of a Novel Betel Leaf Dentifrice on Commonly Seen Oral Hygiene Parameters-A Randomized Clinical Crossover Study. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:166. [PMID: 36135162 PMCID: PMC9498039 DOI: 10.3390/dj10090166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal medicine in dentistry has grown exponentially over time. Currently, herbal medicine is considered an effective oral hygiene aid. The objective of the current study is to assess the anti-plaque efficiency and reduction of gingival bleeding of betel leaf and miswak (Salvadora persica) toothpaste. This randomized clinical cross-over pilot study enrolled 60 individuals with mild gingivitis. They were segregated into two groups by drawing lots. The study lasted 20 days and included a two-week washout period between miswak and betel leaf toothpaste. The gingival and plaque index were measured at specific time intervals during the research period. The results revealed that betel leaf and miswak herbal toothpaste significantly decreased plaque index. Nevertheless, betel leaf toothpaste caused a more significant reduction in gingival bleeding scores (p < 0.001) when compared to miswak (p = 0.007). No significant decrease in gingival and plaque index was seen when subjects were asked to return to their conventional chemical toothpaste. The current study concluded that betel leaf toothpaste displayed a more substantial decrease in gingival bleeding when compared to miswak toothpaste. Additionally, more studies should be done on the therapeutic benefits of betel leaf toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Ziad Ali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa Fathy Ahmed Elbaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saja Adouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vijay Desai
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salem Abu Fanas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Biju Thomas
- Department of Periodontics, AB Shetty Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Chennai 600077, India
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Sultana S, Parvin MS, Islam MT, Chowdhury EH, Bari ASM. Prevalence of Dental Caries in Children in Mymensingh and Its Associated Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10070138. [PMID: 35877412 PMCID: PMC9319037 DOI: 10.3390/dj10070138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Children suffer from various oral and periodontal diseases. Dental caries is one of the most prevalent oral diseases among children in the world. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence and risk factors of dental caries in children in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 362 pediatric patients who attended the Dental Unit of Mymensingh Medical College from March to September 2019. The sample size was calculated using a statistical formula and the children were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Children and their guardians were interviewed and data were recorded using a structured questionnaire. Risk factors were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 82.7%. The prevalence of caries was significantly higher in aged children (8–10 years) and also in rural, low-income, and illiterate families. Seven significant risk factors were identified that included residence in the rural area (OR: 7.31 [1.73–30.83]), a parental income of BDT ≤ 20,000 per month (OR: 4.75 [1.49–15.05]), reduced duration (≤1 min) of teeth cleaning (OR: 18.54 [2.05–168.17]), teeth cleaning before breakfast (OR: 93.30 [10.95–795.32]), the spoon-feeding method (OR: 12.57 [2.09–75.61]), long-term (37–48 months) breastfeeding (OR: 212.53 [8.69–5195.25]), and family oral problem (OR: 8.20 [2.57–26.16]). Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries among the children in Mymensingh is very high and was associated with residence in rural areas, parental income, reduced duration of teeth cleaning, teeth cleaning before breakfast, the spoon-feeding method, long-term breastfeeding, and family oral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (S.S.); (A.S.M.B.)
| | - Mst. Sonia Parvin
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.P.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Md. Taohidul Islam
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.P.); (M.T.I.)
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (S.S.); (A.S.M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +880-91-67401 (ext. 6351)
| | - A. S. Mahfuzul Bari
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (S.S.); (A.S.M.B.)
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Bokhary T, Refaat B, Bakr ES, Baz S, Rajab B, Gadalla H, El-Boshy M. Salvadora persica extract attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatorenal damage by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 20:348-354. [PMID: 35643766 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salvadora persica (SP) is used as a food additive and is a common ingredient in folk medicine. This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and beneficial effects of SP against cyclophosphamide (CYP) toxicity in rats. METHODS In a 10-day study, 32 male rats were equally allocated into 4 groups (8 rats/group) as follows: the normal control (NC group), normal rats that only received oral aqueous extract of SP (100 mg/[kg·d]; SP group), animals treated with intraperitoneal CYP injections (30 mg/[kg·d]; CYP group), and the CYP + SP group that concurrently received CYP with SP aqueous extract. Serum samples were collected to measure the liver and renal biochemical profiles, as well as antioxidant and oxidative stress markers and the concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Hepatic and renal tissues were also harvested for histopathology and to measure apoptosis using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling technique, alongside tissue levels of oxidative stress markers. RESULTS Liver enzymes, total bilirubin, creatinine and urea, as well as serum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB increased significantly, whilst total protein, albumin, calcium, IL-10 and AMPK declined in serum of the CYP group relative to the NC group. The hepatorenal concentrations of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and catalase declined markedly in the CYP group, whereas malondialdehyde, protein adducts, and apoptosis index increased compared with the NC group. By contrast, the hepatorenal biochemistry and apoptosis index of the SP group were comparable to the NC group. Interestingly, the CYP + SP group had significant improvements in the liver and renal biochemical parameters, enhanced anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and marked declines in hepatic and renal apoptosis relative to the CYP group. Moreover, all monitored parameters were statistically indistinguishable between the CYP + SP group and the NC group. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the aqueous extract of SP could be a potential remedy against CYP-induced hepatorenal damage and may act by modulating the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and promoting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalat Bokhary
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Refaat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed Bakr
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh Baz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bodour Rajab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam Gadalla
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Boshy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 7607, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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Besbes A, Khemiss M, Bragazzi N, Ben Saad H. The Impacts of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Saliva Flow-Rate and Metabolic Data: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:873502. [PMID: 35464020 PMCID: PMC9019589 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.873502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to report the impacts of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on salivary flow-rate (SFR) and metabolic parameters. A thorough literature search was carried out using the databases PubMed and Scopus from their inception up to 15 July 2021. The Boolean connectors used in PubMed were (Saliva [Mesh] AND Fasting [Mesh]). The same keywords were used in Scopus. Inclusion criteria were defined using PICOS. The research included all original studies involving “healthy” adults and published in English. Methodological quality assessment was performed utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool, which allows attributing scores from 1 to 11 to the selected studies. Two authors carried out the literature search, study selection, and data extraction. Differences on issues were resolved by a third author if necessary. The systematic review protocol was registered within the “Open Science Framework” (Doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/DE7BH). Six articles met the inclusion criteria. All studies were heterogeneous and had a high score of bias and several methodological differences. The following parameters were collected: SFR, melatonin, cortisol, glucose, immunoglobulin A (IgA), uric-acid, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The SFR decreased by 10% during Ramadan in fasting subjects. The circadian pattern of melatonin remained unchanged during Ramadan, but melatonin levels dropped significantly from baseline. The salivary cortisol levels were unchanged or increased during Ramadan. The salivary glucose levels were decreased. ALP increased significantly, whilst uric-acid and AST decreased significantly. Salivary IgA decreased during the last week of Ramadan. To conclude, there is a trend toward a decrease in SFR and the content of the majority of the biomarkers investigated, with the exception of ALP and uric-acid. These changes cannot be easily attributed to any single factor (hydration status, dietary habits, physical activity, or hygiene habits). Systematic Review Registration: [https://osf.io/de7bh/], identifier [Doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/DE7B].
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Besbes
- Laboratory Research of Medical and Molecular Parasitology and Mycology, LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unit of Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Khemiss
- Department of Dental Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nicola Bragazzi,
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Research Laboratory “Heart Failure, LR12SP09”, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Farhat Hached, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Action of Salvadora persica Extract as Intracanal Medication (In Vitro and Ex Vivo Experiment). MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041373. [PMID: 35207914 PMCID: PMC8878108 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of Salvadora persica (S. persica) extract, a natural product, as an intracanal medication in comparison with calcium hydroxide (Metapaste, META BIOMED, Cheongju, Korea). The pH values of both materials were tested. The biocompatibility of S. persica extract and Metapaste was determined using light microscopy and MTT assays. The antibacterial action was tested using the zone of bacterial inhibition on four common bacterial species. In addition, intracanal medication was administered using 68 extracted single-rooted teeth contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and the percentage reduction in colony count (% RCC) at 1, 3, and 7 days was measured. The extension of activity for both materials was assessed using histological sections and scanning electron microscopy. S. persica was found to be acidic in nature. Both materials showed significantly lower cell viability than the positive control cells on days 1 and 3 but not on day 7. S. persica showed better antibacterial effects against E. faecalis and S. mutans. S. persica extract showed 97.6%, 98.9%, and 99.3% RCC values at 1, 3, and 7 days, respectively, which are comparable to those of Metapaste. S. persica herbal extract is a promising material that can be utilized as an intracanal medication, but its use requires further research.
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Al-Zawawi AS, Shaheen MY, Devang DD, Aldulaijan HA, Basudan AM. Postoperative anti-inflammatory efficacy of 2% saline rinses and a herbal- mouthwash after non-surgical periodontal therapy for the management of periodontal inflammation in young adults with chlorhexidine allergy: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2022; 20:408-414. [PMID: 35088565 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present randomized controlled trial assessed the postoperative anti-inflammatory efficacy of 2% saline rinses (SR) and a herbal- mouthwash (HMW) after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) for the management of periodontal inflammation in patients with chlorhexidine (CHX) allergy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with periodontal inflammation with and without self-reported CHX-allergy were included. All patients underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Patients were randomly divided into three groups. In the SR and HMW groups, 2% SR, and a HMW, respectively were prescribed. In Group-3 (CHX-group), patients without CHX allergy were included and were prescribed 0.12% CHX. In all groups, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL) and marginal bone loss were measured at baseline. Clinical periodontal parameters were re-assessed at 6-weeks' follow-up. P<0.01 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Thirteen, 12 and 12 patients were included in the SR, HMW and CHX groups, respectively. At baseline clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters were comparable in all groups. In all groups, PI (P<0.01), GI (P<0.01) and PD (P<0.01) were significantly higher at baseline compared with their respective values at 6-weeks of follow-up. There was no significant difference in clinical AL at all time intervals in all groups. There was no significant correlation between periodontal parameters and age, gender and daily toothbrushing/flossing in all groups. CONCLUSION In young adults with self-reported CHX-allergy, herbal-mouthwashes and/or 2% SR are suitable postoperative prescriptions after NSPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer S Al-Zawawi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Y Shaheen
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Darshan Divakar Devang
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577204, Karnataka, India.,Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University (LMMU), Ministry of Health, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Hajer A Aldulaijan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani M Basudan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Arshad H, Sadaf S, Hassan U. De-novo fabrication of sunlight irradiated silver nanoparticles and their efficacy against E. coli and S. epidermidis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:676. [PMID: 35027620 PMCID: PMC8758773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gained significant attention due to their activity against microbial pathogens, cancer cells, and viral particles etc. Traditional fabrication methods require hazardous chemicals as reducing agents and their usage and disposal pose a significant hazard to environmental ecosystem. Here, a de novo, robust, cost effective and an eco-friendly method is reported to fabricate AgNPs irradiated with sunlight (SL) while using Salvadora persica root extract (SPE) as reducing agent. Sunlight (SL) irradiated S. persica silver nanoparticles (SpNPs) i.e., SL-SpNPs were characterized using multiple techniques and their antibacterial efficacy was evaluated. The SL-SpNPs were synthesized in 10 min. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed their spherical morphology with a size range of 4.5-39.7 nm, while surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaked at 425 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis suggested that the reduction of SL-SpNPs was due to the presence of phytochemicals in the SPE. Furthermore, X-ray powder diffraction (P-XRD) pattern depicted the crystal structure of SL-SpNPs, hence proving the presence of AgNPs. Further the antibacterial studies were carried out against Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) using Kirby Bauer method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for E. coli were determined to be 1.5 μg/mL and 3.0 μg/mL respectively while MIC and MBC values for S. epidermidis were found to be 12.5 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL respectively. The solar irradiation-based fabrication method and resulting SL-SpNPs can find their utility in many biomedical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Arshad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Sadaf
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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GC/MS Profiling and Ex Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Salvadora persica (Siwak) against Enterococcus faecalis as Intracanal Medicament. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:6333867. [PMID: 34987597 PMCID: PMC8723863 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6333867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) has been used for many centuries as oral hygiene tools, particularly in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of S. persica petroleum ether extract (SPE) as an intracanal bactericidal for endodontic treatment against Enterococcus faecalis. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gold standard intracanal medicament was used for comparison. METHODS The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out to identify the components of SPE. First, the consistency of SPE was accomplished according to ANSI/ADA specification no 57. Forty-five single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with that of E. faecalis suspension. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted before the medicaments' application (CFU-1) and after seven days of their applications (CFU-2). Group I: SPE, Group II: positive control Ca(OH)2, and Group III: saline solution negative control. The microdilution method was applied to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SPE. RESULTS Thirty-two compounds were identified (89.09%), with main components of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) (33.32%) and steroids (34%). CFU before and after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 recorded a statistically significant reduction in bacterial count (P=0.006) and (P=0.01), respectively. There was an insignificant difference between CFU after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 (P=0.210). On the contrary, comparing both medicaments with the negative control saline group resulted in significant differences, (P=0.001) and (P=0.007), respectively. Moreover, the equality of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SPE is recorded. CONCLUSION This finding could be referred to the high content of bactericidal BITC in synergism with other antimicrobial components, representing 70.71% of SPE. Thus, SPE is a good candidate as an intracanal medicament, which warrants further investigation.
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Vanka S, Otaif R, Hassan SS, Almajeed Alhashdi HA, Alzahrani EA, Wali O, Vanka A, Gajdhar SK. Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Patients Attending a Private Dental Hospital on Miswak. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND HEALTH CARE 2021. [DOI: 10.18311/ajprhc/2021/28202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
<p>Today, chewing sticks are being used commonly in the world. They are known by various names, including Miswak or arak in Arabic. The efficacy of Miswak and modern toothbrushes have shown a superior effect rather than use of toothbrush alone. This study aims to assess the Knowledge Attitude and Practices of patients attending a private dental hospital on Miswak. This is a cross-sectional analytical study. The study was conducted by means of a questionnaire, in order to obtain knowledge, attitude and practices of patients attending a private dental hospital on Miswak. An electronic copy of the questionnaire was prepared using Google forms in Arabic and distributed through social media. There were 342 respondents for the survey. About 93% of the participants selected that they use any oral hygiene aid as it is beneficial. Among all the participants only 2.3% of them used Miswak as an oral hygiene aid and 31.6% used both tooth brush and paste and Miswak. Majority of the respondents cleaned their teeth twice or thrice in a day. One of the main reasons of using Miswak by the participants was its religious background. The respondents prefer that the next generation would use a combination of Miswak and tooth brush.</p>
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Kommuri K, Michelogiannakis D, Barmak BA, Rossouw PE, Javed F. Efficacy of herbal versus chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes towards oral hygiene maintenance in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 20:100-111. [PMID: 34902217 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The review aims to fill the gap in literature by comparing the efficacy of herbal and chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes towards oral hygiene maintenance (OHM) in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment (OT). METHODS Indexed databases were searched electronically to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for data gathering. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020182497). Risk of bias assessment, quality of evidence investigation, and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate reported OHM related parameters at time points before and after the use of chlorhexidine (control group) and herbal mouthwashes (intervention group). With 95% confidence intervals, mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) were used to estimate effect size. RESULTS Out of eight RCTs, results from one RCT favored chlorhexidine and the results from a second RCT favored herbal mouthwashes. Results from three RCTs showed comparable effects for the respective investigated OHM related parameters. Chlorhexidine demonstrated higher antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) in two studies, and one RCT found comparable antimicrobial efficacies. Risk of bias was low in 4 studies, and moderate and high in two studies each. Quality of evidence was very low to moderate for the respective investigated parameters. Sub-group analysis for parameters colony forming units (CFU) {SMD (0.40) [95% CI (-0.22, 1.03)], gingival index (GI) {MD (0.06) [95% CI (-0.08, 0.20)]}, plaque index (PI) {SMD 0.22 [95% CI (-0.23, 0.67)]} before the use of chlorhexidine and herbal mouthwashes remained inconclusive. CONCLUSION The comparison between efficacy of herbal and chlorhexidine towards OHM in patients undergoing fixed OT remains debatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Kommuri
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Dimitrios Michelogiannakis
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Basir A Barmak
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, United States
| | - P Emile Rossouw
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Fawad Javed
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, United States
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Balhaddad AA, Mokeem L, Melo MAS, Gregory RL. Antibacterial Activities of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Salvadora persica against Streptococcus mutans Biofilms: An In Vitro Study. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9120143. [PMID: 34940040 PMCID: PMC8700571 DOI: 10.3390/dj9120143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal products in oral hygiene care has a long history, and their use is popular today. A tree stick, named Salvadora persica (S. persica), is commonly used to remove dental plaque and clean teeth in many countries. In addition, extracts of S. persica can be used as a mouthwash, as they demonstrate antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of S. persica methanol and aqueous extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. A S. mutans biofilm formation assay was conducted using different concentrations of S. persica methanol or water extracts in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% sucrose. The biofilm was stained with crystal violet dye, and the absorbance was assessed to examine biofilm formation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were used to analyze the results. The S. persica methanol extract displayed a significant inhibition (p ≤ 0.001) against the S. mutans biofilm. The 10 mg/mL concentration of the S. persica methanol extract was determined as the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The used methanol concentration, mixed with TSB supplemented with 1% sucrose and without the S. persica extract, did not inhibit the S. mutans biofilm. The S. persica aqueous extract did not demonstrate any biofilm inhibition at any concentration (p ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study suggest the potential of using S. persica methanol extract as a mouthwash or adjunctive to oral hygiene tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Lamia Mokeem
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.M.); (M.A.S.M.)
| | - Mary Anne S. Melo
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.M.); (M.A.S.M.)
- Operative Dentistry Division, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard L. Gregory
- Department of Biomedical Science and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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Borgio JF, Alsuwat HS, Alamoudi W, Hegazi FM, Al Otaibi WM, M Ibrahim A, Almandil NB, Al-Amodi AM, Alyousef YM, AlShwaimi E, Almasoud N, Kamaraj B, Sayed A. Exome array identifies functional exonic biomarkers for pediatric dental caries. Comput Biol Med 2021; 141:105019. [PMID: 34749984 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric dental caries is common among Arab children, however we are still searching for possible genes and molecular mechanisms that influence caries development. AIM To identity genetic predispositions of dental caries among Saudi children with high DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth). DESIGN This case-control study analysed putative functional exonic-variants (n = 243,345) to study the molecular genetics of pediatric caries with high dmft index, 8.75 ± 4.16 on Arab-ancestry subjects with primary dentition (n = 111; 76 cases, dmft>5 and 35 controls, dmft = 0). RESULTS Pediatric caries is significantly associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the GRIN2B-rs4764039C (p-value = 2.03 × 10-08) and CFH-rs1065489G (p-value = 8.26 × 10-08) genes, even after Bonferroni correction. Irregular tooth brushing habits (p = 0.0404) and irregular dental visits (p = 0.0050) are significantly associated with caries. Functional enrichment analysis of significant genes is associated with calcium-activated chloride channel, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and N-linked glycosylation. CONCLUSION Genetic predispositions are found to be significantly associated with the high prevalence of pediatric caries, which is a disorder of multigene-environment interaction. The significant functional exonic variants identified can be biomarkers for the early diagnosis of pediatric dental caries in Arabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Saleh Alsuwat
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Widyan Alamoudi
- Departments of Neuroscience Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Mohammed Hegazi
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad Mohammed Al Otaibi
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Ibrahim
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, College of Nursing, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor B Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani M Al-Amodi
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef M Alyousef
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad AlShwaimi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Almasoud
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Balu Kamaraj
- Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - AbdulAzeez Sayed
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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Khunkar S, Linjawi AI. Effect of Salvadora persica Extract (Miswak) on the Dentinal Tubules of Sound Root Dentin: Scanning Electron Microscope Study. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021; 9:154-157. [PMID: 35070689 PMCID: PMC8751677 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_49_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Root dentin is vulnerable to a higher risk of demineralization than coronal enamel. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of miswak extract on the dentinal tubules of sound root dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty bovine root dentin blocks, approximately 2 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm (width × length × depth) in dimensions, were prepared from freshly extracted sound bovine incisors. The sample was divided into two groups: control and miswak group. The control group had sound root dentin block and the miswak test group was treated with miswak extract 20% for 24 h. The two groups of all specimens were subjected to ultrasonication for 10 min. Scanning electron microscope images were analyzed for surface typography. RESULTS Fifty percent of the control group had surface particles (SPs), while the other 50% had no SPs. For the dentinal tubules, all (100%) the control group had a mixture of opened and partially opened dentinal tubules. On the other hand, for the miswak group, all (100%) the sample had SPs and blocked dentinal tubules. CONCLUSION Miswak showed total blocking of the dentinal tubules compared to the control group. This might indicate that miswak has a role in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity of exposed root dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Khunkar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal I. Linjawi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Arora S, Saquib SA, Algarni YA, Kader MA, Ahmad I, Alshahrani MY, Saluja P, Baba SM, Abdulla AM, Bavabeedu SS. Synergistic Effect of Plant Extracts on Endodontic Pathogens Isolated from Teeth with Root Canal Treatment Failure: An In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:552. [PMID: 34065139 PMCID: PMC8151008 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from Salvadora persica (Miswak), Commiphora molmol (myrrh) and Azadirachta indica (neem) in combination with commercially available antimicrobial agents: penicillin, tetracycline, ofloxacin and fluconazole on endodontic pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mitis,Actinomyces naeslundii and Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microbiological samples from the root canals of the teeth undergoing retreatment were taken using sterile paper points kept at full length in the canal for 30 s. The disc diffusion method was used to check the susceptibility of microbes to the plant extracts and antimicrobials by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. Against the microbes, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the plant extracts were assessed. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was used to estimate the synergistic effect of plant extracts combined with antimicrobials against the resistant endodontic microbes. RESULTS The findings clearly indicate the effectiveness of all the three plant extracts, Commiphora molmol, Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica, against all the experimental pathogenic microorganisms except for the ineffectiveness of Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica against Candidaalbicans. Maximum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Azadirachta indica against Enterococcusfaecalis (MIC = 0.09 ± 1.2 mg/mL, MBC = 0.78 ± 1.25 mg/mL) and the minimum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Commiphora molmol against Actinomyces naeslundii (MIC = 12.5 ± 3.25 mg/mL, MBC = 100 ± 3.75 mg/mL). The best synergy was displayed by Commiphora molmol with fluconazole against Candidaalbicans (FICI = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS The current study delineates the variable antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against the experimental endodontic pathogenic microorganisms. Plant extracts in conjunction with various antimicrobials can be valuable aids in combating relatively resistant endodontic microorganisms that have been the cause of worry in recent years, leading to failure even in treatment procedures following all required protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Arora
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Shahabe Abullais Saquib
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Youssef A Algarni
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Mohammed Abdul Kader
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.); (M.YA.)
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.); (M.YA.)
| | - Priyanka Saluja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JCD Dental College, Sirsa 125055, India;
| | - Suheel Manzoor Baba
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Anshad M. Abdulla
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia; (Y.AA.); (M.A.K.); (S.M.B.); (S.S.B.)
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Mekhemar M, Geib M, Kumar M, Radha, Hassan Y, Dörfer C. Salvadora persica: Nature's Gift for Periodontal Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:712. [PMID: 33946353 PMCID: PMC8146554 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvadora persica (SP) extract, displays very valuable biotherapeutic capacities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory effects. Numerous investigations have studied the pharmacologic actions of SP in oral disease therapies but its promising outcomes in periodontal health and treatment are not yet entirely described. The current study has been planned to analyze the reported effects of SP as a support to periodontal therapy to indorse regeneration and healing. In consort with clinical trials, in vitro investigations show the advantageous outcomes of SP adjunctive to periodontal treatment. Yet, comprehensive supplementary preclinical and clinical investigations at molecular and cellular levels are indispensable to reveal the exact therapeutic mechanisms of SP and its elements for periodontal health and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mekhemar
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (Y.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Mathias Geib
- Dr. Geib Private Dental Clinic, Frankfurter Landstraße 79, 61352 Bad Homburg, Germany;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India;
| | - Yasmine Hassan
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (Y.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Christof Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (Y.H.); (C.D.)
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Sogodogo E, Doumbo O, Kouriba B, Aboudharam G. Microbial biodiversity of natural toothbrushes in Mali. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 40:100844. [PMID: 33796319 PMCID: PMC7995651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Different oral hygiene practices are used to overcome endemic diseases such as dental caries and oral infections. In Mali (Africa), natural plant-based toothbrushes are used for eliminating bacterial biofilm. The repertoire of microorganisms associated with natural toothbrushes is unknown. The aim of our study is to study microbial flora in particular the methanogenic archaea associated with natural toothbrushes recently recognized as responsible for periodontitis and peri-implantitis. We investigated the methanogens and bacteria associated with 15 different natural plant toothbrushes collected in Bamako local market (Mali). Microbiological investigations consisted in culturing the bacteria on agar plates and searching archaea using molecular techniques. No archaea were demonstrated by molecular biology but 50 bacterial species, including 33 aero-anaerobic and 17 aerobic species, were isolated from natural toothbrushes. We isolated Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are acknowledged as opportunistic human pathogens. This study has highlighted the likely impact of the use of natural toothbrushes in the spread of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the human oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sogodogo
- Aix Marseille Université. IRD, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - O Doumbo
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Kouriba
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.,Centre d'infectiologie Charles-Mérieux (CICM), Bamako, Mali
| | - G Aboudharam
- Aix Marseille Université. IRD, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UFR Odontology, Marseille, France
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Arshad H, Sami MA, Sadaf S, Hassan U. Salvadora persica mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial efficacy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5996. [PMID: 33727607 PMCID: PMC7966387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit strong antimicrobial properties against many pathogens. Traditionally employed chemical methods for AgNPs synthesis are toxic for the environment. Here, we report a quicker, simpler, and environmentally benign process to synthesize AgNPs by using an aqueous 'root extract' of Salvadora persica (Sp) plant as a reducing agent. The synthesized Salvadora persica nano particles (SpNPs) showed significantly higher antimicrobial efficacy compared to earlier reported studies. We characterized SpNPs using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and X-ray powder diffraction (P-XRD). UV-Vis spectrum showed the highest absorbance at 420 nm. FTIR analysis depicts presence of bond stretching including OH- (3300 cm-1), C=N- (2100 cm-1) and NH- (1630 cm-1) which are attributed in the involvement of phenolics, proteins or nitrogenous compounds in reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. TEM, FE-SEM and DLS analysis revealed the spherical and rod nature of SpNPs and an average size of particles as 37.5 nm. XRD analysis showed the presence of the cubic structure of Ag which confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. To demonstrate antimicrobial efficacy, we evaluated SpNPs antimicrobial activity against two bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228)). SpNPs showed a significantly high inhibition for both pathogens and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were found to be 0.39 µg/mL and 0.78 µg/mL for E. coli while 0.19 µg/mL and 0.39 µg/mL for S. epidermidis respectively. Further, Syto 16 staining of bacterial cells provided a supplemental confirmation of the antimicrobial efficacy as the bacterial cells treated with SpNPs stop to fluoresce compared to the untreated bacterial cells. Our highly potent SpNPs will likely have a great potential for many antimicrobial applications including wound healing, water purification, air filtering and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Arshad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Sami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Saima Sadaf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Abd El-latif AM, El-Gawad EAA, Soror EI, Shourbela RM, Zahran E. Dietary supplementation with miswak (Salvadora persica) improves the health status of Nile tilapia and protects against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. AQUACULTURE REPORTS 2021; 19:100594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Islam MT, Quispe C, Martorell M, Docea AO, Salehi B, Calina D, Reiner Ž, Sharifi-Rad J. Dietary supplements, vitamins and minerals as potential interventions against viruses: Perspectives for COVID-19. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2021; 92:49-66. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 disease pandemic has infected millions of people and caused more than thousands of deaths in many countries across the world. The number of infected cases is increasing day by day. Unfortunately, we do not have a vaccine and specific treatment for it. Along with the protective measures, respiratory and/or circulatory supports and some antiviral and retroviral drugs have been used against SARS-CoV-2, but there are no more extensive studies proving their efficacy. In this study, the latest publications in the field have been reviewed, focusing on the modulatory effects on the immunity of some natural antiviral dietary supplements, vitamins and minerals. Findings suggest that several dietary supplements, including black seeds, garlic, ginger, cranberry, orange, omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins (e.g., A, B vitamins, C, D, E), and minerals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Se, Zn) have anti-viral effects. Many of them act against various species of respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses. Therefore, dietary supplements, including vitamins and minerals, probiotics as well as individual nutritional behaviour can be used as adjuvant therapy together with antiviral medicines in the management of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Concepción, Chile
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
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Moghadam ET, Yazdanian M, Tahmasebi E, Tebyanian H, Ranjbar R, Yazdanian A, Seifalian A, Tafazoli A. Current herbal medicine as an alternative treatment in dentistry: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173665. [PMID: 33098834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the time that human population comprehended the importance of general health maintenance and the burden of disease, there has been a search for healing properties in the natural environment. Herbal medicine is the use of plants with medical properties for prevention and treatment of conditions that can affect general health. Recently, a growing interest has been observed toward the use of traditional herbal medicine alongside synthetic modern drugs. Around 80% of the population, especially in developing countries relies on it for healthcare. Oral healthcare is considered a major part of general health. According to the world health organization (WHO), oral health is considered an important part of general health and quality of life. The utilization of natural medications for the management of pathologic oro-dental conditions can be a logical alternative to pharmaceutical methods due to their availability, low costs, and lower side effects. The current literature review aimed at exploration of the variety and extent of herbal products application in oral health maintenance including different fields of oral healthcare such as dental caries, periodontal maintenance, microbial infections, oral cancers, and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Tafazoli Moghadam
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Tahmasebi
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Tebyanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Yazdanian
- Department of Veterinary, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexander Seifalian
- Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd), The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Tafazoli
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Singer L, Bierbaum G, Kehl K, Bourauel C. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and compressive strength of a dental cement modified using plant extract mixture. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:116. [PMID: 33247427 PMCID: PMC7695645 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Literature lacks sufficient data regarding addition of natural antibacterial agents to glass ionomer cement (GICs). Hence, the aim of the study was to increase the antimicrobial properties of GICs through its modification with mixture of plant extracts to be evaluated along with an 0.5% chlorohexidine-modified GIC (CHX-GIC) with regard to biological and compressive strength properties. Conventional GIC (freeze-dried version) and CHX were used. Alcoholic extract of Salvadora persica, Olea europaea, and Ficus carcia leaves were prepared using a Soxhlet extractor for 12 h. The plant extract mixture (PE) was added in three different proportions to the water used for preparation of the dental cement (Group 1:1 PE, 2:1 PE, and 1:2 PE). Specimens were then prepared and tested against the unmodified GIC (control) and the 0.5% CHX-GIC. Chemical analysis of the extract mixture was performed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar diffusion assay against Micrococcus luteus and Streptoccocus mutans. Compressive strength was evaluated according to ISO 9917-1:2007 using a Zwick testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Antimicrobial activity against Streptoccocus mutans was significantly increased for all the extract-modified materials compared to the unmodified cement, and the highest concentration was comparable to the CHX-GIC mixture. The activity against Micrococcus luteus was also significantly increased, but only for the material with the highest extract concentration, and here the CHX-GIC group showed statistically the highest antimicrobial activity. Compressive strength results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the different mixtures and the control except for the highest tested concentration that showed the highest mean values. The plant extracts (PEs) enhanced the antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and also against M. luteus in the higher concentration while compressive strength was improved by addition of the PE at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Singer
- Oral Technology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Kehl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Bourauel
- Endowed Chair of Oral Technology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Sekar S, Jacob S, Suthanthiran TK, Dhasthaheer S, Vikraman S, Kaliappan K. Characterization and Formulation of Miswak Film for the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis: An In Vitro Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:S199-S203. [PMID: 33149456 PMCID: PMC7595484 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_59_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Miswak is a tooth brushing stick that contains many ingredients that are beneficial for maintenance of oral hygiene. The aim of this study is to formulating a film containing miswak extract for treatment of chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Here we tested the miswak raw extract invitro against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). The film was prepared using solvent casting method. Disintegration test was conducted to find the stability of the film. Results: Cytotoxicity of miswak was also tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration against P. gingivalis was 62.5 µg/mL. Therapuetic index against HSV-1 was 11.3 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity against 50% Vero cells was present at 210 µg/mL. Based on this invitro study 100 µg/mL dose was calculated to be incorporated in a film of size 0.5 mm × 0.4 mm. This film is made of polymers HPMC K 100 and Eudragit L 100. Disintegration test of the film showed that they remained stable for around 5 days. Conclusion: In the present study we formulated the miswak raw extract containing film that can act against P. gingivalis and HSV-1. So it can be used to treat chronic periodontitis by placing it in periodontal pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Sekar
- Department of Periodontics, JKKN Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siji Jacob
- Department of Periodontics, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Syed Dhasthaheer
- Department of Periodontics, JKKN Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swathigan Vikraman
- Department of Periodontics, JKKN Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kanimozhi Kaliappan
- Department of Periodontics, JKKN Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
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Alsayeh A, Abdulbaseer M, Aljelaly H, Alshamrani B, Aldaijy R, Alshlash K, Odeh T, Alshiha A. Dentition Status and Treatment Needs Among Orphans in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study. Open Dent J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602014010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Oral health affects the general health and quality of life of an individual. It has been well documented that the absence of family support influences the general and oral health of children. Factors that lead to the development of a disease are likely to have their roots in a complex chain of environmental events that may have begun years before the disease occurs. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of dental caries and assess treatment needs of the orphans of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia
Methods:
This cross-sectional study included 238 orphaned children aged 6 to 18 years. Clinical examination was conducted by two doctors, and oral findings were recorded according to the World Health Organization (WHO) oral health assessment form (1997). The data collected was analyzed using SPSS 21.0.
Results:
Results revealed that 37% of the participants reported that they do not brush their teeth, 23%of the participants reported that they do not brush regularly, 17% of the participants reported that they brush one time daily, and 23% of the participants reported that they brush twice daily. The prevalence of dental caries among the participants was 96.6%. When examining treatment needs among study participants, 7.6% might need preventive caries arresting care, 49.6% might need fissure sealant applications, 51.3% might need at least one surface filling, 13.1% might need two or more surface filling, 2.5% might need crown for any reason, 0.4% of participants might need veneer or laminate, 0.2% of participants might need pulp care and restoration, and 8.1% might need extraction.
Conclusion:
Results of our study indicate that orphan children have low utilization of preventive and therapeutic oral health services. Urgent attention is required to plan a comprehensive dental health-care program to improve their oral health status.
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Miswak and oral health: An evidence-based review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1801-1810. [PMID: 32565699 PMCID: PMC7296476 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor oral health has been associated with several chronic and systemic disease. Currently, the most common method of teeth cleaning is the use of a toothbrush together with dentifrices. However, natural chewing stick such as S. persica miswak is still used in many developing countries due to their low cost and availability. The present review aims to summarize the evidences on effectiveness of miswak in promoting oral health. The search was performed using Medline via Ebscohost, Scopus and Google Scholar database to obtain relevant articles published between 2010 to May 2020 using the following set of keywords 1) Miswak OR Salvadora OR persica AND 2) dental OR caries OR plaque OR oral OR orthodontics. Isolated microbial inhibition studies were excluded from the review due to its well-established wealth of literature. Miswak was administered as ten different forms, namely mouthwash, toothpaste, chewing stick, essential oil, aqueous extract, ethanol extract, probiotic spray, dental varnish, dental cement or chewing gum. All studies reported a positive effect of miswak as an anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis, anti-cariogenic, promotion of gingival wound healing, whitening properties, orthodontic chain preservation, and biocompatibility with oral cells. Miswak in its different forms demonstrated positive effect towards oral health maintenance and management.
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Al Moaleem MM, Porwal A, Al Ahmari NM, Shariff M, Homeida H, Khalid A. Khat Chewing Induces a Floral Shift in Dental Material-Associated Microbiota: A Preliminary Study. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e918219. [PMID: 31956260 PMCID: PMC6990665 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The habit of khat (Catha Edulis Forskal) chewing is widely practiced in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and East Africa. This social habit has tremendous effects on oral and general health of khat chewers. Khat may affect bacterial species in plaque biofilms on oral rehabilitation materials. This preliminary case-controlled study aimed to assess and compare the effect of khat chewing on bacterial biodiversity between non-khat chewers (NKC) and khat chewers (KC) in oral biofilms on oral rehabilitation materials using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Material/Methods Fifty participants were organized into 2 equal groups of NKC and KC, each containing 5 subgroups related to filling material type. Some participants had amalgam (A) or composite (C) restorations, while others had feldspathic porcelain (FP), nickel chromium (NC), and zirconia ceramic (ZC) crowns or bridges. Oral biofilm samples were collected from all participants, DNA was extracted, and samples were subjected to PCR. Bacterial species were then identified and counted. PCR products were sequenced to detect similarity. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of the current study samples were compared with 16S rRNA gene sequences from GenBank using BLAST on the National Center for Biotechnology Information website. Results The Streptococcus sp. was the most common bacterial species among our participants (40; 80%), followed by Lactobacillus and Veillonella spp., accounting for 12% (6) and 8% (4), respectively. Streptococcus sp. was observed equally among NKC and KC, but Lactobacillus and Veillonella spp. were higher in KC and NKC, respectively. Lactobacillus was associated mainly with prosthetic materials, and Streptococcus was found among all examined dental restorative materials. Conclusions This research concluded that khat chewing significantly affects bacterial biodiversity in oral biofilms in the presence of different restorative and prosthetic dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Al Moaleem
- Prosthetic Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Porwal
- Prosthetic Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al Ahmari
- Prosthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor Shariff
- Prosthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husham Homeida
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Khan M, Alkhathlan HZ, Khan ST. Antibiotic and Antibiofilm Activities of Salvadora persica L. Essential Oils against Streptococcus mutans: A Detailed Comparative Study with Chlorhexidine Digluconate. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010066. [PMID: 31963342 PMCID: PMC7169458 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of organic components from plants as an alternative antimicrobial agent is becoming popular due to the development of drug-resistance in various pathogens. Essential oils from fresh (MF-1) and dried (MD-1) roots of Salvadora persica L. were extracted and benzyl isothiocynate was determined as their chief constituent using GC-MS and GC-FID. The antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities of MD-1 and MF-1 against Streptococcus mutans a dental caries causing bacteria were determined using multiple assays. These activities were compared with chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and clove oil, well known antimicrobial agents for oral hygiene. Essential oils demonstrated IC50 values (10–11 µg/mL) comparable to that of CHX, showed a significant reduction (82 ± 7–87 ± 6%) of the biofilm formation at a very low concentration. These results were supported by RT-PCR studies showing change in the expression levels of AtlE, gtfB, ymcA and sodA genes involved in autolysis, biofilm formation and oxidative stress, respectively. The results presented in this study show the robust bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of MD-1 and MF-1 against S. mutans which is comparable to Chlorhexidine digluconate. Our results suggest that these essential oils can be as effective as CHX and hence can serve as a good alternative antimicrobial agent for oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merajuddin Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.); (H.Z.A.)
| | - Hamad Z. Alkhathlan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.); (H.Z.A.)
| | - Shams Tabrez Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 2002002 UP, India
- Correspondence:
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Mohd F, Che Musa M, Muhammad Ali S, Ab Halim N. Deconstructing orthographic knowledge and cultural awareness of miswak practice amongst dental educators: Benefits and barriers: A qualitative study. J Int Oral Health 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_116_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Guven Y, Ustun N, Tuna EB, Aktoren O. Antimicrobial Effect of Newly Formulated Toothpastes and a Mouthrinse on Specific Microorganisms: An In Vitro Study. Eur J Dent 2019; 13:172-177. [PMID: 31509875 PMCID: PMC6777162 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1695655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the antimicrobial properties of newly formulated toothpastes (four toothpastes for adults and two toothpastes for kids/babies) and a mouthrinse.
Materials and Methods
Newly formulated six different toothpastes and one mouthrinse of a single brand and commercially available five toothpastes and three mouthrinse were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against two oral pathogens,
Streptococcus mutans
and
Candida albicans
, by agar well diffusion assay. After incubation, the inhibition zone diameters were measured in millimeters and statistical analyses were performed.
Results
All experimental adult toothpastes exhibited good antimicrobial activity against
S. mutans
and
C. albicans
except the experimental toothpaste D. Experimental toothpaste B exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against
C. albicans
and
S. mutans
. Experimental toothpaste for kids showed the best antimicrobial activity against
S. mutans
when kids’ toothpastes were compared. None of the tested toothpastes for kids/babies showed antibacterial effects for
C. albicans
. Among the mouthrinse tested, Sensodyne mouthrinse showed the best results. Experimental mouthrinse showed significantly lower antibacterial activity against
S. mutans
then Sensodyne, Eludril, and chlorhexidine mouthrinse.
Conclusion
Although experimental toothpaste and mouthrinse formulations revealed good results in terms of antimicrobial activity to some specific microorganisms, further studies involving more bacterial species or analyzing the quality and efficacy of these products by other in vitro or in vivo tests are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Guven
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Ustun
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Bahar Tuna
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Aktoren
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Jassoma E, Baeesa L, Sabbagh H. The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of chlorhexidine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:64. [PMID: 31029127 PMCID: PMC6486980 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant Salvadora persica (miswak) has a long history of use in oral hygiene. Associations between the use of Salvadora persica and decreased oral bacteria numbers and plaque scores have been reported. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the ability of Salvadora persica mouthrinses to reduce plaque/cariogenic bacteria, in comparison to that of chlorhexidine and/or placebo rinses. METHODS A comprehensive literature search for clinical trials reporting the use of Salvadora persica rinses as an antibacterial and/or antiplaque agent in comparison with chlorhexidine and/or placebo rinses was conducted, with no restriction to language. MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were searched to include all articles published up to December 2018. Based on inclusion/exclusion criteria, data were extracted from the identified reports by two independent reviewers. The primary and secondary outcomes measured from the eligible studies were mean plaque scores and mean cariogenic bacterial counts, respectively. Risk of bias of these studies was assessed. A statistical test of homogeneity was used to determine if the results of the separate studies could be combined. Based on the chi-square test, an inconsistency coefficient was computed (I2 statistic). Sensitivity analyses using subgroups and homogeneity evaluation were conducted. RESULTS A total of 1135 potentially eligible articles were identified, of which 19 were eventually included in the qualitative analysis whereas 18 were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that Salvadora persica rinses exhibited strong antiplaque effects (P < 0.00001, MD: 0.46, and 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.63). In addition, it had statistically significant anti-streptococcal (P < 0.0001, MD: -1.42, and 95% CI: -2.08 to - 0.76) and anti-lactobacilli effects (P < 0.00001, MD: -1.12, and 95% CI: -1.45 to - 0.79) when compared to placebo. However, its effects were inferior compared to those by chlorhexidine rinse (P = 0.04, MD: 0.19, and 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.37). Subgroup analyses yielded results similar to those prior to subgrouping. CONCLUSION The use of Salvadora persica extract was associated with a significant reduction in the plaque score and cariogenic bacterial count. Although, this reduction was lower than that achieved with the gold standard chlorhexidine mouthwash, Salvadora persica-containing rinse could be considered as a suitable oral hygiene alternative for use in individuals of all ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, and health conditions especially as a long-term measure due to its efficacy, safety, availability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaf Jassoma
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Baeesa
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 127139, Jeddah, 21352 Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Sabbagh
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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