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Abdulrahman MD, Zakariya AM, Hama HA, Hamad SW, Al-Rawi SS, Bradosty SW, Ibrahim AH. Ethnopharmacology, Biological Evaluation, and Chemical Composition of Ziziphus spina- christi (L.) Desf.: A Review. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:4495688. [PMID: 35677711 PMCID: PMC9168210 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4495688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are the primary raw materials used in the production of medicinal products all over the world. As a result, more study on plants with therapeutic potential is required. The tropical tree Ziziphus spina belongs to the Rhamnaceae family. Biological reports and traditional applications including management of diabetes and treatment of malaria, digestive issues, typhoid, liver complaints, weakness, skin infections, urinary disorders, obesity, diarrhoea, and sleeplessness have all been treated with different parts of Z. spina all over the globe. The plant is identified as a rich source of diverse chemical compounds. This study is a comprehensive yet detailed review of Z. spina based on major findings from around the world regarding ethnopharmacology, biological evaluation, and chemical composition. Scopus, Web of Science, BioMed Central, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Springer Link, and Google Scholar were searched to find published articles. From the 186 research articles reviewed, we revealed the leaf extract to be significant against free radicals, microbes, parasites, inflammation-related cases, obesity, and cancer. Chemically, polyphenols/flavonoids were the most reported compounds with a composition of 66 compounds out of the total 193 compounds reported from different parts of the plant. However, the safety and efficacy of Z. spina have not been wholly assessed in humans, and further well-designed clinical trials are needed to corroborate preclinical findings. The mechanism of action of the leaf extract should be examined. The standard dose and safety of the leaf should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Dogara Abdulrahman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Ali Muhammad Zakariya
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sule Lamido University Kafin Hausa, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - Harmand A. Hama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Saber W. Hamad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Department of Field Crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sawsan S. Al-Rawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sarwan W. Bradosty
- Department of Community Health, College of Health Technology, Cihan University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Ahmad H. Ibrahim
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Kfoury N, Morimoto J, Kern A, Scott ER, Orians CM, Ahmed S, Griffin T, Cash SB, Stepp JR, Xue D, Long C, Robbat A. Striking changes in tea metabolites due to elevational effects. Food Chem 2018; 264:334-341. [PMID: 29853384 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Climate effects on crop quality at the molecular level are not well-understood. Gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to measure changes of hundreds of compounds in tea at different elevations in Yunnan Province, China. Some increased in concentration while others decreased by 100's of percent. Orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis revealed compounds exhibiting analgesic, antianxiety, antibacterial, anticancer, antidepressant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, and cardioprotective properties statistically (p = 0.003) differentiated high from low elevation tea. Also, sweet, floral, honey-like notes were higher in concentration in the former while the latter displayed grassy, hay-like aroma. In addition, multivariate analysis of variance showed low elevation tea had statistically (p = 0.0062) higher concentrations of caffeine, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, and catechin; all bitter compounds. Although volatiles represent a small fraction of the total mass, this is the first comprehensive report illustrating how normal variations in temperature, 5 °C, due to elevational effects impact tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kfoury
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Tufts University Sensory and Science Center, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Joshua Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Amanda Kern
- Tufts University Sensory and Science Center, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Eric R Scott
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Colin M Orians
- Tufts University Sensory and Science Center, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Selena Ahmed
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Timothy Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sean B Cash
- Tufts University Sensory and Science Center, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - John Richard Stepp
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dayuan Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Albert Robbat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Tufts University Sensory and Science Center, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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