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Müller A, Laskowski NM, Thomas TA, Antons S, Tahmassebi N, Steins-Loeber S, Brand M, Georgiadou E. Update on treatment studies for compulsive buying-shopping disorder: A systematic review. J Behav Addict 2023; 12:631-651. [PMID: 37450373 PMCID: PMC10562810 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) is mentioned as an example of other specified impulse control disorders in the ICD-11 coding tool, highlighting its clinical relevance and need for treatment. The aim of the present work was to provide a systematic update on treatment studies for CBSD, with a particular focus on online CBSD. Method The preregistered systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42021257379) was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycInfo databases. Original research published between January 2000 and December 2022 was included. Risk of reporting bias was evaluated with the CONSORT guideline for randomized controlled trials. Effect sizes for primary CBSD outcomes were calculated. Results Thirteen studies were included (psychotherapy: 2 open, 4 waitlist control design; medication: 2 open, 3 placebo-controlled, 2 open-label phase followed by a double-blind discontinuation phase; participants treatment/control 349/149). None of the studies addressed online CBSD. Psychotherapy studies suggest that group cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing CBSD symptoms. Pharmacological studies with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or topiramate did not indicate superiority over placebo. Predictors of treatment outcome were rarely examined, mechanisms of change were not studied at all. Risk of reporting bias was high in most studies. Discussion Poor methodological and low quality of reporting of included studies reduce the reliability of conclusions. There is a lack of studies targeting online CBSD. More high-quality treatment research is needed with more emphasis on the CBSD subtype and mechanisms of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora M. Laskowski
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Tobias A. Thomas
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Antons
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Ekaterini Georgiadou
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Germany
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Thomas TA, Joshi M, Trotzke P, Steins-Loeber S, Müller A. Cognitive Functions in Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder: a Systematic Review. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-023-00255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of the Review
To provide a systematic review of experimental studies concerning cognitive functions in compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) and to evaluate the studies as supporting or not supporting the affective and cognitive interactions proposed by the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors.
Recent Findings
The results of the present review concerning CBSD mirror findings regarding cue reactivity and disadvantageous decision making in other addictive behaviors, but they also demonstrate a relative lack of experimental studies addressing other cognitive domains such as attentional bias, inhibitory control, implicit associations, or Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer. Experimental work on physiological and neural correlates of affective and cognitive mechanisms and their interaction in CBSD is still at the beginning.
Summary
While a reasonable number of experimental neuropsychological studies support the application of the I-PACE framework to CBSD, future research is required to systematically examine affective and cognitive interactions in CBSD.
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Somma A, Krueger RF, Markon KE, Gialdi G, Di Leva N, Falcone E, Villa M, Frau C, Fossati A. Are problem buying and problem gambling addictive, impulsive, or compulsive in nature? A network analysis and latent dimension analysis study in Italian community-dwelling adults. Psychiatry Res 2023; 321:115100. [PMID: 36774751 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Prominent scholars suggested that the impulsive-obsessive compulsive continuum may represent a framework to understand both substance and behavioral addictions. However, the characterization of pathological buying (PB) and problem gambling (PG) within the compulsive-impulsive spectrum has not been extensively investigated. To explore the relationships among PB, PG, alcohol and substance abuse, DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and impulsive dimensions, a sample of 1,005 Italian community-dwelling adult participants (55.5% female), was administered self-reported measures of PB, PG, and other theoretically-relevant constructs. We expected to observe a multidimensional structure in our data; moreover, DSM-5 obsessive compulsive and related disorders were hypothesized to be accounted for by a common dimension. Three dimensions were identified and replicated across two different, non-redundant methods (i.e., exploratory graph analysis and exploratory factor analysis), namely, substance use and gambling, obsessive and compulsive phenomena, and impulsivity dimensions. Specifically, PG seemed to represent a behavioral variant of addiction vulnerability, PB seemed more akin to obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, and disinhibition dimension represented the common core of negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking (SS), and positive urgency. Our findings may be helpful in improving our knowledge on the similarities and differences between PB and PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Somma
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Gialdi
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Di Leva
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elena Falcone
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marisole Villa
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Frau
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerlande: ISIPSÉ Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fossati
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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Mestre-Bach G, Potenza MN. Features Linked to Treatment Outcomes in Behavioral Addictions and Related Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2873. [PMID: 36833569 PMCID: PMC9957199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral addictions are incompletely understood with respect to their underlying etiologies. This incomplete understanding may contribute to the frequent relapse and dropout rate often observed with behavioral addictions. The present state-of-the-art review aimed to review the literature that explored sociodemographic and clinical factors that link to poor treatment responses. Despite multiple studies, the definitions and evaluations of relapse and dropout are heterogeneous, complicating comparisons across studies. A scientific consensus on the conceptualization of both terms would help to better understand psychological features linked to treatment outcomes in behavioral addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26006 La Rioja, Spain
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06109, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Gullo MJ, Wood AP, Saunders JB. Criteria for the establishment of a new behavioural addiction •. J Behav Addict 2022. [PMCID: PMC9295214 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When does repeated behaviour constitute behavioural addiction? There has been considerable debate about non-substance-related addictions and how to determine when impaired control over a behaviour is addiction. There are public health benefits to identifying new behavioural addictions if intervention can improve outcomes. However, criteria for establishing new behavioural addictions must guard against diagnostic inflation and the pathologizing of normal problems of living. Criteria should include clinical relevance (Criterion 1), alignment with addiction phenomenology (Criterion 2) and theory (Criterion 3), and taxonomic plausibility (Criterion 4). Against such criteria, evidence does not yet support classification of pornography-use and buying-shopping disorders as addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Gullo
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Andrew P. Wood
- School of Health & Behavioural Sciences, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia
| | - John B. Saunders
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Latent Classes for the Treatment Outcomes in Women with Gambling Disorder and Buying/Shopping Disorder. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133917. [PMID: 35807202 PMCID: PMC9267407 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for behavioral addictions is rising among women within the general population and in clinical settings. However, few studies have assessed treatment effectiveness in females. The aim of this work was to explore latent empirical classes of women with gambling disorder (GD) and buying/shopping disorder (BSD) based on the treatment outcome, as well as to identify predictors of the different empirical groups considering the sociodemographic and clinical profiles at baseline. METHOD A clinical sample of n = 318 women seeking treatment for GD (n = 221) or BSD (n = 97) participated. Age was between 21 to 77 years. RESULTS The four latent-classes solution was the optimal classification in the study. Latent class 1 (LT1, good progression to recovery) grouped patients with the best CBT outcomes (lowest risk of dropout and relapses), and it was characterized by the healthiest psychological state at baseline, the lowest scores in harm avoidance and self-transcendence, and the highest scores in reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness. Latent classes 3 (LT3, bad progression to drop-out) and 4 (LT4, bad progression to relapse) grouped women with the youngest mean age, earliest onset of the addictive behaviors, and worst psychological functioning. CONCLUSIONS GD and BSD are complex conditions with multiple interactive causes and impacts, which need wide and flexible treatment plans. Specific interventions should be designed according to the specific profiles of women for achieving early inclusion, retention and well-maintained long-term effects.
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Mestre-Bach G, Granero R, Casalé-Salayet G, Fernández-Aranda F, Müller A, Brand M, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Sánchez I, Camacho-Barcia L, Villena A, Lara-Huallipe ML, Jiménez-Murcia S. Motherhood and Treatment Outcome in Female Patients with Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127075. [PMID: 35742322 PMCID: PMC9222626 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Motherhood has been proposed as an internal facilitating factor for the recovery of women with mental disorders. However, at the same time, there are significant barriers that may be interfering with the access and adherence to treatment for these women. The present longitudinal study aimed to deepen the sociodemographic and clinical profile of women with children and compulsive buying–shopping disorder (CBSD), and to explore the association between motherhood and response to treatment. The total sample included 77 women with a diagnosis of CBSD (n = 49 mothers) who received cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for 12 weeks. No association between psychopathology and motherhood was observed. The group of mothers reported an older age of onset of the CBSD, a lower amount of money spent per compulsive-buying episode, and a higher likelihood of family support for the CBSD. Moreover, this group showed lower risk of relapse. The findings support the theoretical proposal that considers motherhood as an internal facilitating factor for recovery and treatment adherence of mothers with addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (F.F.-A.); (I.S.); (L.C.-B.)
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (L.M.); (M.L.L.-H.)
| | | | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (F.F.-A.); (I.S.); (L.C.-B.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (L.M.); (M.L.L.-H.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany;
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (L.M.); (M.L.L.-H.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (L.M.); (M.L.L.-H.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (F.F.-A.); (I.S.); (L.C.-B.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (L.M.); (M.L.L.-H.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Camacho-Barcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (F.F.-A.); (I.S.); (L.C.-B.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (L.M.); (M.L.L.-H.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Villena
- Unidad Sexología Clínica y Salud Sexual, Consulta Dr. Carlos Chiclana, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Milagros L. Lara-Huallipe
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (L.M.); (M.L.L.-H.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28015 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.); (F.F.-A.); (I.S.); (L.C.-B.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.-P.); (L.M.); (M.L.L.-H.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-326079
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Müller A, Georgiadou E, Birlin A, Laskowski NM, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F, Hillemacher T, de Zwaan M, Brand M, Steins-Loeber S. The Relationship of Shopping-Related Decisions with Materialistic Values Endorsement, Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder Symptoms and Everyday Moral Decision Making. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074376. [PMID: 35410054 PMCID: PMC8998309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) is associated with high materialistic values endorsement and excessive purchasing of consumer goods. A subgroup of individuals with CBSD engage in socially unacceptable behaviors to continue shopping despite negative consequences. This investigation aimed at exploring possible links between ego-oriented shopping-related decisions, materialism, symptoms of CBSD and close-to-everyday moral decision making. METHODS In study 1, patients with CBSD were interviewed to develop a list of conflict situations, capturing typical shopping-related dilemmas. In study 2, the shopping-related dilemmas from study 1, standardized close-to-everyday moral dilemmas, the Material Values Scale and Pathological Buying Screener were administered to a web-based convenience sample (n = 274). RESULTS The main effects of a moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed an association of more ego-oriented shopping-related decisions with both higher materialistic values endorsement and more CBSD symptoms, but not with everyday moral decision-making. However, a more egoistic everyday moral decision making style moderated the effect of CBSD symptoms on ego-oriented shopping related decisions. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that a more egoistic everyday moral decision making style is not directly linked to domain-specific shopping-related decision making but strengthens the link between symptoms of CBSD and ego-oriented shopping-related decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.B.); (N.M.L.); (M.d.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-6569
| | - Ekaterini Georgiadou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (E.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Annika Birlin
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.B.); (N.M.L.); (M.d.Z.)
| | - Nora M. Laskowski
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.B.); (N.M.L.); (M.d.Z.)
- Institute of Psychology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32312 Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.J.-M.); (F.F.-A.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.J.-M.); (F.F.-A.)
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Hillemacher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (E.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (A.B.); (N.M.L.); (M.d.Z.)
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology, Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany;
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto Friedrich University of Bamberg, 96047 Bamberg, Germany;
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Müller A, Joshi M, Thomas TA. Excessive shopping on the internet: recent trends in compulsive buying-shopping disorder. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Jannini TB, Lorenzo GD, Bianciardi E, Niolu C, Toscano M, Ciocca G, Jannini EA, Siracusano A. Off-label Uses of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:693-712. [PMID: 33998993 PMCID: PMC9878961 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210517150418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric drugs have primacy for off-label prescribing. Among those, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are highly versatile and, therefore, widely prescribed. Moreover, they are commonly considered as having a better safety profile compared to other antidepressants. Thus, when it comes to off-label prescribing, SSRIs rank among the top positions. In this review, we present the state of the art of off-label applications of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, ranging from migraine prophylaxis to SARS-CoV-2 antiviral properties. Research on SSRIs provided significant evidence in the treatment of premature ejaculation, both with the on-label dapoxetine 30 mg and the off-label paroxetine 20 mg. However, other than a serotoninergic syndrome, serious conditions like increased bleeding rates, hyponatremia, hepatoxicity, and post-SSRIs sexual dysfunctions, are consistently more prominent when using such compounds. These insidious side effects might be frequently underestimated during common clinical practice, especially by nonpsychiatrists. Thus, some points must be addressed when using SSRIs. Among these, a psychiatric evaluation before every administration that falls outside the regulatory agencies-approved guidelines has to be considered mandatory. For these reasons, we aim with the present article to identify the risks of inappropriate uses and to advocate the need to actively boost research encouraging future clinical trials on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso B. Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D. Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;,IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Niolu
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Toscano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy;,Department of Neurology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Ciocca
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Siracusano
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; E-mail:
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11
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Black DW. Compulsive Shopping: A Review and Update. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 46:101321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Vasiliu O. Therapeutic management of buying/shopping disorder: A systematic literature review and evidence-based recommendations. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1047280. [PMID: 36405896 PMCID: PMC9669662 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1047280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of buying/shopping disorder (B/SD) has been increasing in the last two decades, and this disorder has a substantial negative impact on general functioning and quality of life. Therefore, a systematic review of the studies dedicated to the efficacy and tolerability of therapeutic interventions, both psychological and pharmacological, might help clinicians to decide on the most evidence-based treatment for these patients. In order to further increase the clinical usefulness of the current review, GRADE-based recommendations were formulated, where enough evidence was found to support such an approach. A number of five electronic databases were searched for single case reports, case series, open-label and double-blind, placebo/active intervention-controlled trials, but other secondary reports (i.e., systematic reviews and meta-analyses) were also included in this analysis. Studies with unspecified designs or those that do not report either qualitatively or quantitively the evolution of B/SD core manifestations were excluded. All data included in the secondary analysis were evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists. A total number of 24 manuscripts (i.e., 12 clinical trials, eight case reports, and four reviews) were included. Most of the reviewed studies were of moderate quality, representing a certain limitation of this review and preventing the formulation of high-validity recommendations. Psychotherapy, especially cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) seems to be the main intervention supported by the current evidence, followed by the combination of antidepressants and CBT, and serotoninergic antidepressants as monotherapy. There is an obvious need to further develop good-quality trials with a more significant number of participants with B/SD and longer follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Vasiliu
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Carol Davila University Emergency Central Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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Müller A, Laskowski NM, Wegmann E, Steins-Loeber S, Brand M. Problematic Online Buying-Shopping: Is it Time to Considering the Concept of an Online Subtype of Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder or a Specific Internet-Use Disorder? CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Problematic online buying-shopping became a recent research topic, and the question arises as to whether it would be useful to differentiate between a “predominantly online” and a “predominantly offline” compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) subtype by analogy with gaming disorder and gambling disorder in the ICD-11. This narrative review aims at reflecting the discussions on overlaps of problematic online buying-shopping with both offline CBSD and specific internet-use disorders.
Recent Findings
Preliminary data suggest that problematic online buying-shopping shares many commonalities with both offline CBSD and potential specific internet-use disorders (e.g., gaming disorder, pornography-use disorder, or social-network–use disorder). However, there is a lack of research addressing the etiology, underlying affective and cognitive mechanisms, psychosocial correlates, comorbidity profiles, and treatment of problematic online buying-shopping.
Summary
The question of whether online CBSD can develop independently from offline CBSD or only as medial transformation of offline CBSD still remains unanswered due to limited research on problematic online buying-shopping. Both perspectives are conceivable: that online CBSD represents a standalone specific internet-use disorder or the online subtype of CBSD. Future studies should examine which approach has clinical utility and indicates specific treatment options and better outcomes.
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Lampalzer U, Tozdan S, von Franqué F, Briken P. Hypersexuality and Impulsivity in Self-Referred Men With Sexual Interest in Minors: Are They Related? Do They Change During Treatment? An Exploratory Pilot Study. Sex Med 2021; 9:100429. [PMID: 34509753 PMCID: PMC8498949 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2021.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies on characteristics of self-referred men with sexual interest in minors (SIM) and treatment approaches in this group of patients are still relatively rare. Aim The aim of this exploratory pilot study was to investigate hypersexuality and impulsivity as 2 dynamic risk factors that could possibly change during treatment in self-referred men with SIM. Methods Data were collected at the “Kein Täter Werden (means: not become an offender)” network site in Hamburg. Using self-report questionnaires, the extent of hypersexuality and impulsivity was analyzed with the samples’ pretreatment data via descriptive statistics and compared with nonclinical samples of other studies. The relation between hypersexuality and impulsivity was analyzed via Spearman's correlation coefficient with pretreatment data (N = 77). Intragroup analysis compared hypersexuality and impulsivity from pre- and posttreatment (n = 29). Main Outcome Measures Hypersexual Behavior Inventory and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11. Results The degree of generalized impulsivity in the SIM group was comparable to that in nonclinical samples while the degree of hypersexuality was considerably higher than in nonclinical samples. Sixty-four percent of the participants were in the range of clinically relevant hypersexuality. Impulsivity and hypersexuality were weakly positively correlated with each other. During treatment hypersexuality significantly decreased while impulsivity did not differ significantly between before beginning treatment and after (partial) completion. Conclusion Hypersexuality, but not impulsivity, was pronounced in the group of self-referred men with SIM and should be targeted in treatment. In order to improve treatment outcome regarding risk reduction in self-referred men with SIM, a focus on treatment approaches that were developed to treat hypersexuality can be expected to be effective while focusing on generalized impulsivity may be less relevant. Lampalzer U, Tozdan S, von Franqué F, et al. Hypersexuality and Impulsivity in Self-Referred Men With Sexual Interest in Minors: Are They Related? Do They Change During Treatment? An Exploratory Pilot Study. Sex Med 2021;9:100429.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Lampalzer
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Safiye Tozdan
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fritjof von Franqué
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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A 12-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Topiramate for the Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 40:186-190. [PMID: 32134854 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topiramate is an anticonvulsant that has shown promise as a pharmacological agent for the treatment of addictive disorders, including compulsive buying disorder (CBD). The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of topiramate in the treatment of CBD and its associated characteristics using a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. METHODS Fifty patients seeking treatment of CBD who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 25) or the control group (n = 25). Both groups received 4 sessions of psychoeducation. RESULTS Forty-four participants completed the follow-up with no differences in the rate of dropout between groups. There were no differences between participants who received topiramate or placebo in reducing CBD symptoms assessed by the primary outcome scale (Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale - Shopping Version). However, participants who received topiramate were significantly more likely to show clinical improvement when assessed by a secondary outcome measure, the Compulsive Buying Follow-Up Scale. In addition, there was a trend among participants who received topiramate to report improvements in aspects of hoarding and impulsivity compared with the control group. There were significant improvements in comorbid depression and social adjustments over time, but no group × time interaction was found. CONCLUSIONS The results do not provide support for the use of topiramate in the treatment of CBD. Future investigation with larger and representative samples and longer follow-up period are needed.
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Treatment of compulsive buying disorder: comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy with person-centred experiential counselling. Behav Cogn Psychother 2020; 49:370-384. [DOI: 10.1017/s1352465820000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Outcome studies of the treatment of compulsive buying disorder (CBD) have rarely compared the effectiveness of differing active treatments.Aims:This study sought to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and person-centred experiential therapy (PCE) in a cross-over design.Method:This was an ABC single case experimental design with extended follow-up with a female patient meeting diagnostic criteria for CBD. Ideographic CBD outcomes were intensively measured over a continuous 350-day time series. Following a 1-month baseline assessment phase (A; 28 days; three sessions), CBT was delivered via 13 out-patient sessions (B: 160 days) and then PCE was delivered via six out-patient sessions (C: 63 days). There was a 99-day follow-up period.Results:Frequency and duration of compulsive buying episodes decreased during active treatment. CBT and PCE were both highly effective compared with baseline for reducing shopping obsessions, excitement about shopping, compulsion to shop and improving self-esteem. When the PCE and CBT treatment phases were compared against each other, few differences were apparent in terms of outcome. There was no evidence of any relapse over the follow-up period. A reliable and clinically significant change on the primary nomothetic measure (i.e. Compulsive Buying Scale) was retained over time.Conclusions:The study suggests that both CBT and PCE can be effective for CBD. Methodological limitations and suggestions for future CBD outcome research are discussed.
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Goslar M, Leibetseder M, Muench HM, Hofmann SG, Laireiter AR. Treatments for internet addiction, sex addiction and compulsive buying: A meta-analysis. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:14-43. [PMID: 32359229 PMCID: PMC8935188 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Internet addiction, sex addiction and compulsive buying are common behavioral problems, which share similarities with gambling disorder and substance use disorders. However, little is known about the efficacy of their treatments. The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the efficacy of the treatments of such problem behaviors, and to draw parallels to gambling disorder and substance use disorders in terms of treatment response. METHODS Literature search yielded 91 studies totaling 3,531 participants to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the short-term and long-term efficacy of psychological, pharmacological and combined treatments for internet addiction, sex addiction, and compulsive buying. RESULTS Psychological, pharmacological, and combined treatments were associated with robust pre-post improvements in the global severity of internet addiction (Hedges's g: 1.51, 1.13, and 2.51, respectively) and sex addiction (Hedges's g: 1.09, 1.21, and 1.91, respectively). For compulsive buying, psychological and pharmacological treatments were also associated with a large-sized pre-post reduction in global severity (Hedges's g: 1.00 and 1.52, respectively). The controlled pre-post and within-group pre-follow-up effect sizes were in the similar range, with few exceptions. Moderator analyses suggest that psychological interventions are effective for reducing compulsive behaviors, especially when delivered face-to-face and conducted over extended periods of time. Combinations of cognitive-behavioral approaches with medications showed an advantage over monotherapies. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that treatments for common behavioral addictions are effective in the short term, similar to those implemented for gambling disorder and substance use disorders, but more rigorous clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Goslar
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria,Corresponding author. Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria. Fax: +43/(0)662/8044 5126. E-mail:
| | - Max Leibetseder
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hannah M. Muench
- Psychosomatisches Zentrum Waldviertel (PSZW), Universitätsklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin der Karl Landsteiner Privat-Universität, Grafenbergerstraße 2, 3730, Eggenburg, Austria
| | - Stefan G. Hofmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, 2nd Fl., Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Anton-Rupert Laireiter
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria,Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Wien, Austria
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Development and validation of the compulsive-buying follow-up scale: A measure to assess treatment improvements in compulsive buying disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 282:112009. [PMID: 30612719 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to develop a scale to assess treatment improvements for compulsive buying disorder (CBD), adapted from the Gambling Follow-up Scale Self-Report Version. The Compulsive Buying Follow-up Scale (CBFS) contains six self-report multiple-choice items assessing different aspects of compulsive buying in the past four weeks. Forty-eight treatment-seeking patients with CBD were evaluated, with 39 patients completing the 12-week follow-up. The scale's global alpha was high as well as the item-total correlations per item. The estimations of alpha if-item-deleted were all under the global alpha value, indicating that all items provided relevant contribution within the scale. The CBFS demonstrated significant correlations with previously developed scales of CBD and other measures of psychopathology, with the exception of a non-significant association with the Beck Depression Inventory at pre-treatment. The CBFS correlated significantly with all reference scales at post-treatment. The CBFS also demonstrated strong sensitivity to change and recovery status. The cutoff for the CBFS that provided the greatest sensitivity (0.93) and specificity (0.82) was 22. The results provide support that CBFS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure treatment outcomes over time for CBD.
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Abstract
The phenomenon of buying-shopping disorder (BSD) was described over 100 years ago. Definitions of BSD refer to extreme preoccupation with shopping and buying, to impulses to purchase that are experienced as irresistible, and to recurrent maladaptive buying excesses that lead to distress and impairments. Efforts to stop BSD episodes are unsuccessful, despite the awareness of repeated break-downs in self-regulation, experiences of post-purchase guilt and regret, comorbid psychiatric disorders, reduced quality of life, familial discord, work impairment, financial problems, and other negative consequences. A recent meta-analysis indicated an estimated point prevalence of BSD of 5%. In this narrative review, the authors offer a perspective to consider BSD as a mental health condition and to classify this disorder as a behavioral addiction, based on both research data and on long-standing clinical experience.
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Vogel B, Trotzke P, Steins-Loeber S, Schäfer G, Stenger J, de Zwaan M, Brand M, Müller A. An experimental examination of cognitive processes and response inhibition in patients seeking treatment for buying-shopping disorder. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212415. [PMID: 30840643 PMCID: PMC6402626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate about whether buying-shopping disorder (BSD) should be acknowledged as a behavioral addiction. The current study investigated if mechanisms that play a prominent role in disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviors are relevant in BSD, particularly cue reactivity, craving, cognitive bias and reduced inhibitory control regarding addiction-relevant cues. The study included 39 treatment-seeking patients with BSD and 39 healthy control (HC) participants (29 women and 10 men in each group). Subjective responses toward buying/shopping-relevant visual cues were compared in patients vs. control participants. Experimental paradigms with neutral and semi-individualized buying/shopping-related pictures were administered to assess attentional bias, implicit associations and response inhibition with respect to different visual cues: Dot-probe paradigm (DPP), Implicit Association Task (IAT), Go/nogo-task (GNG). The severity of BSD, craving for buying/shopping, and symptoms of comorbid mental disorders (anxiety, depressive and hoarding disorders) were measured using standardized questionnaires. The BSD-group showed more general craving for buying/shopping, stronger subjective craving reactions towards buying/shopping-related visual cues, and more symptoms of anxiety, depression and hoarding disorder than control participants. Task performance in the DPP, IAT and GNG paradigm did not differ between the two groups. The present findings confirm previous research concerning the crucial role of craving in BSD. The assumption that attentional bias, implicit associations and deficient inhibitory control with respect to buying/shopping-related cues are relevant in BSD could not be proven. Future research should address methodological shortcomings and investigate the impact of acute psychosocial stress and present mood on craving responses, cognitive processing, and response inhibition in patients with BSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Vogel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Trotzke
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Schäfer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana Stenger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Laskowski NM, Trotzke P, Müller A. Brauchen versus kaufen: Wenn Warenkonsum zur Sucht wird. VERHALTENSTHERAPIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1159/000493888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F. Differences and Similarities Between Compulsive Buying and Other Addictive Behaviors. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is a condition characterized by excessive preoccupations, impulses, and behaviors regarding buying, resulting in serious psychological, social, and financial problems. Even though it has not been included in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, "behavioral addictions" section, CBD is a hot topic in current clinical psychiatry, because of its relevant prevalence (at least 5% in adult populations) and severe effect on quality of life.The CBD shares some clinical features with substance-related and behavioral addictions, impulse control disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorder, and it is often comorbid with other psychiatric illnesses (especially depressive and anxiety disorders). The treatment of CBD is therefore difficult, and clear therapeutic guidelines are not yet available. Treating the comorbid disorders as the first-line approach, or combining drugs with different pharmacodynamic profiles, has been suggested to address this challenging condition. CASE A 60-year-old woman affected by a severe form of CBD with comorbid major depressive disorder, resistant/intolerant to previous selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatments and only partially responder to mirtazapine, achieved a good clinical improvement adding bupropion. CONCLUSIONS Combining 2 agents with different pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of action, such as bupropion and mirtazapine, could be a useful strategy in the management of complex CBD cases.
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