The potential role of microbes in oncogenesis with particular emphasis on oral cancer

Isolation of Oral Bacteria, Measurement of the C-Reactive Protein, and Blood Clinical Parameters in Dogs with Oral Tumor

Canine oral cancers have a poor prognosis and are related to chronic inflammation. This may pose a risk of secondary bacterial infection. This study aimed to compare the bacteria isolated from oral swab samples, values of C-reactive proteins (CRPs), and clinical blood profiles of dogs with and without oral mass. A total of 36 dogs were divided in three groups: no oral mass (n = 21), oral mass (n = 8), and metastasis groups (n = 7). Significantly, both the clinical groups (the oral mass group and metastasis group) showed anemia, a decrease in the albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR), and an increase in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), globulin-to-albumin ratio (GAR), CRP, and CRP-to-albumin ratio (CAR) compared to the normal group. CAR showed an increasing trend in the oral mass and metastasis groups (10 times and 100 times, respectively) compared to the no oral mass group (P < 0.001). Neisseria spp. (20.78%) was the main isolated bacteria in all groups. The main genera in the no oral mass group were Neisseria spp. (28.26%), Pasteurella spp. (19.57%), and Staphylococcus spp. (19.57%). Neisseria spp., Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia spp. were found equally (12.5%) in the oral mass group. Escherichia spp. (26.67%), Pseudomonas spp. (13.33%), and Staphylococcus spp. (13.33%) were the main genera in the metastasis group. Interestingly, Neisseria spp. decreased in the clinical groups (Fisher's exact = 6.39, P=0.048), and Escherichia spp. increased in the metastasis group (Fisher's exact = 14.00, P=0.002). The difference of oral bacteria in clinical dogs compared to healthy dogs may be related to microbiome alterations, and both the clinical groups showed the increment of inflammatory biomarkers. This suggested that further studies should be conducted on the correlation between the specific bacteria, CRP, blood clinical parameters, and type of canine oral mass.

Role of Oral Microbiota in Carcinogenesis: A Short Review

A strong and healthy microbiome is responsible for homeostasis between the host and microbiota which is necessary to achieve the normal functioning of the body. Dysbiosis provokes prevalence of pathogenic microbes, leading to alterations in gene expression profiles and metabolic processes. This in turn results in anomalous immune responses of the host. Dysbiosis may be associated with a wide variety of diseases like irritable bowel syndrome, coeliac disease, allergic conditions, bronchitis, asthma, heart diseases and oncogenesis. Presently, the links between oral microbial consortia and their functions, not only in the preservation of homeostasis but also pathogenesis of several malignancies have gained much awareness from the scientific community. The primary intent of this review is to highlight the dynamic role of oral microbiome in oncogenesis and its progression through various mechanisms. A literature search was conducted using multiple databases comprising of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane electronic databases with keywords including microbiome, microbiota, carcinogenesis, tumorigenesis, and immunosuppression. Current and the past literature has pointed out the role of microorganisms in oncogenesis. It may be put forth that both the commensal and pathogenic strains of oral microbiome play an undeniably conspicuous role in carcinogenesis at different body sites.

MicroRNA-206 has a bright application prospect in the diagnosis of cases with oral cancer

Previous studies have shown that microRNA‐206 (miR‐206) exhibits anti‐tumour properties in various tumours. Nevertheless, diagnostic significance of miR‐206 in oral cancer is still poorly known. Our research was carried out to explore the performance of miR‐206 in the diagnosis of oral cancer. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) method was adopted to measure the level of miR‐206 in serum specimens from oral cancer cases and control individuals. Chi‐square test was performed to analyse the correlation between miR‐206 level and clinicopathological parameters of the cases. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constituted to assess diagnostic accuracy of miR‐206 in oral cancer. Serum miR‐206 level in oral cancer patients was significantly lower than that in control individuals (P < .001). miR‐206 expression was obviously related to T classification (P = .033), TNM stage (P = .008) and lymph node metastasis (P = .028). The area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve was 0.846 (95% CI = 0.797‐0.896, P < .001) with a specificity of 72.7% and a sensitivity of 81.2%. It revealed that miR‐206 might be a non‐invasive indicator in differentiating oral cancer cases from control individuals. Down‐regulation of miR‐206 is related to the development of oral cancer. Serum miR‐206 might be an effective indicator for early detection of oral cancer.

Oral microbiome and oral cancer - The probable nexus

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The known risk factors for oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol consumption and betel quid chewing. Nutritional deficiencies and certain microorganisms are also associated with oral cancer. Oral cavity is a host to numerous microorganisms, majority of which are bacterial communities along with fungi and viruses. A possibility of the dysregulation of the oral microbiome cannot be ignored. Oral microbiome is defined as the collective genome of microorganisms that reside in the oral cavity. With the development of culture-independent techniques, the detection and identification of the bacteria which cannot be cultured has become possible. Revolution in technology has led to increased research in this area in an attempt to find the role of microbiome in health and disease. Before identifying the exact role the microbiome plays in the development of oral cancer, it is essential to profile the microbiome in healthy individuals and patients with oral cancer. It is essential to note that oral cancer may sometimes occur without any habit too!! This article is an attempt to review the role of oral microbiome in oral cancer with a focus on the bacteriome, its related studies and in brief about the omics technologies in understanding the microbiome.

Nanostructured Thin Coatings Containing Anthriscus sylvestris Extract with Dual Bioactivity

Plant extracts are highly valuable pharmaceutical complexes recognized for their biological properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, their use is limited by their low water solubility and physicochemical stability. In order to overcome these limitations, we aimed to develop nanostructured carriers as delivery systems for plant extracts; in particular, we selected the extract of Anthriscus sylvestris (AN) on the basis of its antimicrobial effect and antitumor activity. In this study, AN-extract-functionalized magnetite (Fe₃O₄@AN) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the co-precipitation method. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and investigate the physicochemical and biological features of composite coatings based on Fe₃O₄@AN NPs obtained by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation technique. In this respect, laser fluence and drop-casting studies on coatings were performed. The physical and chemical properties of laser-synthesized coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy comparative analysis was used for determining the chemical structure and functional integrity. Relevant data regarding the presence of magnetic nanoparticles as the only crystalline phase and the size of nanoparticles were obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The in vitro toxicity assessment of the Fe₃O₄@AN showed significant cytotoxic activity against human adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells after prolonged exposure. Antimicrobial results demonstrated that Fe₃O₄@AN coatings inhibit microbial colonization and biofilm formation in clinically relevant bacteria species and yeasts. Such coatings are useful, natural, and multifunctional solutions for the development of tailored medical devices and surfaces.

The oncogenic roles of bacterial infections in development of cancer

Initiation of cancer is interconnected with different factors like infections. It has been estimated that infections, particularly viruses, participate in about 20% of all cancers. Bacteria as the most common infectious agents are also reported to be emerging players in the establishment of malignant cells. Microbial infections are able to modulate host cell transformation for promoting malignant features through the production of carcinogenic metabolites participating in inflammation responses, disruption of cell metabolism, and integrity and also genomic or epigenetic manipulations. It seems that the best example of the role of bacteria in cancer promotion is Helicobacter pylori infection, which is related to gastric cancer. World Health Organization (WHO) describes bacterium as class I carcinogens. Several bacterial infections have been reported in association with prevalent cancers. In this review, we will summarize the role of known bacterial infections in the initiation of the main common cancers, which show high mortality in the world. Examining the microbiomes in cancer patients is important and necessary to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease and also to plan therapeutic interventions.