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Jan S, Rustgi S, Barmukh R, Shikari AB, Leske B, Bekuma A, Sharma D, Ma W, Kumar U, Kumar U, Bohra A, Varshney RK, Mir RR. Advances and opportunities in unraveling cold-tolerance mechanisms in the world's primary staple food crops. THE PLANT GENOME 2024; 17:e20402. [PMID: 37957947 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperatures below or above optimal growth conditions are among the major stressors affecting productivity, end-use quality, and distribution of key staple crops including rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and maize (Zea mays L.). Among temperature stresses, cold stress induces cellular changes that cause oxidative stress and slowdown metabolism, limit growth, and ultimately reduce crop productivity. Perception of cold stress by plant cells leads to the activation of cold-responsive transcription factors and downstream genes, which ultimately impart cold tolerance. The response triggered in crops to cold stress includes gene expression/suppression, the accumulation of sugars upon chilling, and signaling molecules, among others. Much of the information on the effects of cold stress on perception, signal transduction, gene expression, and plant metabolism are available in the model plant Arabidopsis but somewhat lacking in major crops. Hence, a complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which staple crops respond to cold stress remain largely unknown. Here, we make an effort to elaborate on the molecular mechanisms employed in response to low-temperature stress. We summarize the effects of cold stress on the growth and development of these crops, the mechanism of cold perception, and the role of various sensors and transducers in cold signaling. We discuss the progress in cold tolerance research at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels and highlight how these findings provide opportunities for designing cold-tolerant crops for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofora Jan
- Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore Kashmir, India
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rutwik Barmukh
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
- Centre for Crop & Food Innovation, State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asif B Shikari
- Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore Kashmir, India
| | - Brenton Leske
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanuel Bekuma
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Darshan Sharma
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wujun Ma
- Centre for Crop & Food Innovation, State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, China
| | - Upendra Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uttam Kumar
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek Bohra
- Centre for Crop & Food Innovation, State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Centre for Crop & Food Innovation, State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Reyazul Rouf Mir
- Division of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST-Kashmir, Wadura Campus, Sopore Kashmir, India
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Zhang H, Yuan M, Tang C, Wang R, Cao M, Chen X, Wang D, Li M, Wu L. A novel nanocomposite that effectively prevents powdery mildew infection in wheat. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153858. [PMID: 36356512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly growing world population is constantly increasing the demand for food. Being the second most consumed food crop, wheat hold an important economic position. However, powdery mildew is a disease that seriously affects the improvement in the yield and quality of wheat. Currently, triadimefon is the chemical pesticide that is predominantly used to prevent powdery mildew during wheat production. However, using triadimefon not only pollutes the environment, but also deteriorates the quality of harvested wheat grains. In this study, a nanocomposite complex with optimal montmorillonite and dimethyl silicone oil (OMM), which interact with each other through numerous hydrogen bonds. OMM was sprayed onto the surface of the wheat leaves to ensure a uniform nano isolation film that was found to effectively inhibit the contact germination of powdery mildew spores and reduce the disease index by 99.30%. OMM also significantly alleviated both physiological and biochemical stress of powdery mildew infection on the wheat. Furthermore, OMM treatment was found to significantly improve the processed quality of harvested grains. These results demonstrate that OMM treatment is an efficient and environmentally sustainable approach that is suitable for the large-scale prevention of powdery mildew infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Zhang
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Meng Yuan
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, JinZhai Road Baohe District, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, PR China
| | - Caiguo Tang
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ren Wang
- Anhui Guotaizhongxin Testing Technology Co., LTD, Baohe District Dalian Road, Hefei, 230051, Anhui, PR China
| | - Minghui Cao
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, JinZhai Road Baohe District, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, JinZhai Road Baohe District, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Minghao Li
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lifang Wu
- The Center for Ion Beam Bioengineering & Green Agriculture, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, PR China; Zhongke Taihe Experimental Station, Jiuxian Town G105 East Side of the National Road, Taihe, 236626, PR China.
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Zhou Y, Lu Q, Ma J, Wang D, Li X, Di H, Zhang L, Hu X, Dong L, Liu X, Zeng X, Zhou Z, Weng J, Wang Z. Using a high density bin map to analyze quantitative trait locis of germination ability of maize at low temperatures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978941. [PMID: 36072324 PMCID: PMC9441762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures in the spring often lead to a decline in the emergence rate and uniformity of maize, which can affect yield in northern regions. This study used 365 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), which arose from crossing Qi319 and Ye478, to identify low-temperature resistance during the germination stage by measuring eight low-temperature-related traits. The quantitative trait locis (QTLs) were mapped using R/qtl software by combining phenotypic data, and the genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method to produce a high-density genetic linkage map. Twenty QTLs were detected during QTL mapping, of which seven QTLs simultaneously detected a consistent 197.10-202.30 Mb segment on chromosome 1. The primary segment was named cQTL1-2, with a phenotypic variation of 5.18-25.96% and a physical distance of 5.2 Mb. This combines the phenotype and genotype with the identification of seven chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), which were derived from Ye478*Qi319 and related to cQTL1-2. The physical distance of cQTL1-2 was reduced to approximately 1.9 Mb. The consistent meta-QTL mQTL1 was located at 619.06 cM on chromosome 1, had a genetic distance of 7.27 cM, and overlapped with cQTL1-2. This was identified by combining the results of previous QTL studies assessing maize tolerance to low temperatures at the germination stage. An assessment of the results of the RIL population, CSSLs, and mQTL1 found the consistent QTL to be LtQTL1-1. It was identified in bin1.06-1.07 at a confidence interval of between 200,400,148 and 201,775,619 bp. In this interval, qRT-PCR found that relative expression of the candidate genes GRMZM2G082630 and GRMZM2G115730 were both up-regulated in low-temperature tolerant lines and down-regulated in sensitive lines (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Di
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinge Hu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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BcGR1.1, a Cytoplasmic Localized Glutathione Reductase, Enhanced Tolerance to Copper Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020389. [PMID: 35204271 PMCID: PMC8869148 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is a mineral element, which is necessary for the normal growth and development of plants, but high levels of copper will seriously damage plants. Studies have shown that AtGR1 improves the tolerance of Arabidopsis to aluminum and cadmium stress. However, the role of GR in the copper stress response of plants is still unclear. Here, we identified four genes (named BcGR1.1, BcGR1.2, BcGR2.1 and BcGR2.2, respectively) encoding glutathione reductase (GR) in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. chinensis), which could be divided into two types based on the subcellular localization. Among them, BcGR1.1, which belonged to the cytoplasmic localization type, was significantly upregulated under copper stress. Compared to WT (the wild type), Arabidopsis thaliana heterologously overexpressed BcGR1.1 had longer roots, higher fresh weight, higher GSH levels and GSH/GSSG (oxidized form of GSH) ratio, and accumulated more superoxide dismutase and peroxidase under copper stress. However, in the AsA-GSH cycle under copper stress, the contents of AsA and AsA/DHA were significantly downregulated, and the contents of DHA and T-AsA (total AsA) were upregulated, in the BcGR1.1-overexpressing Arabidopsis. Therefore, BcGR1.1 could improve the scavenging ability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the activity of GR, antioxidant enzymes and the utilization of AsA, and then enhance the copper stress tolerance of plants.
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Avila LM, Obeidat W, Earl H, Niu X, Hargreaves W, Lukens L. Shared and genetically distinct Zea mays transcriptome responses to ongoing and past low temperature exposure. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:761. [PMID: 30342485 PMCID: PMC6196024 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold temperatures and their alleviation affect many plant traits including the abundance of protein coding gene transcripts. Transcript level changes that occur in response to cold temperatures and their alleviation are shared or vary across genotypes. In this study we identify individual transcripts and groups of functionally related transcripts that consistently respond to cold and its alleviation. Genes that respond differently to temperature changes across genotypes may have limited functional importance. We investigate if these genes share functions, and if their genotype-specific gene expression levels change in magnitude or rank across temperatures. RESULTS We estimate transcript abundances from over 22,000 genes in two unrelated Zea mays inbred lines during and after cold temperature exposure. Genotype and temperature contribute to many genes' abundances. Past cold exposure affects many fewer genes. Genes up-regulated in cold encode many cytokinin glucoside biosynthesis enzymes, transcription factors, signalling molecules, and proteins involved in diverse environmental responses. After cold exposure, protease inhibitors and cuticular wax genes are newly up-regulated, and environmentally responsive genes continue to be up-regulated. Genes down-regulated in response to cold include many photosynthesis, translation, and DNA replication associated genes. After cold exposure, DNA replication and translation genes are still preferentially downregulated. Lignin and suberin biosynthesis are newly down-regulated. DNA replication, reactive oxygen species response, and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes have strong, genotype-specific temperature responses. The ranks of genotypes' transcript abundances often change across temperatures. CONCLUSIONS We report a large, core transcriptome response to cold and the alleviation of cold. In cold, many of the core suite of genes are up or downregulated to control plant growth and photosynthesis and limit cellular damage. In recovery, core responses are in part to prepare for future stress. Functionally related genes are consistently and greatly up-regulated in a single genotype in response to cold or its alleviation, suggesting positive selection has driven genotype-specific temperature responses in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Avila
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Wisam Obeidat
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Hugh Earl
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Xiaomu Niu
- Dupont/Pioneer, 7300 NW 62nd Ave, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa, 50131 USA
| | - William Hargreaves
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Lewis Lukens
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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John R, Anjum NA, Sopory SK, Akram NA, Ashraf M. Some key physiological and molecular processes of cold acclimation. BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 60:603-618. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10535-016-0648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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Kovács V, Vida G, Szalai G, Janda T, Pál M. Relationship between biotic stress tolerance and protective compounds in wheat genotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/aagr.60.2012.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Large numbers of wheat genotypes were grown under field conditions and screened for biotic stress tolerance and certain protective compounds. It was found that both the salicylic acid and polyamine contents of the investigated genotypes varied over a wide range, while the antioxidant enzyme activities showed a similar pattern in the different genotypes. In order to investigate stress-induced changes in salicylic acid and polyamine contents, samples were collected from plants artificially inoculated with leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), on which natural powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal] infection also appeared. Biotic stress mostly resulted in elevated levels of total salicylic acid and polyamines in all the genotypes. The activities of various antioxidant enzymes showed similar changes after infection regardless of the genotype. The investigation was aimed at detecting a relationship between the level of stress tolerance and the contents of protective compounds, in particular salicylic acid and polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kovács
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research Martonvásár Hungary
| | - G. Vida
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research Martonvásár Hungary
| | - G. Szalai
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research Martonvásár Hungary
| | - T. Janda
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research Martonvásár Hungary
| | - M. Pál
- 1 Hungarian Academy of Sciences Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research Martonvásár Hungary
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Majláth I, Szalai G, Soós V, Sebestyén E, Balázs E, Vanková R, Dobrev PI, Tari I, Tandori J, Janda T. Effect of light on the gene expression and hormonal status of winter and spring wheat plants during cold hardening. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:296-314. [PMID: 22257084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of light on gene expression and hormonal status during the development of freezing tolerance was studied in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Mv Emese) and in the spring wheat variety Nadro. Ten-day-old plants (3-leaf stage) were cold hardened at 5°C for 12 days under either normal (250 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) or low (20 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) light conditions. Comprehensive analysis was carried out to explore the background of frost tolerance and the differences between these wheat varieties. Global genome analysis was performed, enquiring about the details of the cold signaling pathways. The expression level of a large number of genes is affected by light, and this effect may differ in different wheat genotypes. Photosynthesis-related processes probably play a key role in the enhancement of freezing tolerance; however, there are several other genes whose induction is light-dependent, so either there is cross-talk between signaling of chloroplast originating and other protective mechanisms or there are other light sensors that transduce signals to the components responsible for stress tolerance. Changes in the level of both plant hormones (indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, nitric oxide and ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) and other stress-related protective substances (proline, phenolics) were investigated during the phases of the hardening period. Hormonal levels were also affected by light and their dynamics indicate that wheat plants try to keep growing during the cold-hardening period. The data from this experiment may provide a new insight into the cross talk between cold and light signaling in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Majláth
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
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Todorova D, Sergiev I, Alexieva V. Application of natural and synthetic polyamines as growth regulators to improve the freezing tolerance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/aagr.60.2012.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wheat cultivars were grown as soil culture under normal growth conditions. Twoweek- old seedlings were exposed to 4°C for 6 h and then transferred to −12°C for 24 h in the dark. Twenty-four hours before freezing stress, some of the plants were sprayed with aqueous solutions of spermine, spermidine, putrescine, 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP) and diethylenetriamine (DETA). The data showed that freezing stress caused a decrease in the fresh weight, chlorophyll content and plant survival rate, accompanied by a simultaneous accumulation of free proline and the enhanced leakage of electrolytes. Preliminary treatment with polyamines caused a decline in electrolyte leakage and a considerable augmentation in proline quantity, indicating that the compounds are capable of preventing frost injury. Additionally, the foliar application of polyamines retarded the destruction of chlorophyll, and lessened fresh weight losses due to freezing stress. The synthetic triamine DETA was the most effective, having the most pronounced action in all the experiments, followed by the tetraamine spermine. The application of polyamines to wheat crops could be a promising approach for improving plant growth under unfavourable growth conditions, including freezing temperatures. The results demonstrate that treatment with polyamines could protect winter wheat by reducing the stress injuries caused by subzero temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Todorova
- 1 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics Sofia Bulgaria
| | - I. Sergiev
- 1 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics Sofia Bulgaria
| | - V. Alexieva
- 1 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics Sofia Bulgaria
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