Radiofrequency ablation of focal atrial tachycardia: Benefit of electroanatomical mapping over conventional mapping

A Case of Atrial Tachycardia Masquerading as Sinus Tachycardia in a Pregnant Female-A Case Report

This case report discusses the diagnosis and management of a 25-year-old pregnant patient presenting with persistent tachycardia. The patient, with a past medical history of thyroiditis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and obesity, was admitted due to palpitations and was diagnosed with atrial tachycardia. Despite medical management with metoprolol, adenosine, digoxin, and flecainide, the tachycardia persisted, necessitating discussion about cardiac ablation. The report emphasizes that atrial tachycardia poses a significant clinical challenge when refractory to medical therapy. It also highlights the condition's association with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy and the role of catheter ablation in its management. This case underscores the need for a high index of suspicion for atrial tachycardia in pregnant patients presenting with persistent tachycardia and the importance of appropriate referral for invasive management when medical therapy fails. The case also highlights that atrial tachycardia in pregnancy can be safely managed with ablation.

Single-center experience of ultra-high-density mapping guided catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia

Introduction

Catheter ablation is the treatment of choice for recurrent focal atrial tachycardia (FAT) as medical therapy is limited. Routinely, a three‐dimensional mapping system is used. Whether or not optimized signal detection does improve ablation success rates has not yet been investigated. This retrospective cohort study compared ablation procedures using an ultra‐high‐density mapping system (UHDM, Rhythmia, Boston Scientific) with improved signal detection and automatic annotation with procedures using a conventional electroanatomic mapping system (CEAM, Biosense Webster, CARTO).

Methods

All patients undergoing ablation for FAT using UHDM or CEAM from April 2015 to August 2018 were included. Endpoints comprised procedural parameters, acute success as well as freedom from arrhythmia 12 months after ablation.

Results

A total of 70 patients underwent ablation (48 with UHDM, 22 with CEAM). No significant differences were noted for parameters like procedural and radiation duration, area dose, and RF applications. Acute success was significantly higher in the UHDM cohort (89.6% vs. 68.2%, p = .03). Nevertheless, arrhythmia freedom 12 months after ablation was almost identical (56.8% vs. 60%, p = .87), as more patients with acute success of ablation presented with a relapse during follow‐up (35.0 vs. 7.7%, p = .05).

Conclusion

Acute success rate of FAT ablation might be improved by UHDM, without an adverse effect on procedural parameters. Nevertheless, further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism for increased recurrence rates after acute successful ablation.

Incessant Atrial Tachycardia: Problem Solving With Minimally Invasive Surgery

A 35-year-old female with sarcoidosis sought medical attention due to palpitations. The ECG showed an atrial tachycardia (AT), apparently originating in the left atrium. A 24-hour Holter monitoring revealed AT to be present during the entire day. Cardiac magnetic resonance exhibited no cardiac involvement by sarcoidosis but registered a mildly depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Atrial electroanatomical mapping showed the earliest activation zone on the distal portion of the left atrial appendage (LAA). Considering the high risk for perforation with catheter ablation in this region, she was sent to thoracoscopic surgical LAA exclusion with a clip device; it was possible to witness the termination of the arrhythmia during the procedure. She was safely discharged two days after surgery and has completed a one-year follow-up without recurrence of AT or symptoms, and with normalization of LVEF.

Fluoroscopy usage in contemporary interventional electrophysiology: Insights from a European registry

Background

Fluoroscopy has been an essential part of every electrophysiological procedure since its inception. However, till now no clear standards regarding acceptable x‐ray exposure nor recommendation how to achieve them have been proposed.

Hypothesis

Current norms and quality markers required for optimal clinical routine can be identified.

Methods

Centers participating in this Europe‐wide multicenter, prospective registry were requested to provide characteristics of the center, operators, technical equipment as well as procedural settings of consecutive cases.

Results

Twenty‐five centers (72% university clinics, with a mean volume of 526 ± 348 procedures yearly) from 14 European countries provided data on 1788 cases [9% diagnostic procedures (DP), 38% atrial fibrillation (AF) ablations, 44% other supraventricular (SVT) ablations, and 9% ventricular ablations (VT)] conducted by 95 operators (89% male, 41 ± 7 years old).

Mean dose area product (DAP) and time was 304 ± 608 cGy*cm², 3.6 ± 4.8 minutes, 1937 ± 608 cGy*cm², 15.3 ± 15.5 minutes, 805 ± 1442 cGy*cm², 10.6 ± 10.7 minutes, and 1277 ± 1931 cGy*cm², 10.4 ± 12.3 minutes for DP, AF, SVT, and VT ablations, respectively. Seven percent of all procedures were conducted without any use of fluoroscopy.

Procedures in the lower quartile of DAP were performed more frequently by female operators (OR 1.707, 95%CI 1.257‐2.318, P = .001), in higher‐volume center (OR 1.001 per one additional procedure, 95%CI 1.000‐1.001, P = .002), with the use of 3D‐mapping system (OR 2.622, 95%CI 2.053‐3.347, P < .001) and monoplane x‐ray system (OR 2.945, 95%CI 2.149‐4.037, P < .001).

Conclusion

Exposure to ionizing radiation varies widely in daily practice for all procedure. Significant opportunities for harmonization of exposure toward the lower range has been identified.

Focal atrial tachycardia ablation: Highly successful with conventional mapping

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of focal atrial tachycardia (FAT) traditionally is guided by conventional endocardial mapping of earliest atrial activation; however, more recently electro-anatomical mapping is heralded as a more effective, albeit more expensive, tool to guide ablation. Herein we present the results of conventional mapping-guided RFCA. Apropos, we conducted a literature search of studies reporting > 10 FAT patients submitted to RFCA.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Conventional mapping-guided RFCA, performed in 63 FAT patients (aged 42.4 + 17.3 years; 14 with incessant tachycardia and 12 with tachycardiomyopathy (TCM)), was successful in 61 (96.8%) patients, applied for single foci in 59 (93.7%) and two foci in 4 patients, right (n = 46) or left sided (n = 17). The earliest atrial activation time at the ablation site was 41.3 ± 16.2 ms. Fluoroscopy time averaged 27.3 + 18.7 min, and procedure lasted 2.6 + 1.7 h. Complications occurred in two patients (sinus pauses in one needing a pacemaker and a large inguinal hematoma in one). Over 29.0 + 22.9 months, four patients (6.5%) had recurrences, of whom three were successfully re-ablated. All patients with TCM showed gradual improvement to normalization over 4-6 months. Literature search showed that RFCA success is equally high when guided with either conventional (88.5%) or electro-anatomical mapping (90%) with similar recurrences (9.6% vs. 9.5%).

CONCLUSION

Conventional mapping-guided RFCA of FAT had high success (96.8%) with low complication (3.2%) and recurrence rates (6.5%). TCM was fully reversible. These results are comparable to those achieved with the more expensive electro-anatomical mapping, which may be reserved for more complex cases or for those failing the conventional approach.

Electromechanical wave imaging (EWI) validation in all four cardiac chambers with 3D electroanatomic mapping in canines in vivo

Characterization and mapping of arrhythmias is currently performed through invasive insertion and manipulation of cardiac catheters. Electromechanical wave imaging (EWI) is a non-invasive ultrasound-based imaging technique, which tracks the electromechanical activation that immediately follows electrical activation. Electrical and electromechanical activations were previously found to be linearly correlated in the left ventricle, but the relationship has not yet been investigated in the three other chambers of the heart. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between electrical and electromechanical activations and validate EWI in all four chambers of the heart with conventional 3D electroanatomical mapping. Six (n  =  6) normal adult canines were used in this study. The electrical activation sequence was mapped in all four chambers of the heart, both endocardially and epicardially using the St Jude's EnSite 3D mapping system (St. Jude Medical, Secaucus, NJ). EWI acquisitions were performed in all four chambers during normal sinus rhythm, and during pacing in the left ventricle. Isochrones of the electromechanical activation were generated from standard echocardiographic imaging views. Electrical and electromechanical activation maps were co-registered and compared, and electrical and electromechanical activation times were plotted against each other and linear regression was performed for each pair of activation maps. Electromechanical and electrical activations were found to be directly correlated with slopes of the correlation ranging from 0.77 to 1.83, electromechanical delays between 9 and 58 ms and R ² values from 0.71 to 0.92. The linear correlation between electrical and electromechanical activations and the agreement between the activation maps indicate that the electromechanical activation follows the pattern of propagation of the electrical activation. This suggests that EWI may be used as a novel non-invasive method to accurately characterize and localize sources of arrhythmias.