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Dietary shredded steam-exploded pine particle supplementation as a strategy to mitigate chronic cyclic heat stress by modulating gut microbiota in broilers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19704. [PMID: 36385125 PMCID: PMC9669035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the availability of underutilized waste for the economic use of livestock feed can be important in countries where feed grain production is scarce. Modulating the gut microbiota through the fibrous content present in these wastes may help mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress (HS). Here, we investigated the effects of dietary steam-exploded pine particle (SPP), a value-added waste product, on the performance, gut health, and cecum microbiota in heat-stressed broilers. Ross 308 broilers (n = 180) at 29 days of age were distributed into three dietary treatment groups (0%, 1%, and 2% SPP) and two temperature conditions (NT: 21 °C; CHS: 31 °C) and grown for seven days. CHS, but not SPP, adversely affected performance parameters, but SPP did not interactively modulate these results. On the contrary, both differently affected other parameters. CHS resulted in increased rectal temperature, total protein in serum, and Nox4 gene expression, whereas 2% SPP increased GLP-2 and the Nox4 gene expression in the duodenum in comparison to 0% and 1% SPP. CHS significantly modified the beta-diversity of cecal microbiota while 1% SPP supplementation in diets increased the abundance of the favorable bacterial genera in chicken. Concludingly, CHS adversely affects growth performances, gut health, stress-related genes, and cecal microbiota while dietary 1% SPP may facilitate the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms in the cecum of broilers.
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Vázquez-Durán A, Nava-Ramírez MDJ, Téllez-Isaías G, Méndez-Albores A. Removal of Aflatoxins Using Agro-Waste-Based Materials and Current Characterization Techniques Used for Biosorption Assessment. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:897302. [PMID: 35651966 PMCID: PMC9149420 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are the most hazardous fungal-generated secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic Aspergillus species. These toxins are frequently detected in food and feed and impose either acute or chronic effects in humans and animals, causing great public concern. Because of the adverse effects of aflatoxins, many physical, chemical, and biological decontamination approaches have been developed. However, the most commonly used procedure is the addition of adsorbent materials into aflatoxin-contaminated diets to reduce toxin absorption and distribution to blood and target organs. In recent times, sorption technology with agro-waste-based materials has appeared as a promising alternative over conventional binding agents with the benefits of low cost, higher rentability, feasibility, and exceptional efficiencies. This review is mainly focused on discussing the most important agro-waste-based materials able to adsorb aflatoxins such as pomaces, seeds, stems, hulls, peels, leaves, berries, lignins, fibers, weeds, and various horticultural byproducts. Further data of the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico efficacy of these biomaterials to adsorb and then desorb aflatoxins are given. Besides, an overview of the main characterization techniques used to elucidate the most important physical and chemical mechanisms involved in the biosorption is presented. Finally, conclusions and future research necessities are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María de Jesús Nava-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Abraham Méndez-Albores
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Karmanov AP, Kanarsky AV, Kanarskaya ZA, Kocheva LS, Semenov EI, Bogdanovich NI, Belyy VA. In vitro adsorption-desorption of aflatoxin B1 on Pepper's lignins isolated from grassy plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 144:111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Transcriptome Analysis of Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:toxins12010023. [PMID: 31906179 PMCID: PMC7020595 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), an important mycotoxin that occurs in food and animal feed, has aroused widespread concern in recent years. Previous studies have indicated that OTA causes nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The intestinal toxicity of OTA has gradually become a focus of research, but the mechanisms underlying this toxicity have not been described. Here, differentiated Caco-2 cells were incubated for 48 h with different concentrations of OTA and transcriptome analysis was used to estimate damage to the intestinal barrier. Gene expression profiling was used to compare the characteristics of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). There were altogether 10,090 DEGs, mainly clustered into two downregulation patterns. The Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), which was used to analyze the protein-protein interaction network, indicated that 24 key enzymes were mostly responsible for regulating cell apoptosis. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to validate eight genes, three of which were key genes (CASP3, CDC25B, and EGR1). The results indicated that OTA dose-dependently induces apoptosis in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that the impairment of intestinal function caused by OTA might be partly attributed to apoptosis, which is probably associated with downregulation of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) expression and upregulation of Noxa and caspase 3 (CASP3) expression. This study has highlighted the intestinal toxicity of OTA and provided a genome-wide view of biological responses, which provides a theoretical basis for enterotoxicity and should be useful in establishing a maximum residue limit for OTA.
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Mohamed Saied Hussien A, Noah Badr A, Ahmed Naeem M. Innovative Nutritious Biscuits Limit Aflatoxin Contamination. Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 22:133-142. [PMID: 30972983 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2019.133.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Incorporation of food byproducts in biscuit could increase the safety, nutritional and enhance dough properties. These byproducts were wheat bran (WB), goldenberry fruit (GBF) and goldenberry peel (GBP) contains active ingredients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wheat flour (WF) was partially replaced in biscuit dough. Antioxidant activity, chemical composition and baking quality were evaluated. Anti-aflatoxigenic and antifungal activities of WB, GBF and GBP have estimated also aflatoxin reduction was evaluated. RESULTS The results were showed biscuit acceptable sensories. The GBF and GBP exhibited the highest antioxidant and phenolic content explaining its antimicrobial behaviour. The addition of WB, GBF or GBP to fungal media inhibited the growth, however, using 20% GBF in Aspergillus flavus media showed the greatest aflatoxin reduction. The biscuit-specific volume was more pronounced when GBF and GBP were included in the formulation. No great differences were seen for colour, baking quality or texture of biscuit mixes. CONCLUSION This novel safe biscuit appears a safer alternative to traditional biscuits.
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Markowiak P, Śliżewska K, Nowak A, Chlebicz A, Żbikowski A, Pawłowski K, Szeleszczuk P. Probiotic microorganisms detoxify ochratoxin A in both a chicken liver cell line and chickens. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4309-4318. [PMID: 30828814 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of probiotics and prebiotics (synbiotics) is a promising method for detoxification of ochratoxin A (OTA) in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of five probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and one Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain, from three different synbiotics for poultry, to detoxify OTA. In addition, we also investigated the genotoxicity of faecal water (FW) of chickens after administering OTA and/or synbiotics for 42 days. RESULTS All tested LAB and yeast strains had the ability to detoxify OTA by significant (P < 0.05) reducing its concentration (by 31.3-47.7% and 31.9%, respectively, after 24 h incubation) and genotoxicity (by 22.6-51.8% and 52.7%, respectively). Synbiotics composed of four and five probiotic strains significantly (P < 0.05) decreased FW genotoxicity of chicks, after exposure to OTA, to the level seen in the control group (21.8% ± 1.7%) and were more effective than synbiotics composed of three probiotic strains (31.5%). CONCLUSION These results showed that there was a beneficial effect of the synbiotics on the gastrointestinal tract of animals. Furthermore, synbiotic preparations containing four or five of tested strains can be considered as preventive agents in the contamination of poultry with OTA. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Markowiak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Śliżewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chlebicz
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Artur Żbikowski
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Pawłowski
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Szeleszczuk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Hussein SM, Frankel TL. Effect of Varying Proportions of Lignin and Cellulose Supplements on Immune Function and Lymphoid Organs of Layer Poultry ( Gallus gallus). J Poult Sci 2019; 56:71-77. [PMID: 32055199 PMCID: PMC6993883 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0180032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the benefits of different types or proportions of insoluble fiber components on growth and immunity, 4-week-old commercial layer pullets were fed supplements containing different proportions of purified lignin and cellulose or a commercial lignocellulose supplement. The 64 Hy-Line Brown pullets were provided basal diets supplemented with 1 g fiber per 100 g diet. The supplements included a commercial lignocellulose, Arbocel® RC fine (group A) with cellulose to lignin ratio of approximately 3:1, cellulose (group Ce), a 3:1 mixture of cellulose: lignin (group Ce3Lig1), and a 2:1 mixture of cellulose: lignin (group Ce2Lig1). After 3 weeks, innate immune function was measured in terms of heterophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst (n=8). After 4 weeks, ex vivo stimulated lymphocyte proliferation was determined for assessment of cell-mediated immune function (n=7). All pullets were killed at 9 weeks of age and lymphoid organs were weighed (n=16) and small intestinal Peyer's patches (PP) were measured (n=8). Pullets in both A and Ce3Lig1 groups had heavier (P<0.05) body and bursa of Fabricius weights. The number of PP in group A was higher (P<0.05) than in group Ce. The percentage of heterophil phagocytosis in A and Ce3Lig1 groups were higher (P<0.05) than in group Ce, and oxidative burst of group A was higher (P<0.05) than that of group Ce. Addition of 1% Arbocel or 1% Ce3Lig1 to the diet of layer pullets from 4 to 9 weeks of age significantly improved their growth and innate immune function compared to group Ce. This suggests that lignin either modulates the effect of cellulose or has specific mechanisms of action in the gut that improves growth and immunity. The proportion of lignin to cellulose may also be important for growth and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzad M. Hussein
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
- University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Theresa L. Frankel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Tamminen LM, Emanuelson U, Blanco-Penedo I. Systematic Review of Phytotherapeutic Treatments for Different Farm Animals Under European Conditions. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:140. [PMID: 29988429 PMCID: PMC6024023 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is a growing global threat and has aroused a global interest in limiting antibiotic use in animal agriculture. As we are entering the post-antibiotic era, there is a growing need for identifying alternatives to antibiotics for prevention and treatment. Although phytotherapeutic remedies are available and are used in Europe, evidence of their efficacy is currently very limited but is nevertheless still necessary. A systematic review of phytotherapy used for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in farm animals has been conducted using the PICOS approach. Analysis and extraction of information from studies was performed according to a protocol, and included: publication year and source, research body, species, farming system, purpose of application, disease in focus, diagnostic method, remedy used (origin and ingredients of the remedy), producer of remedy, way of administration, study design, and control groups, measure of effect, and outcome of the study. A total of 1,705 papers were screened, but only 44 (comprising 53 independent studies) met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the scientific studies identified show limitations in the study design as well as in presentation and standardization of the botanical remedies studied, which limits the possibilities of drawing firm conclusions. Preventive effect was investigated in 89% of the studies. Half of the studies reported uncertain effects of the botanical remedies on subclinical measures in comparison to a control group. The review highlights unresolved questions such as the need for standardized controlled trials and for improved standardization of the botanical products by analytical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography. It is necessary to consider this in order to achieve replicable outcomes and establish efficacy and safety of phytotherapy in farm practice. The manageability of alternative medicine in farm animals also warrants further investigation so as to ascertain whether all necessary preconditions for their use are being granted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena-Mari Tamminen
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isabel Blanco-Penedo
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Animal Welfare Subprogram, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Girona, Spain
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Solcan C, Pavel G, Floristean V, Chiriac I, Şlencu B, Solcan G. Effect of ochratoxin A on the intestinal mucosa and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in broiler chickens. Acta Vet Hung 2015; 63:30-48. [PMID: 25655413 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2015.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunotoxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the intestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and its cytotoxic action on the intestinal epithelium were studied in broiler chickens experimentally treated with the toxin. From the 7th day of life, 80 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly divided into four groups of 20 birds each. The three experimental groups (E1-3) were treated with OTA for 28 days (E1: 50 μg/kg body weight [bw]/day; E2: 20 μg/kg bw/day; E3: 1 μg/kg bw/day) and the fourth group served as control. Histological examination of the intestinal mucosa and immunohistochemical staining for identification of CD4+, CD8+, TCR1 and TCR2 lymphocytes in the duodenum, jejunum and ileocaecal junction were performed, and CD4+/CD8+ and TCR1/TCR2 ratios were calculated. OTA toxicity resulted in decreased body weight gain, poorer feed conversion ratio, lower leukocyte and lymphocyte count, and altered intestinal mucosa architecture. After 14 days of exposure to OTA, immunohistochemistry showed a significant reduction of the lymphocyte population in the intestinal epithelium and the lamina propria. After 28 days of exposure, an increase in the CD4+ and CD8+ values in both the duodenum and jejunum of chickens in Groups E1 and E2 was observed, but the TCR1 and TCR2 lymphocyte counts showed a significant reduction. No significant changes were observed in Group E3. The results indicate that OTA induced a decrease in leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and was cytotoxic to the intestinal epithelium and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, altering the intestinal barrier and increasing susceptibility to various associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Solcan
- 1 University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine ‘Ion Ionescu de la Brad’ Iasi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley 700489 Iasi Romania
| | - Geta Pavel
- 1 University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine ‘Ion Ionescu de la Brad’ Iasi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley 700489 Iasi Romania
| | - Viorel Floristean
- 1 University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine ‘Ion Ionescu de la Brad’ Iasi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley 700489 Iasi Romania
| | - Ioan Chiriac
- 1 University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine ‘Ion Ionescu de la Brad’ Iasi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley 700489 Iasi Romania
| | - Bogdan Şlencu
- 2 ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi Faculty of Pharmacy Iasi Romania
| | - Gheorghe Solcan
- 1 University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine ‘Ion Ionescu de la Brad’ Iasi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8 M. Sadoveanu Alley 700489 Iasi Romania
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