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Li C, Pan T, He J, Zheng Y, Fan L, Meng Y. Approach bias in individuals with Internet gaming disorder: Evidence from an event-related potential-based approach-avoid task. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 202:112376. [PMID: 38844052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) often exhibit an approach bias towards gaming cues compared to non-gaming cues. Although previous studies suggested a positive correlation between approach bias and the severity of game use, the neuropsychological mechanisms that underpin the automatic action tendencies remain largely unexplored. The present study measured event-related potentials (ERPs) in 22 IGD and 23 healthy control (HC) participants who met the inclusion criteria, both groups conducted the Stimulus-Response Compatibility task (SRC), with their ERPs recorded during the task. Results revealed that the IGD group showed a significantly larger approach bias towards gaming cues (avoidance versus approach reaction time) compared to the HC group. The amplitude of P300 significantly increased, whereas N100 significantly decreased for game-approach compared to game-avoid for IGD compared to HC participants. The findings suggested that the enhanced integrated motivational value under compatible conditions as well as increased stimulus-response conflicts under incompatible conditions may contribute to the approach bias in IGD individuals. Further investigation on the intervention is prompted through longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuijing Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbo He
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Liyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yayun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Wang Y, Li Y, Liu B, Zhao X, Geng X, Zhu W, Ding X. Adolescent Internet Gaming Disorder and sensitivity to money and social rewards. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 248:104431. [PMID: 39059243 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is a behavioural addiction characterised by excessive exposure to addictive stimuli, resulting in reduced sensitivity of the brain's reward system towards everyday rewards. Online game addiction is prevalent among adolescents; however, it remains unclear if there are variations in reward processing patterns among adolescents with online game addiction. We compared differences in sensitivity to two types of rewards between patients with IGD and patients with Recreational Game Use (RGU) using the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) paradigm and the Social Incentive Delay (SID) paradigm (Experiment 1). Additionally, we used a mixed reward latency paradigm, including both monetary and social rewards, to further explore the processing characteristics of IGD towards a mixture of these two rewards (Experiment 2). There were significant differences in the sensitivity of IGD and RGU to monetary and social rewards. Adolescents with IGD had significantly shorter reaction times to the four mixed rewards compared to RGU, while no significant differences were found between groups regarding sensitivity to specific individual rewards. However, the simultaneous presence of two rewards affected the processing speed and preference of adolescents with IGD. The reward processing characteristics observed in adolescents with online gaming disorder show specificity concerning the type and presentation of rewards, providing a theoretical foundation for diagnosing and treating adolescent online gaming addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Beichen Liu
- Shaanxi Prov Key Lab Behav & Cognit Neurosci, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xicong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.
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Zhang M, Zhao C, Mao Z, Zhang M, Xing X. Outcome assessment of different reward stimuli in Internet gaming disorder by event-related potentials. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307717. [PMID: 39047016 PMCID: PMC11268701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in sensitivity to different types of reward stimuli may be an important cause of addiction that is mainly manifested in high sensitivity to addictive substance rewards and blunting of natural rewards. However, contradictions remain in the research results on the sensitivity of individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) to different reward stimuli. Based on participants' neural responses to win and loss feedback (in door task), the event-related potential (ERP) technique was used to investigate the effects of different types of reward stimuli on the assessment of reward-processing outcomes in individuals with IGD. The results showed that in the gain condition, the FB-P3 amplitude induced by game stimuli in the IGD group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the FN amplitude induced by money stimuli was significantly lower than that in the control group. However, the FB-P3 and FN amplitudes induced by food were not significantly different from those in the control group. In the loss condition, there were no between-group differences in the FB-P3 and FN amplitudes evoked by the three reward stimuli. This indicates that the IGD group showed increased hedonic responses to game stimuli and decreased hedonic responses to money but no differences in hedonic responses to food during the reward assessment phase. Therefore, heightened sensitivity to game rewards and diminished sensitivity to monetary rewards during outcome assessment may play a crucial role in the development of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Chenyue Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Ziyu Mao
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Xing
- Department of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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Xie H, Wang Y, Zhu F, Zhang F, Wu B, Zhao Z, Gan R, Gong Q, Jia Z. Genes associated with cortical thickness alterations in behavioral addiction. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae298. [PMID: 39051658 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Behavioral addiction (BA) is a conceptually new addictive phenotype characterized by compulsive reward-seeking behaviors despite adverse consequences. Currently, its underlying neurogenetic mechanism remains unclear. Here, this study aimed to investigate the association between cortical thickness (CTh) and genetic phenotypes in BA. We conducted a systematic search in five databases and extracted gene expression data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Meta-analysis of 10 studies (343 addicted individuals and 355 controls) revealed that the BA group showed thinner CTh in the precuneus, postcentral gyrus, orbital-frontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P < 0.005). Meta-regression showed that the CTh in the precuneus and postcentral gyrus were negatively associated with the addiction severity (P < 0.0005). More importantly, the CTh phenotype of BA was spatially correlated with the expression of 12 genes (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05), and the dopamine D2 receptor had the highest correlation (rho = 0.55). Gene enrichment analysis further revealed that the 12 genes were involved in the biological processes of behavior regulation and response to stimulus (FDR < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings demonstrated the thinner CTh in cognitive control-related brain areas in BA, which could be associated with the expression of genes involving dopamine metabolism and behavior regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jiefang South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Baolin Wu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziru Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruoqiu Gan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, 699 Jinyuan Xi Road, Jimei District, 361021 Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Ni H, Wang H, Ma X, Li S, Liu C, Song X, Potenza MN, Dong GH. Efficacy and Neural Mechanisms of Mindfulness Meditation Among Adults With Internet Gaming Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2416684. [PMID: 38888924 PMCID: PMC11185988 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), recently identified internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a condition warranting more research, and few empirically validated treatments exist. Mindfulness meditation (MM) has multiple health benefits; however, its efficacy in treating IGD and potential neural mechanisms underlying MM treatment of the disorder remain largely unknown. Objective To explore the efficacy of MM used to treat adults with IGD and to identify neural mechanisms underlying MM. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized clinical trial was performed from October 1 to November 30, 2023, at Hangzhou Normal University in Hangzhou, China. Adults (aged ≥18 years) who met at least 6 of the 9 DSM-5-TR proposed criteria for IGD were recruited to receive either MM or progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). Data analysis was performed on December 1, 2023. Intervention Participants underwent MM training (an 8-session meditation program that focuses on attention and acceptance) and PMR training (an 8-time program for body relaxation) delivered in groups that met 2 times each week for 4 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures This per-protocol analysis included only participants who finished the pretest assessment, 8 training sessions, and posttest assessment. The main outcomes were addiction severity (measured with the DSM-5-TR proposed criteria for IGD and with Internet Addiction Test scores), gaming craving (measured with Questionnaire for Gaming Urges scores), and blood oxygen level-dependent signals assessed with cue-craving tasks on fMRI. Behavioral and brain measurements were compared using analysis of variance. Functional connectivity (FC) among identified brain regions was measured to test connectivity changes associated with MM. Results This study included 64 adults with IGD. A total of 32 participants received MM (mean [SD] age, 20.3 [1.9] years; 17 women [53%]) and 32 received PMR (mean [SD] age, 20.2 [1.5] years; 16 women [50%]). The severity of IGD decreased in the MM group (pretest vs posttest: mean [SD], 7.0 [1.1] vs 3.6 [0.8]; P < .001) and in the PMR group (mean [SD], 7.1 [0.9] vs 6.0 [0.9]; P = .04). The MM group had a greater decrease in IGD severity than the PMR group (mean [SD] score change for the MM group vs the PMR group, -3.6 [0.3] vs -1.1 [0.2]; P < .001). Mindfulness meditation was associated with decreased brain activation in the bilateral lentiform nuclei (r = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.60; P = .02), insula (r = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.60; P = .047), and medial frontal gyrus (MFG; r = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.70; P = .01). Increased MFG-lentiform FC and decreased craving (pretest vs posttest: mean [SD], 58.8 [15.7] vs 33.6 [12.0]; t = -8.66; ƞ2 = 0.30; P < .001) was observed after MM, and changes in MFG-lentiform FC mediated the relationship between increased mindfulness and decreased craving (mediate effect, -0.17; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.08; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, MM was more effective in decreasing addiction severity and gaming cravings compared with PMR. These findings indicate that MM may be an effective treatment for IGD and may exert its effects by altering frontopallidal pathways. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2300075869.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosen Ni
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Huabin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Ma
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- NuanCun Mindful-Living Mindfulness Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Song
- Center of Mindfulness, School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry and the Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
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Dong GH, Dai J, Potenza MN. Ten years of research on the treatments of internet gaming disorder: A scoping review and directions for future research. J Behav Addict 2024; 13:51-65. [PMID: 38183434 PMCID: PMC10988415 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been listed in section III of the DSM-5 for approximately 10 years, the study of treatments for IGD remains in early stages. Nonetheless, a summary of findings to date and discussion of future research needs are warranted. Methods The current study reviewed scientific treatment studies with control groups and randomized controlled trials. We summarized the strengths and weaknesses of different treatment strategies and identified gaps in the research literature that may inform the direction of future research efforts. Results Sixteen studies were reviewed. Existing treatment studies may be categorized into cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), pharmacotherapies, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), and others. Conclusions CBT is the most widely studied treatment strategy for IGD thus far. Future studies should consider IGD-specific CBT treatment strategies. Medication-based treatment should be implemented with caution. NIBS is promising, and future studies should explore the most efficacious parameters and targets. In addition, studies should consider sex differences in the treatment of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Heng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Junhong Dai
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, School of Clinical Medicine and the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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Dai J, Zhao Z, Dong H, Du X, Guang-Heng D. The severity of addiction mediates loneliness and cortical volume in internet gaming disorder. Neuroreport 2024; 35:61-70. [PMID: 37994617 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Internet gaming disorder (IGD) subjects reported higher loneliness scores than healthy controls. However, the neural correlates underlying the association between loneliness and IGD remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between loneliness, online gaming addiction and brain structure. In the current study, structural MRI data were acquired from 84 IGD subjects and 103 matched recreational game users (RGUs). We assessed and compared their addiction severity, loneliness scores, and cortical volumes and analyzed the correlations among these values. Significant correlations were found between loneliness scores and brain volumes in the postcentral cortex, the medial orbitofrontal cortex, the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and the temporal cortex. In addition, the addiction severity scores partly mediated the relationship between loneliness score and cortical volume in IGD. The results showed that participants with extreme loneliness had significant correlations with brain regions responsible for executive control, social threat surveillance and avoidance. More importantly, the severity of addiction mediates loneliness and cortical volume. The findings shed new insight into the neural mechanisms of loneliness and IGD and have implications for potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Dai
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University
| | - Zhen Zhao
- The affiliated Jianwen Middle School of Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou
| | - Haohao Dong
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai
| | - Dong Guang-Heng
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
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Ko CH, Király O, Demetrovics Z, Griffiths MD, Kato TA, Tateno M, Yen JY. Heterogeneity of gaming disorder: A clinically-based typology for developing personalized interventions. J Behav Addict 2023; 12:855-861. [PMID: 37934288 PMCID: PMC10786230 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defines the three key diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder (GD). These are loss of control over gaming, gaming as a priority over daily activities, and impaired functioning due to gaming. While this definition has implications for the prevention and treatment of GD, there is significant heterogeneity in the symptoms and etiology of GD among individuals, which results in different treatment needs. Cognitive control, emotional regulation, and reward sensitivity are three critical dimensions in the etiology model for GD. Aspects such as gender, comorbidity, motivation for gaming, stage or severity of GD, and risk factors all contribute to the heterogeneity of etiology among individuals with the disorder. Method On the basis of clinical symptoms and comorbidity characteristics among approximately 400 patients with gaming disorder, the present paper proposes a clinical typology of patients with GD based on the authors' clinical experience in treating individuals with GD. Results The findings indicated three common types of patients with GD: (i) impulsive male patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (ii) dysphoria patients with dysfunctional coping skills, and (iii) isolated patients with social anxiety. The paper also discusses the presentation and treatment priority for these patients. Conclusion Personalized treatments for patients with GD should be developed to fit their individual needs. Future studies should examine the heterogeneity of GD and confirm these types, as well as obtain evidence-based information that can help in the development of personalized treatment. Treatment resources should be developed, and professionals should be trained to provide integrated individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Takahiro A. Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaru Tateno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Tokiwa Child Development Center, Tokiwa Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ju-Yu Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Antons S, Liebherr M, Brand M, Brandtner A. From game engagement to craving responses - The role of gratification and compensation experiences during video-gaming in casual and at-risk gamers. Addict Behav Rep 2023; 18:100520. [PMID: 38149224 PMCID: PMC10749870 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although playing videogames is a common leisure activity some individuals develop problematic gaming behaviors or even symptoms of a gaming disorder. Game engagement may be involved in reinforcement learning that may result in experiences of craving, an important feature of gaming disorder. In the following study we aimed to approach the question which aspects contribute to increased craving for gaming. Methods Overall, 439 individuals participated in an online survey, answering questionnaires on game engagement, experience of gratification and compensation, craving, and symptoms of gaming disorder. A mediation model testing if the association between game engagement and facets of craving are mediated by the experience of gratification and compensation during gaming. Results Three facets of craving (reward/relief, physiological, obsessive craving) were statistically explained by game engagement and the experience of gratification and compensation. Models differed between casual gamers and at-risk gamers. The effects on reward/relief and physiological craving were fully mediated in the casual group and partially mediated in the at-risk group by gratification and compensation experiences. Conclusion Game engagement may contribute to the development of craving by increasing the experience of gratification and compensation and thus might be important in reinforcement learning. Games evoking a high engagement may therefore have a higher addictive potential. Further processes potentially related to game engagement, such as intrusive thoughts and desire thinking, which are related to craving experiences, should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Antons
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - M. Liebherr
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - M. Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Brandtner
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
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Weinstein A. Problematic Internet usage: brain imaging findings. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Current Status of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in Japan: New Lifestyle-Related Disease in Children and Adolescents. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154566. [PMID: 35956181 PMCID: PMC9369635 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization recognizes internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a disorder that causes problems in daily life as a result of excessive interest in online games. The causes of IGD have become more apparent in recent years. Because of prolonged exposure to games, the mechanisms controlling the reward system, such as the prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and amygdala of the cerebrum, do not function properly in IGD. This mechanism is similar to that of various behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction. IGD is particularly risky in children and adolescents because it easily causes brain dysfunction, especially in the developing brain. IGD should be regarded as a new lifestyle-related disease in younger individuals, and lifestyle modifications, including counseling and family therapy, are critical for its management.
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