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Hu Y, Zhang L, Zhao D, Gao X. Winning Exposure and Positive Illusions Among Chinese Lottery Gamblers: Moderating Effects of Lottery Winning Experience and Socioeconomic Status. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10307-5. [PMID: 38802626 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Positive illusions and winning exposure are key factors leading to problem lottery gambling, but few studies have examined the relationships between them. 402 Chinese lottery gamblers was conducted with the Winning Exposure Questionnaire, the Positive illusion Questionnaire, the Winning Experience Questionnaire, and the Social and Economic Status Questionnaire to investigate the relationship between winning exposure and positive illusions as well as the moderating role of winning experience and socioeconomic status. The results showed that winning exposure can significantly and positively predict the positive illusions (optimism bias, better than average bias, and illusion of control) of lottery gamblers. The highest winning amount and subjective socioeconomic status significantly moderated the relationship between winning exposure and optimism bias. That was to say, for lottery gamblers with smaller maximum winning amount and lower subjective socioeconomic status, the association between winning exposure and optimism bias was stronger. Furthermore, the moderating effect of highest winning amount in the relationship between winning exposure and better than average bias, and the moderating effects of occupational status and subjective socioeconomic status in the relationship between winning exposure and illusion of control were marginally significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- School of Education and Psychology, Tianjin University of Sport, No. 16 Donghai Road, West Tuanbo New Town, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Libin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Demao Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
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2
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Garzola GCQ. The Relevance of Marketing in Sports Betting Perceptions and Behaviors Across Different age Groups. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10295-6. [PMID: 38592614 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Sports betting and its associated problems are increasing rapidly. Moreover, it has been widely advertised and marketed, successfully reaching young adult males. This work aims to review recent publications regarding the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors across different ages. For this purpose, a search in the PubMed database was set for 5 years (November 2014 - November 2019). The search terms included: "Sports betting AND children", "Sports betting AND young adult", "Sports betting AND adult". The search generated 131 articles, including some duplications. Once duplicates were eliminated, the titles and abstract analysis led to 21 references. To this, four more recent references were added to complement the introduction and discussion sections. The total number of references is 25. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) human study, (b) quantitative, experimental, clinical study, or review, (c) emphasis on the relationship between marketing and sports betting perceptions and behaviors, (d) specified number of subjects, (e) male or female gender, and (f) written in English (title and abstract). The findings indicated that: (1) marketing plays a significant role in normalizing gambling in sports, (2) policymakers should consider comprehensive approaches to reduce the exposure of sports betting advertising to young individuals, and (3) future studies should explore potential differences in results based on gender and developmental stage. For instance, sports betting is more prevalent among males than females, and younger children tend to be more impulsive than older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Quintero Garzola
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University - Republic of Panama, City of Knowledge, #227 Jacinto Palacios Cobos Street, Clayton, Panama City, Republic of Panama.
- Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Panama, Republic of Panama.
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3
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Etuk R, Xu T, Abarbanel B, Potenza MN, Kraus SW. Sports betting around the world: A systematic review. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:689-715. [PMID: 36067022 PMCID: PMC9872539 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims This systematic review examines whether sports betting behaviors differ among and between sports bettors in different countries, evaluates psychosocial problems related to sports betting behaviors and how problems may vary by country, and lastly, summarizes the current regulatory guidelines for sports betting. Methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and included peer-reviewed articles from PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Studies on sports betting behavior were included if they were published in English or Chinese between January 1, 2010 and March 28th, 2022. We gathered regulatory information from peer-reviewed articles, legal acts, and relevant websites. Of 2,450 articles screened, 65 were included in the final review. Results Marketing and promotion of sports betting were more prominent for sports betting in Australia and the United Kingdom. Interviews with sports bettors demonstrated that sports betting is persuasive and normalized. Psychosocial problems do not appear to differ greatly by country, and sports betting appears to be associated with elevated levels of problem gambling. Responsible gambling approaches have helped address risky sports betting behaviors. China and South Korea have imposed more strict regulations and restrictions on sports betting access in comparison to countries such as Australia or the United States. Discussion and conclusions Currently, sports betting is easy to access, normalized, and contains many attractive features for sports bettors. Psychoeducation about potential risks of sports betting and encouragement of responsible gambling strategies could help lessen risky sports-betting behaviors, though cross-cultural adaptations should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Repairer Etuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Tiange Xu
- William F. Harrah College of Hospitality, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- International Gaming Institute, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Brett Abarbanel
- William F. Harrah College of Hospitality, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- International Gaming Institute, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Gambling Treatment & Research Centre, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shane W. Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +702-895-0214. E-mail:
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Mestre-Bach G, Granero R, Mora-Maltas B, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Munguía L, Potenza MN, Derevensky JL, Richard J, Fernández-Aranda F, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Sports-betting-related gambling disorder: Clinical features and correlates of cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes. Addict Behav 2022; 133:107371. [PMID: 35691124 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The number of patients with gambling disorder (GD) whose gambling preference is sports betting is increasing. However, their clinical profile and their responses to psychological treatments -compared to patients with other forms of gambling- have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the aims of this study were: (1) to compare the clinical characteristics of GD patients whose primary gambling activity was sports betting (SB+; n = 113) with GD patients with other primary gambling activities (SB-; n = 1,135); (2) to compare treatment outcomes (dropout and relapses) between SB + and SB- patients; and (3) to explore relationships between specific variables (GD severity, psychological distress and personality features) and treatment outcome in SB + and SB- GD patients, through correlation models and path-analysis. METHODS The cognitive behavioral treatment consisted of 16 weekly sessions. Personality features, psychopathology, and sociodemographic and clinical factors were assessed. RESULTS The SB + group included higher proportions of younger patients who were single and had higher educational levels, older ages of GD onset, and greater GD severities. Regarding treatment outcomes, the dropout rate was lower in the SB + group, and no between-group differences were found regarding relapse. Dropout within the SB + group was related to being unemployed, and relapse was related to being unmarried and experiencing more psychological distress. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The differences between SB + and SB- GD patients suggest that GD patients with sports-betting problems may benefit from tailored therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roser Granero
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Derevensky
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jérémie Richard
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lloyd J, Nicklin LL, Spicer SG, Fullwood C, Uther M, Hinton DP, Parke J, Lloyd H, Close J. Development and Validation of the RAFFLE: A Measure of Reasons and Facilitators for Loot Box Engagement. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5949. [PMID: 34945245 PMCID: PMC8707097 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative studies have identified a diverse array of motivations for purchasing items within video games through chance-based mechanisms (i.e., "loot boxes"). Given that some individuals-particularly those at risk of disordered gaming and/or gambling-are prone to over-involvement with loot box purchasing, it is important to have a reliable, valid means of measuring the role of different motivations in driving purchasing behaviour. Building on prior qualitative research, this paper reports the development and validation of the "RAFFLE" scale, to measure the Reasons and Facilitators for Loot box Engagement. A 23-item, seven-factor scale was developed through cognitive interviews (n = 25) followed by two surveys of UK-based gamers who purchase loot boxes; analysed via exploratory (n = 503) and confirmatory (n = 1495) factor analysis, respectively. Subscales encompassed "enhancement'; "progression'; "social pressure'; "distraction/compulsion'; "altruism'; "fear of missing out'; and "resale". The scale showed good criterion and construct validity (correlating well with measures of loot box engagement; the risky loot box index (r = 0.63) and monthly self-reported spend (r = 0.38)), and good internal validity (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). Parallels with, and divergence from, motivations for related activities of gaming and gambling, and alignment with broader theoretical models of motivation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Lloyd
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (C.F.); (M.U.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Laura Louise Nicklin
- Institute of Education, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WS1 3BD, UK;
| | - Stuart Gordon Spicer
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; (S.G.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Chris Fullwood
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (C.F.); (M.U.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Maria Uther
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (C.F.); (M.U.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Daniel P. Hinton
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (C.F.); (M.U.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Jonathan Parke
- Sophro, Newark Beacon Innovation Centre, Cafferata Way, Newark NG24 2TN, UK;
| | - Helen Lloyd
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; (S.G.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - James Close
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; (S.G.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
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Lopez-Gonzalez H, Rius-Buitrago A, Jimenez-Murcia S, Griffiths MD. The utilization and perception of sports betting experts (‘tipsters’) among sports bettors with gambling problems: a qualitative focus group interview study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2020.1844270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez
- Department of Information Science and Communication, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Susana Jimenez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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A Thematic Analysis of Sports Bettors’ Perceptions of Sports Betting Marketing Strategies in the UK. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn the UK and other countries in the world, the volume of gambling advertisements is increasing, as is the popularity of online sports betting. While there is increasing research examining the content of such advertising, there is little research examining what gamblers themselves think about such advertising. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to firstly, explore the attitudes and opinions of sports bettors in response to marketing techniques used by the gambling industry and secondly, explore the perceived impact advertising has on their sports betting behavior. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 19 UK sports bettors aged between 21 and 32 years old. Thematic analysis (TA) was used to analyze the transcripts. The analysis identified three main themes: (i) “temptation to gamble,” (ii) “promotion characteristics of gambling,” and (iii) “regulating gambling advertising.” Each theme consisted of two or three subthemes that illustrated the underlying factors that were perceived to be important aspects that contributed to the opinions and attitudes towards the advertising. Findings indicate that specific inducements including enhanced odds and “request-a-bet” promotions were perceived to increase feelings of control and reduce feelings of risk, in some cases resulting in the placing of impulsive bets. According to the participants, social media marketing was found to be intrusive and the frequency of gambling advertising contributed to the normalization of betting. The present study highlights the need for further research into the efficacy of current advertising regulations in the UK, with the end goal of minimizing gambling-related harm.
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Bouguettaya A, Lynott D, Carter A, Zerhouni O, Meyer S, Ladegaard I, Gardner J, O’Brien KS. The relationship between gambling advertising and gambling attitudes, intentions and behaviours: a critical and meta-analytic review. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Interest in inducements: A psychophysiological study on sports betting advertising. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 147:100-106. [PMID: 31760104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown an association between the viewing of wagering advertising, which often presents inducements to gamble, and maladaptive sports-betting behaviours; however, the mechanism/s underlying the development of the intention to gamble remains relatively understudied. Eye-tracking and tonic electrodermal activity was recorded from 59 participants (including 49 regular gamblers and 10 non-gamblers), while they watched a series of advertisements. Following each advertisement, participants were asked to rate how likely they would be to take up the offer presented, therein. The number of fixations placed on each offer differed according to the type of inducement shown (p < .001), with reduced risk and cash back inducements being looked at more often than better odds and bonus bet inducements by all groups. Increased electrodermal activity while viewing the advertisements was associated with greater severity of gambling-related harm (p < .001), as well as greater ratings of desire for most advertisements. Rating of desire was, likewise, positively associated with gambling-related harm (p < .001). These results may suggest that, while the offers in gambling advertisements may be looked at by most viewers, unless there an attendant increase in arousal, it is quite unlikely that these inducements will elicit a desire to gamble. For individuals already at risk of gambling problems, exposure to these advertisements, especially those offering what is perceived to be safer betting options that minimise financial losses, may exacerbate existing harms. Such information may prove useful in guiding industry practice, government regulations, therapeutic interventions, and future research on this topic.
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Lole L, Li E, Russell AM, Greer N, Thorne H, Hing N. Are sports bettors looking at responsible gambling messages? An eye-tracking study on wagering advertisements. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:499-507. [PMID: 31446764 PMCID: PMC7044613 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The broadcast of wagering advertisements during televised sports matches has been associated with various adverse outcomes. In order to counter these effects, legislative bodies require wagering operators to include responsible gambling messages in their advertisements; however, the effectiveness of these messages is unclear. This study sought to examine the extent to which responsible gambling messages are looked at, in the wider context of gambling advertisements. METHODS Forty-nine regular sports bettors and 10 non-gamblers viewed a series of sports betting advertisements, while an eye-tracker recorded the number of fixations placed on responsible gambling messages, as well as other text-based wagering content. RESULTS Responsible gambling messages were, generally, presented in a non-conspicuous manner. Eye-tracking data revealed that significantly fewer fixations were placed on responsible gambling messages, compared to wagering information (p < .001); however, this effect did not differ according to level of gambling risk (p = .169). The number of fixations placed on the different types of responsible gambling messages was found to vary, based on gambling risk (p = .006), as well as, what appears to be, the physical characteristics of these messages. DISCUSSION Very few fixations were placed on, or near, responsible gambling messages, compared to other wagering information, meaning that, in their current form, they are unlikely to be effective in protecting against gambling harm. Preliminary evidence shows that presenting messages on a high-contrast/block-color background increases the number of fixations on these. CONCLUSION Further research is needed to identify ways of increasing the effectiveness of responsible gambling initiatives in the sports betting context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lole
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Branyan, QLD, Australia,Corresponding author: Lisa Lole; School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, University Drive, Branyan, QLD 4670, Australia; Phone: +617 4150 7136; Fax: +617 4150 7080; E-mail:
| | - En Li
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Branyan, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex M. Russell
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Branyan, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Greer
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Branyan, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannah Thorne
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Branyan, QLD, Australia
| | - Nerilee Hing
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Branyan, QLD, Australia
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Rockloff MJ, Browne M, Russell AMT, Hing N, Greer N. Sports betting incentives encourage gamblers to select the long odds: An experimental investigation using monetary rewards. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:268-276. [PMID: 31172813 PMCID: PMC7044548 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Incentives for wagering products can provide extra value to gamblers. However, there is no financial reason why this added value should lead people to take greater gambling risks. This study aimed to experimentally test if wagering incentives cause gamblers to choose higher-risk (long odds) bets than un-incentivized bets. METHODS An online experiment was conducted with wagering customers (N = 299, female = 12). Participants bet $4 on each of six video game simulations of a sport that they had wagered on in the past 12 months (Australian Football League, Cricket, or Soccer). Each game offered different common wagering incentives: Bonus bet, Better odds/winnings, Reduced risk, Cash rebate, Player's choice of inducement, or No-inducement. For each game, participants could bet on long, medium, or short odds, and subsequently viewed a highlight reel of the simulated game outcome and bet outcome. RESULTS Participants selected significantly longer odds (i.e., riskier) bets on games when an incentive was offered compared to the No-inducement condition. Better odds/winnings was the most attractive incentive, followed by Bonus bet, Cash rebate, Reduced risk, and No-incentive, respectively. No significant differences were observed based on demographics or problem gambling severity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The choice of long odds with incentivized bets increases the volatility of player returns. Increased volatility results in more gamblers in a losing position and fewer gamblers with larger wins. Moreover, if long odds bets are priced to provide poorer value to bettors compared to short odds, they would increase gamblers' losses and equivalently increase operators' profits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia,Corresponding author: Matthew J. Rockloff, BA, MS, PhD; Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Building 408, University Drive (off Isis Highway), Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia; Phone: +61 7 4150 7138; E-mail:
| | - Matthew Browne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex M. T. Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Greer
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Håkansson A, Widinghoff C. Television gambling advertisements: Extent and content of gambling advertisements with a focus on potential high-risk commercial messages. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9:100182. [PMID: 31193826 PMCID: PMC6542735 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In problem gambling, recent years have seen an expansion of online gambling in treatment-seeking patients. Television advertising may promote risky gambling, and this study aimed to assess gambling-related advertisements, with respect to potentially risky messages, in a country with high rates of online gambling among treatment seekers, for online casino particularly in treatment-seeking women. Methods A total of 144 h in six commercial television channels were studied with respect to frequency, extent and content of gambling-related advertisements, which were analyzed with respect to potentially risky messages and specific target groups, and compared with respect to legal status of gambling companies and for online casino gambling vs other gambling types. Aspects to analyze were elected theoretically and based on acceptable inter-rater agreement between the authors. Results Nineteen percent (11–28% across different channels) of advertisements promoted gambling, with online casino being by far the most common type of gambling exposed. Messages promoting ease to gamble (including bonuses and rapid cash-out messages) and a female focus were significantly more common in online casino gambling and in non-licensed companies, whereas sports-related messages were more common in licensed companies. Gambling-related advertisements were also common in relation to family movies, and appeared even during children's programs. Conclusions Online casino was by far the most common type of televised gambling advertisements. Several risky messages were identified, and female gender, as well as messages promoting the rapidity and facility of gambling, were more commonly addressed by online casino companies. Public health aspects are discussed. Gambling advertisements are common in television in a country where online games are predominating in treatment settings. Several potentially hazardous gambling messages are common, and more common in online casino-related advertisements. Online casino-related advertisements more commonly addressed women, with potential implications for the health of female gamblers. Findings call for increased attention to gambling advertisements as a public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Håkansson
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden.,Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - C Widinghoff
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden.,Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
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Newall PWS, Moodie C, Reith G, Stead M, Critchlow N, Morgan A, Dobbie F. Gambling Marketing from 2014 to 2018: a Literature Review. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Browne M, Hing N, Russell AMT, Thomas A, Jenkinson R. The impact of exposure to wagering advertisements and inducements on intended and actual betting expenditure: An ecological momentary assessment study. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:146-156. [PMID: 30920292 PMCID: PMC7044597 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Research suggests that a large proportion of regular sports and race bettors experience harm related to their gambling. In Australia, people who bet regularly are targeted by a proliferation of different forms of inducements and advertising - many of which are believed to encourage excessive betting and erroneous perceptions of risk. However, scant research has examined the impact of marketing messaging to this group, which is also limited to cross-sectional or qualitative designs. We aimed to determine whether exposure to wagering advertisements and inducements influenced intended betting expenditure, actual betting expenditure, and spending more than intended. METHODS We report on an ecological momentary assessment study, measuring regular exposure to 20 different forms of marketing, as well as wagering spend from 318 race bettors and 279 sports bettors. Up to 15 assessments per participant were conducted over 3 weeks (mean = 11.46, median = 14), yielding 6,843 observations for analysis. RESULTS Exposure to advertising and inducements was reliably linked to a greater likelihood of betting, higher intended and actual betting expenditure, and spending more than intended. "Push" messaging and inducements that convey the impression of reduced risk (stake-back inducements and multibet offers) were particularly influential, as well as brands promoted during events and advertisements on betting websites/apps. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Given that a large proportion of regular sports and race bettors experience problems, restrictions on these forms of marketing are advisable. These findings suggest that this is particularly important for marketing that is "pushed" to gamblers or that suggests reduced risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Browne
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, University Drive, QLD, Australia,Corresponding author: Matthew Browne; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg B8 G.47, University Drive, QLD 4670, Australia; Phone: +61 0438 491 738; E-mail:
| | - Nerilee Hing
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, University Drive, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex M. T. Russell
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, University Drive, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna Thomas
- Research Innovation and Entrepreneurship, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Jenkinson
- Australian Gambling Research Centre, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Hing N, Russell AMT, Li E, Vitartas P. Does the uptake of wagering inducements predict impulse betting on sport? J Behav Addict 2018; 7:146-157. [PMID: 29508623 PMCID: PMC6035013 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Marketing inducements for addictive products, such as wagering, can prompt impulse purchasing by triggering consumption reminders, urges, and cravings. Wagering inducements incentivize betting by providing bonus bets, money-back guarantees, deposits into betting accounts, and discounts. Their promotion during sporting events, push marketing efforts directed at consumers, and ease of uptake at the point-of-sale, may trigger betting on impulse. This study examined whether the uptake of wagering inducements predicted impulse betting on sport. Methods Australian sports bettors (N = 1,813) completed an online survey measuring their proportion of planned bets, impulse bets before match commencement, and impulse bets during play; frequency of using wagering inducements; and several psychological, behavioral, and demographic variables. Results More frequent users of wagering inducements had a greater tendency to place impulse in-play bets, which were also predicted by problem gambling, higher buying impulsiveness, higher frequency of watching sports, younger age, and higher educational status. Sports bettors with a greater tendency to place impulse bets before match commencement also tended to have higher buying impulsiveness and to be younger, but they used inducements less frequently, and tended to be female, less-educated and non-problem, moderate risk, or problem gamblers. Discussion and conclusions Uptake of wagering inducements appeared to be particularly effective in stimulating impulse in-play betting among problem gamblers and frequent sports viewers. These results suggest that a more cautious approach to the regulation of both in-play bets and wagering inducements may be required to better protect young adults from gambling problems and harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex M. T. Russell
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - En Li
- School of Business and Law, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Vitartas
- La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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