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Alqahtani B, Daghestani M, Omair MA, Alenzi F, Alhamad EH, Tashkandy Y, Othman N, Warsy A, Halwani R. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes and their association with primary Sjögren's syndrome in Saudi patients: A cross-sectional study. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:1232-1239. [PMID: 38016737 PMCID: PMC10712798 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.12.20230490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the allelic frequencies and effects of genotypic variations in cytokine gene polymorphisms in a Saudi Arabian population. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 41 patients with Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and 71 healthy controls between October 2018 and May 2019. Single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyping was performed using the SEQUENOM MassARRAY® System, targeting nine polymorphisms in different cytokine genes. Chi-square tests were used to compare the patients and controls. RESULTS The interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) rs1143627 CT (control, 52.7%; patients, 21.2%) and TT + CT (p= 0.003; p=0.033) genotypes were less frequent in patients with pSS than in healthy controls. The C allele in rs10488631 in the interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) gene and the A allele in rs12583006 in the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) gene were associated with an increased risk of pSS development in the patient group. CONCLUSION The CT genotype at -31 (rs1143627) in the IL-1β gene was not associated with a high risk of pSS development in the Saudi population, in contrast to what has been verified in other ethnicities. However, the C allele in rs10488631 in IRF-5 and the A allele in rs12583006 in BAFF were associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashaer Alqahtani
- From the Department of Zoology (Alqahtani, Daghestani); from the Department of Medicine (Omair), Rheumatology Division; from the Department of Medicine (Alhamad), Pulmonary Division; from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research (Tashkandy), College of Sciences; from the Central Laboratory (Othman); from the Department of Biochemistry (Warsy), King Saud University; from the Department of Clinical Sciences (Alenzi), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from Department of Clinical Sciences (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Maha Daghestani
- From the Department of Zoology (Alqahtani, Daghestani); from the Department of Medicine (Omair), Rheumatology Division; from the Department of Medicine (Alhamad), Pulmonary Division; from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research (Tashkandy), College of Sciences; from the Central Laboratory (Othman); from the Department of Biochemistry (Warsy), King Saud University; from the Department of Clinical Sciences (Alenzi), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from Department of Clinical Sciences (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohammed A. Omair
- From the Department of Zoology (Alqahtani, Daghestani); from the Department of Medicine (Omair), Rheumatology Division; from the Department of Medicine (Alhamad), Pulmonary Division; from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research (Tashkandy), College of Sciences; from the Central Laboratory (Othman); from the Department of Biochemistry (Warsy), King Saud University; from the Department of Clinical Sciences (Alenzi), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from Department of Clinical Sciences (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Fahidah Alenzi
- From the Department of Zoology (Alqahtani, Daghestani); from the Department of Medicine (Omair), Rheumatology Division; from the Department of Medicine (Alhamad), Pulmonary Division; from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research (Tashkandy), College of Sciences; from the Central Laboratory (Othman); from the Department of Biochemistry (Warsy), King Saud University; from the Department of Clinical Sciences (Alenzi), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from Department of Clinical Sciences (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Esam H. Alhamad
- From the Department of Zoology (Alqahtani, Daghestani); from the Department of Medicine (Omair), Rheumatology Division; from the Department of Medicine (Alhamad), Pulmonary Division; from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research (Tashkandy), College of Sciences; from the Central Laboratory (Othman); from the Department of Biochemistry (Warsy), King Saud University; from the Department of Clinical Sciences (Alenzi), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from Department of Clinical Sciences (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Yusra Tashkandy
- From the Department of Zoology (Alqahtani, Daghestani); from the Department of Medicine (Omair), Rheumatology Division; from the Department of Medicine (Alhamad), Pulmonary Division; from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research (Tashkandy), College of Sciences; from the Central Laboratory (Othman); from the Department of Biochemistry (Warsy), King Saud University; from the Department of Clinical Sciences (Alenzi), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from Department of Clinical Sciences (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Nashwa Othman
- From the Department of Zoology (Alqahtani, Daghestani); from the Department of Medicine (Omair), Rheumatology Division; from the Department of Medicine (Alhamad), Pulmonary Division; from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research (Tashkandy), College of Sciences; from the Central Laboratory (Othman); from the Department of Biochemistry (Warsy), King Saud University; from the Department of Clinical Sciences (Alenzi), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from Department of Clinical Sciences (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Arjumand Warsy
- From the Department of Zoology (Alqahtani, Daghestani); from the Department of Medicine (Omair), Rheumatology Division; from the Department of Medicine (Alhamad), Pulmonary Division; from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research (Tashkandy), College of Sciences; from the Central Laboratory (Othman); from the Department of Biochemistry (Warsy), King Saud University; from the Department of Clinical Sciences (Alenzi), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from Department of Clinical Sciences (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rabih Halwani
- From the Department of Zoology (Alqahtani, Daghestani); from the Department of Medicine (Omair), Rheumatology Division; from the Department of Medicine (Alhamad), Pulmonary Division; from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research (Tashkandy), College of Sciences; from the Central Laboratory (Othman); from the Department of Biochemistry (Warsy), King Saud University; from the Department of Clinical Sciences (Alenzi), College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from Department of Clinical Sciences (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Alqahtani B, Daghestani M, Omair MA, Alhamad EH, Tashkandy Y, Othman N, Al Shahrani K, Paramasivam MP, Alenzi F, Halwani R, Alkhulaifi FM, Alomar SY. Association of Inflammatory Cytokine Levels with Extra Glandular Manifestations, Fatigue, and Disease Activity in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome in Saudi Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3036. [PMID: 37835779 PMCID: PMC10572739 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease that can cause fatigue and extraglandular manifestations (EGMs). pSS is associated with cytokine network dysregulation, which may be related to the immune-mediated destruction of exocrine glands. OBJECTIVE We determined cytokine levels and their relationship to EGMs, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI), and fatigue in Saudi patients with pSS. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional, single-center study. We included forty-one patients and 71 controls. Serum samples were collected from random healthy people and pSS patients who were followed in the rheumatology and pulmonary clinics of King Saud University Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Levels of the frequently studied cytokines were measured using Luminex xMAP technology. Each ESSDAI score and EGM were recorded, and the Arabic version of the fatigue severity scale (FSS) was applied to assess fatigue. The main outcome measures were cytokine levels in pSS Saudi patients using/not using immune-suppressive medications (ISMs). RESULTS Thirty-six (87.8%) patients had one or more EGMs, and the mean ESSDAI score was 9.95 ± 7.73. There was a significant decrease in TNFα and IL-21 levels in the pSS group compared to those in the control group (p = 0.034 and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas IL-12 levels were significantly elevated in the pSS group (p = 0.002). Cytokine levels in patients who used ISMs were the same as those in patients who did not use medications. Decreased IL-1β (p = 0.014), IL-2 (p = 0.035), IL-6 (p = 0.014), and IL-35 (p = 0.010) levels were observed in patients who had EGMs. Patients who had low disease activity exhibited low IL-10 (p = 0.018) and high IFN-α (p = 0.049), IFN-β (p = 0.049), IL-1β (p = 0.006), and IL-35 (p = 0.032) levels compared to patients with high disease activity. A negative association between a positive fatigue score and IL-1β (p = 0.010), IL-2 (p = 0.037), IFN-α (p = 0.025), TNFα (p = 0.030), IL-17 (p = 0.029), IL-12 (p = 0.046), and IL-21 (p = 0.005) levels was found. CONCLUSIONS Cytokine profiles correlate with EGMs, ESSDAI, and fatigue. Patients with controlled disease activity have a normal cytokine profile that is similar to that of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashaer Alqahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Maha Daghestani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohammed A. Omair
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Esam H. Alhamad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yusra Tashkandy
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nashwa Othman
- Central Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khalid Al Shahrani
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Ad Diriyah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 13717, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muthurajan P. Paramasivam
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahidah Alenzi
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Fadwa M. Alkhulaifi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suliman Yousef Alomar
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (M.D.)
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Shah Gupta R, Koteci A, Morgan A, George PM, Quint JK. Incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung diseases worldwide: a systematic literature review. BMJ Open Respir Res 2023; 10:10/1/e001291. [PMID: 37308252 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a collective term representing a diverse group of pulmonary fibrotic and inflammatory conditions. Due to the diversity of ILD conditions, paucity of guidance and updates to diagnostic criteria over time, it has been challenging to precisely determine ILD incidence and prevalence. This systematic review provides a synthesis of published data at a global level and highlights gaps in the current knowledge base. Medline and Embase databases were searched systematically for studies reporting incidence and prevalence of various ILDs. Randomised controlled trials, case reports and conference abstracts were excluded. 80 studies were included, the most described subgroup was autoimmune-related ILD, and the most studied conditions were rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated ILD, systemic sclerosis associated (SSc) ILD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The prevalence of IPF was mostly established using healthcare datasets, whereas the prevalence of autoimmune ILD tended to be reported in smaller autoimmune cohorts. The prevalence of IPF ranged from 7 to 1650 per 100 000 persons. Prevalence of SSc ILD and RA ILD ranged from 26.1% to 88.1% and 0.6% to 63.7%, respectively. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the reported incidence of various ILD subtypes. This review demonstrates the challenges in establishing trends over time across regions and highlights a need to standardise ILD diagnostic criteria.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020203035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikisha Shah Gupta
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Real-World Evidence, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Ardita Koteci
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Ann Morgan
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Peter M George
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jennifer K Quint
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
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