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Zhu X, Du L, Zhang L, Ding L, Xu W, Lin X. The critical role of toll-like receptor 4 in bone remodeling of osteoporosis: from inflammation recognition to immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333086. [PMID: 38504994 PMCID: PMC10948547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common chronic metabolic bone disorder. Recently, increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4, a receptor located on the surface of osteoclasts and osteoblasts) plays a pivotal role in the development of osteoporosis. Herein, we performed a comprehensive review to summarize the findings from the relevant studies within this topic. Clinical data showed that TLR4 polymorphisms and aberrant TLR4 expression have been associated with the clinical significance of osteoporosis. Mechanistically, dysregulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts induced by abnormal expression of TLR4 is the main molecular mechanism underlying the pathological processes of osteoporosis, which may be associated with the interactions between TLR4 and NF-κB pathway, proinflammatory effects, ncRNAs, and RUNX2. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that many promising substances or agents (i.e., methionine, dioscin, miR-1906 mimic, artesunate, AEG-1 deletion, patchouli alcohol, and Bacteroides vulgatus) have been able to improve bone metabolism (i.e., inhibits bone resorption and promotes bone formation), which may partially attribute to the inhibition of TLR4 expression. The present review highlights the important role of TLR4 in the clinical significance and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis from the aspects of inflammation and immunity. Future therapeutic strategies targeting TLR4 may provide a new insight for osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Du
- Educational Administration Department, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Lai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingzhi Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weifang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuezheng Lin
- Department of Anesthesia Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
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Ji L, Li X, He S, Chen S. Regulation of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption by microRNA. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:287. [PMID: 35536437 PMCID: PMC11071904 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is responsible for bone metabolic diseases, negatively impacting people's health and life. It has been demonstrated that microRNA influences the differentiation of osteoclasts by regulating the signaling pathways during osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. So far, the involved mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This review introduced the pathways involved in osteoclastogenesis and summarized the related microRNAs binding to their specific targets to mediate the downstream pathways in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. We also discuss the clinical potential of targeting microRNAs to treat osteoclast-mediated bone resorption as well as the challenges of avoiding potential side effects and producing efficient delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shushu He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Liang T, Chen J, Xu G, Zhang Z, Xue J, Zeng H, Jiang J, Chen T, Qin Z, Li H, Ye Z, Nie Y, Liu C, Zhan X. TYROBP, TLR4 and ITGAM regulated macrophages polarization and immune checkpoints expression in osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19315. [PMID: 34588497 PMCID: PMC8481262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a relationship among the immune-related genes, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), and immune checkpoints in patients with osteosarcoma. The gene expression data for osteosarcoma were downloaded from UCSC Xena and GEO database. Immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected to calculate the risk score. “Estimate” was used for immune infiltrating estimation and “xCell” was used to obtain 64 immune cell subtypes. Furthermore, the relationship among the risk scores, immune cell subtypes, and immune checkpoints was evaluated. The three immune-related genes (TYROBP, TLR4, and ITGAM) were selected to establish a risk scoring system based on their integrated prognostic relevance. The GSEA results for the Hallmark and KEGG pathways revealed that the low-risk score group exhibited the most gene sets that were related to immune-related pathways. The risk score significantly correlated with the xCell score of macrophages, M1 macrophages, and M2 macrophages, which significantly affected the prognosis of osteosarcoma. Thus, patients with low-risk scores showed better results with the immune checkpoints inhibitor therapy. A three immune-related, gene-based risk model can regulate macrophage activation and predict the treatment outcomes the survival rate in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Liang
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Chen
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - GuoYong Xu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zide Zhang
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Xue
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Zeng
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyou Chen
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojie Qin
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Ye
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Nie
- Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Department of Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
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