Green Multiplex Chromatographic Determination of Nine Penicillin Antibiotics Residues in Industrial Air Dust and Wastewater Environmental Samples

Determination of penicillin residues in different industrial effluents including wastewater and air samples is important to prevent exposure to residual amounts of penicillin and the development of antibiotic resistance. A green high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with diode array detection has been developed and validated for multiplex determination of nine penicillin antibiotics in the industrial air dust and wastewater environmental samples of penicillin facility in addition to the monitoring of facility surface cleaning. Separation was performed on C18 column with gradient elution of methanol and phosphate buffer (pH 4) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1 and ultra violet (UV) detection at 220 nm. Low limits of detection were achieved (0.1-0.3 μg mL-1) indicating good sensitivity of the proposed. The method was applied for ensuring the efficiency of cleaning validation after worst-case selection. Recovery studies of the studied penicillins from fortified stainless steel and polycarbonate surfaces and swabs were between 91.91 and 100.22% with relative standard deviation 0.11-1.79%. The presence of any of the studied penicillins in wastewater samples from penicillin plant drainage was checked. Also, total air dust concentration (mg m-3) and % of penicillin active material residues in air dust were calculated from the area of the exposed group in suspension, tablet and vial production lines. The proposed method can be recommended for routine analysis of air and wastewater environmental samples for the detection of penicillin antibiotics at low levels as well as monitoring of facility surface cleaning with high accuracy and precision.

Univariate versus multivariate spectrophotometric data analysis of triamterene and xipamide; a quantitative and qualitative greenly profiled comparative study

Triamterene (TRI) and xipamide (XIP) mixture is used as a binary medication of antihypertension which is considered as a major cause of premature death worldwide. The purpose of this research is the quantitative and qualitative analysis of this binary mixture by green univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric methods. Univariate methods were zero order absorption spectra method (D⁰) and Fourier self-deconvolution (FSD), as TRI was directly determined by D⁰ at 367.0 nm in the range (2.00-10.00 µg/mL), where XIP show no interference. While XIP was determined by FSD at 261.0 nm in the range (2.00-8.00 µg/mL), where TRI show zero crossing. Multivariate methods were Partial Least Squares, Principal Component Regression, Artificial Neural Networks, and Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares. A training set of 25 mixtures with different quantities of the tested components was used to construct and evaluate them, 3 latent variables were displayed using an experimental design. A set of 18 synthetic mixtures with concentrations ranging from (3.00-7.00 µg/mL) for TRI and (2.00-6.00 µg/mL) for XIP, were used to construct the calibration models. A collection of seven synthetic mixtures with various quantities was applied to build the validation models. All the proposed approaches quantitative analyses were evaluated using recoveries as a percentage, root mean square error of prediction, and standard error of prediction. Strong multivariate statistical tools were presented by these models, and they were used to analyze the combined dosage form available on the Egyptian market. The proposed techniques were evaluated in accordance with ICH recommendations, where they are capable of overcoming challenges including spectral overlaps and collinearity. When the suggested approaches and the published one were statistically compared, there was no discernible difference between them. The green analytical method index and eco-scale tools were applied for assessment of the established models greenness. The suggested techniques can be used in product testing laboratories for standard pharmaceutical analysis of the substances being studied.

Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic and Densitometric Methods for Sensitive Determination of Xipamide and Triamterene in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

BACKGROUND

Validated UPLC method and TLC densitometric method were prescribed for determination of antihypertensive components. Objectives: To establish and validate rapid and accurate Ultra performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) and TLC densitometric methods for determination of Xipamide and Triamterene in pure and dosage forms.

METHODS

The first method; UPLC method, depended on using Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C8 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm), as the column, mobile phase composed of (acetonitrile-water) (70 + 30, v/v) adjusted by acetic acid to obtain (pH 3), 0.2 mL/min flow rate and UV detection at 231.4 nm. The second method was a thin layer chromatography (TLC) densitometric method, separation was achieved by using toluene-methanol-ethyl chloride-acetic acid (7 + 2 + 1 + 0.2, v/v/v) as the mobile phase, pre coated silica gel plates as the stationary phase and UV detection at 300.0 nm.

RESULTS

The obtained results were validated and statistically compared with official and reported methods. The obtained results showed high accuracy and reproducible results with excellent mean recoveries for both drugs.

CONCLUSIONS

The UPLC method showed shorter retention time for both Xipamide (0.88 min) and Triamterene (0.63 min), lower detection limit less than 0.055 µg/mL for both drugs with high selectivity, decreased injection volume (1 µL) and lower flow rate other than any HPLC method. Both proposed methods were sensitive, selective, and effectively applied to pure and dosage forms (Epitens®).

HIGHLIGHTS

Unprecedented sensitive, rapid, and reproducible UPLC and TLC methods were developed for selective determination of mixture of Xipamide and Triamterene with LOD less than 0.076 µg/mL for both drugs.

Sensitive Inexpensive HPLC Determination of Novel Anticancer Combination in Nanoparticles and Rat Plasma: Pharmacokinetic Application

Two high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection methods have been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of genistein (GNS) and all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as a novel anticancer combination therapy in their co-formulated nanoparticles and in rat plasma. Separation was performed on C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using celecoxib as internal standard. A mobile phase containing acetonitrile and water adjusted to pH 3 using 1% trifluoroacetic acid was delivered in gradient elution modes with time programmed UV detection. For extraction of the drugs and the internal standard from rat plasma, liquid- liquid extraction was applied. The proposed methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines (in the range 0.1-10 μg/mL for analysis of GNS and ATRA in nanoparticles) or according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on bioanalytical method validation (in the range 0.025-20 μg/mL for analysis of GNS and ATRA in rat plasma). Pharmacokinetic study in six rats was performed following intravenous (IV) administration of a single dose of 0.5 mg/Kg of GNS and ATRA. The drugs' concentrations were measured up to 24 hours, and different pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The obtained parameters were comparable with the reported values for IV administration of each drug alone in rats. This confirms the applicability of the proposed method in monitoring the levels of the two drugs in vivo following their coadministration and indicating that the two drugs could be coadministered as a promising novel combination therapy for the treatment of lung cancer without great alteration in their pharmacokinetic parameters compared with their individual IV administration.

Validated spectroscopic methods for the estimation of triamterene in bulk powder and capsule form via derivatization reactions

Sensitive, simple and specific spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods were developed for the determination of triamterene in bulk powder and pharmaceutical dosage form. The spectrophotometric method (Method A) is based on the formation of an ion-pair complex with eosin Y in acetate buffered solution of pH 3.7 followed by measuring the absorbance at 545 nm. The absorbance-concentration plot is rectilinear over the range 3.0-15.0 μg/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.429 μg/mL and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1.031 μg/mL. The spectrofluorimetric method (Method B) is based on the reaction of triamterene with 7- chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) in basic solution (pH 10) to form a product with high fluorescence measured at 546 nm after being excited at 438 nm. The plot of fluorescence versus concentration is linear within the range 2.0-10.0 μg/mL. The suggested methods were applied for the analysis of commercial capsules containing the studied drug with successful results. The results obtained from the proposed method were statistically compared with those of a reported one and revealed good agreement. The presented methods are useful in routine analysis of triamterene in laboratories of quality control.

Simultaneous determination of methocarbamol and aspirin in presence of their pharmacopeial-related substances in combined tablets using novel HPLC-DAD method

Objective and Significance: Methocarbamol (MET) and aspirin (ASP) are widely used as a muscle relaxant combination. The USP reports guaifenesin (GUA) and salicylic acid (SAL) as related substances and hydrolytic products of MET and ASP, respectively. This work aimed at developing and validating a simple and sensitive RP-HPLC method for the determination of both drugs as well as their related substances (at their pharmacopeial limits) in their bulk powders, laboratory prepared mixtures, and MET-ASP combined tablets. Methods and Results: Chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 9 min with the required resolution, peak symmetry, and accuracy on C₁₈ column using isocratic elution system of diluted acetic acid (pH 3.2): acetonitrile at the ratio of 79: 21, v/v, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was achieved with photodiode array at 233 nm for MET, GUA, and SAL and at 273 nm for ASP. The developed method has been validated as per ICH guidelines and the calibration plots were linear over the concentration ranges of 2-150, 0.4-30, 25-450, and 0.2-27 μg/mL for MET, GUA, ASP, and SAL, respectively. Conclusion: The optimized method proved to be specific, robust and precise for the quality control of the studied drugs in pharmaceutical preparations to ascertain that their related substances are not exceeding the permitted pharmacopeial limits.