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Christie JT, Bruce M, Pfitzer S, Laubscher L, Raath JP, Laurence M, Kellermann T. Validation of a LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify thiafentanil and naltrexone in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies in wildlife. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1233:123990. [PMID: 38190774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Thiafentanil is a popular opioid agonist that is fully reversed by administering naltrexone. This agonist-antagonist combination is administered to a wide variety of wildlife species for chemical immobilisation, however plasma concentrations for thiafentanil remain unreported. This report describes a method that was developed and validated using human plasma and cross-validated for the analysis of goat plasma. Samples were extracted using a simple protein precipitation and analysed using LC-MS/MS. The assay was validated over the calibration range 4.38 - 1120 ng/mL for thiafentanil and 15.63 - 4000 ng/mL for naltrexone. The mean inter-day accuracies for QCs prepared in human plasma (n = 18) ranged from 94.8 - 103.8 % for thiafentanil and 94.8 - 95.9 % for naltrexone with corresponding precisions of 3.4 - 7.9 % and 2.8 - 11.4 %, respectively. The mean accuracies for QCs prepared in goat plasma (n = 6) ranged from 89.0 - 100.5 % for thiafentanil and 89.0 - 98.0 % for naltrexone with the associated precisions ranging from 7.1 - 11.6 % and 4.8 - 12.3 %, respectively. Both analytes were stable on bench for six hours and for three freeze-thaw cycles. The impact of heat-inactivation, necessary for the inactivation of potential foot-and-mouth disease, on analyte stability, matrix effect and recovery were evaluated, and a correction factor was established to determine the original analyte concentrations. The method was applied to pharmacokinetic samples collected from goats. The use of goats as a model species provides the first insight into the plasma concentrations of thiafentanil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith T Christie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Silke Pfitzer
- Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Liesel Laubscher
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Rocky Drift, White River, South Africa
| | - Jacobus P Raath
- Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Rocky Drift, White River, South Africa
| | - Michael Laurence
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tracy Kellermann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Powers JG, McCue JY, Handrigan MT, Stroh G, Black ND, Darracq MA, Buttke DE, Hilger KA, Chew SE, Lance WR, Kirschner SM, Ehrlich R, Hall E. PROTOCOL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS AND CONCENTRATED MEDETOMIDINE USED IN FIELD APPLICATIONS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:873-878. [PMID: 38252014 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife professionals routinely use potent sedatives and anesthetics when chemically immobilizing wildlife and zoo species in remote environments. Accidental exposure to these prescription veterinary drugs is rare but could be rapidly fatal. Commonly used agents include opioids and α2 adrenoreceptor agonists. These drugs can be reversed with specific antagonists; however, they are often not approved for human use. The protocol created here can be used by wildlife health professionals in a field setting with basic human emergency medical response training in coordination with local Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Key components include, building local relationships between EMS and wildlife professionals, focused EMS training, administering opioid and α2 adrenergic antagonists off label, and local evacuation procedures. This framework could allow wildlife management agencies or zoos to mitigate the risk of human exposures to these commonly used drugs, significantly improving occupational safety in an otherwise high-risk environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Powers
- National Park Service, Natural Resources Stewardship and Science, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
| | - James Y McCue
- University of California San Francisco, Fresno Medical Education Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Fresno, CA 93701, USA,
| | - Michael T Handrigan
- National Park Service, US Forest Service, Emergency Medical Services, Washington, DC 20240, USA
| | - Geoff Stroh
- University of California San Francisco, Fresno Medical Education Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Fresno, CA 93701, USA
| | - Nicholas D Black
- University of California San Francisco, Fresno Medical Education Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Fresno, CA 93701, USA
| | - Michael A Darracq
- University of California San Francisco, Fresno Medical Education Program, Division of Medical Toxicology, Fresno, CA 93701, USA
| | - Danielle E Buttke
- National Park Service, Natural Resources Stewardship and Science, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
| | | | - Scott E Chew
- Estes Park Emergency Medical Services, Estes Park, CO 80517, USA
| | - William R Lance
- Wyoming Wildlife Veterinary Consulting LLC, Casper, WY 82604, USA
| | | | - Robert Ehrlich
- National Park Service, US Forest Service, Emergency Medical Services, Washington, DC 20240, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hall
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN 37738, USA
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Lin L, Wu X, Cui G, Song S, Kuang H, Xu C. Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Strip Assay for the Detection of Azaperone in Pork and Pork Liver. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1346-1351. [PMID: 32010804 PMCID: PMC6990434 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against azaperone was produced. The mAb belonged to the IgG2b subtype and its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.46 ng/mL. The limit of detection value was 0.081 ng/mL and the linear range (IC20-IC80) was 0.165-1.29 ng/mL. Based on this anti-azaperone mAb, a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip assay method was established for the detection of azaperone in pork and pork liver samples. For pork samples, the cutoff value of the colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip assay was 10 ng/g, and the cutoff value was also 10 ng/g in pig liver samples. This colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip assay is a rapid, simple, and practical method for the detection of azaperone in pork and pork liver samples available in markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- State
Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- State
Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People’s Republic
of China
- E-mail: (X.W.)
| | - Gang Cui
- YanCheng
Teachers University, Yancheng 224100, People’s Republic
of China
- E-mail: (G.C.)
| | - Shanshan Song
- State
Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State
Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State
Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and
Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People’s Republic
of China
- (C.X.)
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Efficacy and Animal Welfare Impacts of Novel Capture Methods for Two Species of Invasive Wild Mammals in New Zealand. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010044. [PMID: 31878314 PMCID: PMC7022690 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All capture methods impose animal welfare impacts, but these impacts are rarely quantified or reported. We present data from two wildlife capture studies that trialled new methods for capturing Bennett's wallabies (Notamacropus rufogriseus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand. We used helicopter net-gunning for both species, and compared this method with ground-based netting for wallabies and helicopter darting for red deer, using, for the first time in New Zealand, the fast-acting opioid thiafentanil. Efficacy and animal welfare parameters quantified were duration of handling and recovery, and frequency of adverse events, including escape, injury, and mortality. Cost-effectiveness was quantified for each method. Capture mortalities occurred for all methods for both species. For red deer, chemical immobilisation led to fewer traumatic injuries and fewer mortalities, while for wallabies, net-gunning led to fewer mortalities. Net-gunning was an efficient capture method for deer in open habitat, but led to the escape of 54% of wallabies and one wallaby mortality (4%). Ground-based netting resulted in the mortality of 17% of wallabies at the time of capture, and the capture of non-target species. The cost per captured wallaby was 40% more expensive for net-gunning (NZ$1045) than for ground-based netting (NZ$745), but, once corrected for mortalities at the time of capture and suitability of individuals for GPS-collar deployment, this was reduced to 29% and 12% more expensive, respectively. Net-gunning for red deer resulted in the escape of 13% of animals and mortality of 10% of animals at the time of capture. Helicopter-based darting for red deer using thiafentanil (c. 0.03-0.06 mg/kg) had high capture efficacy (zero escapes), rapid induction times (mean of 3 min), and a low mortality rate at 14 days post-capture (3%), but it was more expensive per deer captured and collared than aerial netting (NZ$2677 and NZ$2234, respectively). We recommend reporting of adverse event data for all wildlife capture techniques to permit continual refinement of field methods.
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