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Faramarzi M, Shabgard S, Khalili V, Ege D. Exploring the effect of chlorhexidine concentration on the biocorrosion behavior of Ti6Al4V for dental implants. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1552-1565. [PMID: 38430214 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Corrosion of dental implants is one of the most critical factors in the failure of implant treatments. Generally, corrosion depends on the type of material used in implants and the chemical composition of the oral environment. Due to the antibacterial activities, mouthwashes and chlorhexidine gels are often used after implant surgery. Ti6Al4V is commonly used in manufacturing dental implants. The present study aims to investigate the corrosion behavior of the Ti6Al4V alloy under different concentrations of chlorhexidine (0.12%, 0.2%,and 2%) during 2- and 24-h immersion. This way corrosion may be minimized while obtaining an antibacterial environment around the implant. In this regard, the electrochemical behavior of the specimens was investigated using polarization and impedance tests, and then their morphology, cross-section and nano-tribological behavior were evaluated using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and nano-scratch test. The results show that using chlorhexidine solution with a concentration of 0.12% could yield a lower corrosion rate and material loss after implant surgery. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Open circuit potential values increase with immersion time, which suggests multistage passivation of the surface during immersion in chlorhexidine. Specimens in 0.12% chlorhexidine show improved thermodynamic corrosion resistance. Nano-scratch testing demonstrates higher scratch resistance for specimens in 0.12% chlorhexidine solution after 2-h immersion. Higher chlorhexidine concentration than 0.12% and longer immersion times decrease the resistance of the formed passive layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Faramarzi
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Shabgard
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vida Khalili
- Institut für Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Duygu Ege
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hart I, Wells C, Tsigarida A, Bezerra B. Effectiveness of mechanical and chemical decontamination methods for the treatment of dental implant surfaces affected by peri-implantitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e839. [PMID: 38345466 PMCID: PMC10847712 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess which decontamination method(s) used for the debridement of titanium surfaces (disks and dental implants) contaminated with bacterial, most efficiently eliminate bacterial biofilms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases between January 1, 2010 and October 31, 2022. The search strategy followed the PICOS format and included only in vitro studies completed on either dental implant or titanium disk samples. The assessed outcome variable consisted of the most effective method(s)-chemical or mechanical- removing bacterial biofilm from titanium surfaces. A meta-analysis was conducted, and data was summarized through single- and multi-level random effects model (p < .05). RESULTS The initial search resulted in 5260 articles after the removal of duplicates. After assessment by title, abstract, and full-text review, a total of 13 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Different decontamination methods were assessed, including both mechanical and chemical, with the most common method across studies being chlorhexidine (CHX). Significant heterogeneity was noted across the included studies. The meta-analyses only identified a significant difference in biofilm reduction when CHX treatment was compared against PBS. The remaining comparisons did not identify significant differences between the various decontamination methods. CONCLUSIONS The present results do not demonstrate that one method of decontamination is superior in eliminating bacterial biofilm from titanium disk and implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Hart
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Institute for Oral HealthUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Christine Wells
- Statistical Methods and Data AnalyticsUCLA Office of Advanced Research ComputingLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexandra Tsigarida
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Institute for Oral HealthUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Beatriz Bezerra
- Section of Periodontics, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive SciencesUCLA School of DentistryLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Shreenidhi S, Rajasekar A. Clinical Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Povidone Iodine in the Management of Peri-Implant Mucositis. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2024; 34:79-83. [PMID: 38305374 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.2023047348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical plaque control is the first line of management of peri-implant diseases. Povidone iodine is one of the broad spectrum and potent antiseptics available at various concentrations. The aim of the study was to assess and compare the efficacy of various concentrations of povidone iodine in the management of peri-implant mucositis. In the present double blinded, parallel designed, randomized clinical trial, a total of 60 patients with peri-implant mucositis (20 participants in each group [Group 1 (povidone iodine 0.1%), Group 2 (povidone iodine 2%) and Group 3 (povidone iodine 010%)] were enrolled. Scaling and root planing was done and then the peri-implant sulcus was irrigated with respective irrigant and repeated once in a week for 4 weeks. Loe and Silness Gingival Index (GI) and Mombelli Modified sulcular bleeding index (BI) were recorded at baseline and after a month and compared. Statistical analysis was done using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc test. A statistically significant difference (P = 0.000) observed between the three concentrations when compared after 1 month. Also, a statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 3 and Group 2 and Group 3 was observed in terms of post GI (P = 0.000) and post BI (P = 0.000) but statistically no significant difference was observed between Group 1 and Group 2 in terms of post GI (P = 0.171) and post BI (P = 0.338). The 2% and 10% povidone iodine showed significant improvement in gingival index and bleeding index and hence it could be an effective adjunct to scaling and root planing in the management of peri-implant mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shreenidhi
- Department of Periodontology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Arvina Rajasekar
- Department of Periodontology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
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Stein JM, Conrads G, Abdelbary MMH, Yekta-Michael SS, Buttler P, Glock J, Sadvandi G, Kaufmann R, Apel C. Antimicrobial efficiency and cytocompatibility of different decontamination methods on titanium and zirconium surfaces. Clin Oral Implants Res 2023; 34:20-32. [PMID: 36259118 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of different implant-decontamination methods regarding biofilm modification and potential cytotoxic effects. Therefore, the amount of biofilm reduction, cytocompatibility, and elementary surface alterations were evaluated after decontamination of titanium and zirconium surfaces. MATERIAL AND METHODS Titanium and zirconium disks were contaminated with a newly developed high-adherence biofilm consisting of six microbial species. Decontaminations were performed using titanium curette, stainless steel ultrasonic scaler (US), glycine (GPAP) and erythritol (EPAP) powder air-polishing, Er:YAG laser, 1% chlorhexidine (CHX), 10% povidone-iodine (PVI), 14% doxycycline (doxy), and 0.95% NaOCl solution. Microbiologic analysis was done using real-time qPCR. For assessment of cytocompatibility, a multiplex assay for the detection of cytotoxicity, viability, and apoptosis on human gingival fibroblasts was performed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to evaluate chemical alterations on implant surfaces. RESULTS Compared with untreated control disks, only GPAP, EPAP, US, and Er:YAG laser significantly reduced rRNA counts (activity) on titanium and zirconium (p < .01), whereas NaOCl decreased rRNA count on titanium (p < .01). Genome count (bacterial presence) was significantly reduced by GPAP, EPAP, and US on zirconium only (p < .05). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed relevant re-exposure of implant surface elements after GPAP, EPAP, and US treatment on both materials, however, not after Er:YAG laser application. Cytocompatibility was impaired by CHX, PVI, doxy, and NaOCl. CHX and PVI resulted in the lowest viability and doxy in the highest apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this in vitro study, air-polishing methods and ultrasonic device resulted in effective biofilm inactivation with surface re-exposure and favorable cytocompatibility on titanium and zirconium. Chemical agents, when applied on implant surfaces, may cause potential cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal M Stein
- Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany.,Private Practice, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed M H Abdelbary
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Patricia Buttler
- Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Joanna Glock
- Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Gelareh Sadvandi
- Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Kaufmann
- DWI - Leibnitz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Apel
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University & Hospital, Germany
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Donadu MG, Ferrari M, Mazzarello V, Zanetti S, Kushkevych I, Rittmann SKMR, Stájer A, Baráth Z, Szabó D, Urbán E, Gajdács M. No Correlation between Biofilm-Forming Capacity and Antibiotic Resistance in Environmental Staphylococcus spp.: In Vitro Results. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040471. [PMID: 35456146 PMCID: PMC9031815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of biofilms is a critical factor in facilitating the survival of Staphylococcus spp. in vivo and in protecting against various environmental noxa. The possible relationship between the antibiotic-resistant phenotype and biofilm-forming capacity has raised considerable interest. The purpose of the study was to assess the interdependence between biofilm-forming capacity and the antibiotic-resistant phenotype in 299 Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus n = 143, non-aureus staphylococci [NAS] n = 156) of environmental origin. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of methicillin resistance (MR) was performed. The capacity of isolates to produce biofilms was assessed using Congo red agar (CRA) plates and a crystal violet microtiter-plate-based (CV-MTP) method. MR was identified in 46.9% of S. aureus and 53.8% of NAS isolates (p > 0.05), with resistance to most commonly used drugs being significantly higher in MR isolates compared to methicillin-susceptible isolates. Resistance rates were highest for clindamycin (57.9%), erythromycin (52.2%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51.1%), while susceptibility was retained for most last-resort drugs. Based on the CRA plates, biofilm was produced by 30.8% of S. aureus and 44.9% of NAS (p = 0.014), while based on the CV-MTP method, 51.7% of S. aureus and 62.8% of NAS were identified as strong biofilm producers, respectively (mean OD570 values: S. aureus: 0.779±0.471 vs. NAS: 1.053±0.551; p < 0.001). No significant differences in biofilm formation were observed based on MR (susceptible: 0.824 ± 0.325 vs. resistant: 0.896 ± 0.367; p = 0.101). However, pronounced differences in biofilm formation were identified based on rifampicin susceptibility (S: 0.784 ± 0.281 vs. R: 1.239 ± 0.286; p = 0.011). The mechanistic understanding of the mechanisms Staphylococcus spp. use to withstand harsh environmental and in vivo conditions is crucial to appropriately address the therapy and eradication of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gavino Donadu
- Hospital Pharmacy, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.M.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vittorio Mazzarello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stefania Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Ivan Kushkevych
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Simon K.-M. R. Rittmann
- Archaea Physiology & Biotechnology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria;
| | - Anette Stájer
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos körút 62-64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Baráth
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos körút 62–64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Szabó
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Edit Urbán
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 63, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
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Flörke C, Eisenbeiß AK, Metz U, Gülses A, Acil Y, Wiltfang J, Naujokat H. Introducing a Novel Experimental Model for Osseo-Disintegration of Titanium Dental Implants Induced by Monobacterial Contamination: An In-Vivo Feasibility Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7076. [PMID: 34832476 PMCID: PMC8623268 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of the current study was to establish an osseo-disintegration model initiated with a single microorganism in mini-pigs. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 titanium dental implants (3.5 mm in diameter, 9.5 mm in length) was inserted into frontal bone (n: 12) and the basis of the corpus mandible (n: 24). Eighteen implants were contaminated via inoculation of Enterococcus faecalis. Six weeks after implant insertion, bone-to-implant contact (BIC) ratio, interthread bone density (ITBD), and peri-implant bone density (PIBD) were examined. In addition to that, new bone formation was assessed via fluorescence microscopy, histomorphometry, and light microscopical examinations. Results: Compared to the sterile implants, the contaminated implants showed significantly reduced BIC (p < 0.001), ITBD (p < 0.001), and PBD (p < 0.001) values. Around the sterile implants, the green and red fluorophores were overlapping and surrounding the implant without gaps, indicating healthy bone growth on the implant surface, whereas contaminated implants were surrounded by connective tissue. Conclusions: The current experimental model could be a feasible option to realize a significant alteration of dental-implant osseointegration and examine novel surface decontamination techniques without impairing local and systemic inflammatory complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Flörke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UKSH, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.-K.E.); (U.M.); (Y.A.); (J.W.); (H.N.)
| | | | | | - Aydin Gülses
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UKSH, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.-K.E.); (U.M.); (Y.A.); (J.W.); (H.N.)
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Saghafi F, Mirzaie F, Gorji E, Nabimeybodi R, Fattahi M, Mahmoodian H, Zareshahi R. Antibacterial and anti-Trichomonas Vaginalis effects of Rosa Damascena mill petal oil (a persian medicine product), aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:265. [PMID: 34670535 PMCID: PMC8527719 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oils in traditional medicine are important products and used routinely for therapeutic purposes. Rose oil (Rosa damascene Mill), a product of Persian medicine, is advised for the treatment of Infectious diseases related to the female genitourinary tract. In the present study, R. damascena petal oil, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis effects. Methods Anti-trichomonas activity evaluation of extracts and oil were assayed by the Homocytometery method. Their antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and clinically isolated Group B Streptococcus were assayed by broth microdilution in 96-well plates. Results The MIC of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts ranged from 25-50 and 25-100 mg/ml, respectively. Rose oil at all administered doses failed to show any antibacterial activity. Conclusion All extracts and oil concentrations showed some degree of growth inhibition activity on T. vaginalis; however, hydroalcoholic extract was more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Saghafi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mirzaie
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elham Gorji
- Herbal Medicines Research Center, Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Razieh Nabimeybodi
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Ardakan, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fattahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Rahele Zareshahi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Effects of 2% sodium fluoride solution on the prevention of streptococcal adhesion to titanium and zirconia surfaces. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4498. [PMID: 33627733 PMCID: PMC7904803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are associated with dental plaque formation as the early-colonizing bacteria that adhere to titanium (CpTi) and zirconia (TZP) implant abutment surfaces. Effective prevention of peri-implantitis may be possible by removing streptococci as target. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2% NaF on the prevention of streptococcal adhesion to CpTi and TZP. After immersion in 2% NaF for 90 min, surface characterization of mirror-polished CpTi and TZP disks were assesed using XPS, EPMA, and SEM. S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, and S. oralis were used as the streptococcal bacterial strains. After 24 h culture, bacterial adhesion was evaluated using an ATP-bioluminescent assay and SEM. In XPS, EPMA, and SEM analyses, fluoride was detected on the CpTi and TZP surfaces after 2% NaF immersion with no signs of localization, and no corrosion on the CpTi disks. Based on the adhesion assay, the adherences of S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, and S. oralis were significantly lower with NaF than without NaF in CpTi (p = 0.005, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively) and TZP (p = 0.003, 0.002, and 0.001). This was also confirmed by SEM. In conclusion, 2% NaF reduced the adhesion of streptococci to the CpTi and TZP surfaces.
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Behzadi P, Baráth Z, Gajdács M. It's Not Easy Being Green: A Narrative Review on the Microbiology, Virulence and Therapeutic Prospects of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:42. [PMID: 33406652 PMCID: PMC7823828 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequent cause of infection among non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria, predominantly affecting immunocompromised patients, but its pathogenic role should not be disregarded in immunocompetent patients. These pathogens present a concerning therapeutic challenge to clinicians, both in community and in hospital settings, due to their increasing prevalence of resistance, and this may lead to prolonged therapy, sequelae, and excess mortality in the affected patient population. The resistance mechanisms of P. aeruginosa may be classified into intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. These mechanisms lead to occurrence of resistant strains against important antibiotics-relevant in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections-such as β-lactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and colistin. The occurrence of a specific resistotype of P. aeruginosa, namely the emergence of carbapenem-resistant but cephalosporin-susceptible (Car-R/Ceph-S) strains, has received substantial attention from clinical microbiologists and infection control specialists; nevertheless, the available literature on this topic is still scarce. The aim of this present review paper is to provide a concise summary on the adaptability, virulence, and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa to a readership of basic scientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 37541-374, Iran;
| | - Zoltán Baráth
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos körút 62-64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Márió Gajdács
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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